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The Impact of Targeted Subsides of Electricity in the Iranian Manufacturing
Industries
Karim Azarbaijani, PHD.
Assistant Professor of energy economic
Department of economic, University of Isfahan, Hezarjerib Street, Isfahan, Iran
Alimorad Sharifi,PHD
Assistant Professor of input-output model
Department of economic, University of Isfahan, Hezarjerib Street, Isfahan, Iran
Azam Masoudi (corresponding author)
M.A Candidate
Department of economic, University of Isfahan, Hezarjerib Street, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
The subsidies, in addition to its effectiveness on the domestic energy sector consumption, most industries will be
affected. Industries because of the major consumers of energy carriers are if with the targeted subsidies, the price of
these carriers for industry increase, without a doubt will affect their production and the price of their products.
Electricity As one of the major carriers of energy in countries sustainable development has always been interested in
and with developing manufacturing industries has been increasingly growing demand for this energy carrier.
According to high share of industrial sector energy consumption in the country and considering of the importance
investigation dependence of industrial products to this energy, the main objective of this study is investing the effect
of increasing electricity price on some manufacturing industries. The subsidies will be discussed in the review and
the input-output model for predict the price in industry will be introduced. In this model be used input- output table
on 1385.
Keywords: Subsidies, input – output table, industry.
1. Introduction
Undoubtedly energy is one of the significant advantage inputs of production in the Iranian economy. There is
abundant and inexpensive energy has led to some activities Justified by economic and financial results and
developed. In creating these advantages, payment of subsidies is very important. One of the important tools that
government support aimed at supplying the needs of individuals and groups who are not able to pay the real cost of
energy, for the protection of consumers, producers, exports were to be paid. Subsidies, through changes in relative
prices and Reduction relative price of subsidy commodities, affect the economy and then with prices Distortion
prevent resource allocation. On the other hand the budget deficit and increasing of the social costs, effects on the
national economy as a macro. With regard to this, this fundamental question Related to increasing of the prices of
energy carriers are discussed that what effect of increasing of energy prices on the industry process is in Iran.
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Because of the energy flow in all economic sectors and all sectors of the economy are related to each other, so any
changes in energy prices, impact the total economic and Considerable consequences are left. Electricity as one of the
most important energy carriers in the sustainable development of countries have always been the case with
population growth and economic growth, has been increasingly growing demand for this energy carrier.
In countries like Iran, which exports oil and gas, energy, as a God-given resource is consumed and governments
have left this national capital without calculating the actual price for the producers and the household. After The
Implementation planning of targeted subsidies, prices of energy carriers (especially electricity) is increased very
much that should investigate the effect of this prices increase on many different economic sectors including
industry. In this study investigate the effect of increasing the electricity price on industry. Obviously, due to the
complexity of relationships that exist in the industry, we can not consider all the consequences of price increases and
can be calculated. However, the input-output method is including methods that can mostly take such relationships.
General framework that be used in this study, So that the increase in energy prices is to increase the cost of parts
produced and the price of products is increased, then the interface will increase the price of the parts produced by
the. For this propose be use predict of price model in the input -output tables.
Studies Renuka mahadevan & John Asafu-Adjaye ، (2007), Ikhupuleny Dubo، (2003), Hope & Singh ، (1995), Noel
D.uri & Roy Boyd، (1997) , including foreign articles that have been done in the field of energy. Renuka mahadevan
& John Asafu-Adjaye studied the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP growth in developing
countries and have developed. They showed with the combined model with error correction use data to the period
1971 to 2002 that the developed issuer countries in the short term and long-term, a relationship of mutual causality
between energy consumption and economic growth there. In developing Exporters countries, only energy
consumption, economic growth in the short term it will affect. In importing countries, both developed and
developing in short-term and long-term, a two-way causality relationship between energy consumption and
economic growth is established. Finally, in the importing countries only in the developed countries is there a oneway causality between energy consumption to economic growth.
Ikhupuleny Dubo in the study paid to the effects of subsidy on three factor: electricity, kerosene and kerosene as fuel
wood (Complementary) .and It is concluded that the subsidies are useful and effective to Access poor families in a
variety of energies, But because the same subsidies as public (not targeted) are paid and accrued to the energies that
are less accessible to poor families is, Actually lose their efficiency and budget are just a heavy financial load. Hope
and Singh in their research experience in six countries, Malaysia, Ghana ,Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Colombia and
Turkey in the 1980s prices of petroleum products and electricity have increased. They investigated increasing the
prices of energy carriers in the sectors of industry and households and its impact on the macro-economy sector.
These researchers expressed impact of increasing of energy prices on industrial products depend on to the energy
inputs in the production of alternative energy inputs and the producer’s ability to transfer energy costs to consumers.
Noel D.uri & Roy Boyd In a paper paid to analyze the effects of increasing prices of gasoline and electricity in the
Mexican economy. In December 1995 the Mexican government increased the price of gasoline and electricity in the
process put our own programs, So those investigated consequences of Mexico's government act of using a general
equilibrium model that consists of 13 manufacturing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, 4 household groups classified by
the paying state income. Statistics are used, based on 1988 statistics, the closest year to develop a input-output
matrix, And the general conclusion is that this price increase reduces consumption by households and producers,
Production of products in the sectors of industries that are using these energies, reducing environmental Destructive
effects and increase government receipts that can be part of it to repay foreign debt and the adjustment is applied.
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The internal articles can be noted Salimian, Kordbacheh, Sadeghi ,Shahdanive, Makaryzadeh (1388), Sharifi,
Ghasemi and Sadeghi (1387), Fayzi(1387), tasdighi and Haidarpour (1387), ghaderi and estedlal (1378), sori and
bakhtiyar (1377)are. Salimian and her Partners in their search predict electricity prices during the three scenarios
proposed to increase the carrier’s price. The average price of electricity calculated in year 93 (year-end project) in
the scenario of a 10 percent increase in wages is equal to 1315.08 rial that
In addition to increasing of the prices of petroleum products may Shows reflect the increasing of electricity price
because of increasing its costs? Also it is expressed that Implementation of subsidies-targeted plan affected by
variables such as fuel and maintenance costs, the investment sector will be influenced. Finally, the prediction of cost
per watt hours of electricity in a given scenario with regard to the effects of inflation on the price of electricity with
the input- output model is shown. . Sharifi and colleagues (1387) using input- output tables paid to evaluate the
effects of inflation resulting from the removal of energy subsidies. After introducing the input- output model in this
study in the brief, some of the advantages and disadvantages to using this method are mentioned.
They introduced three different scenarios (Scenario I: increased ten percent, the second scenario: increase of 35%
and the third scenario: 65 percent increase in energy prices) and using the input-output model analysis Rate and how
much impact each of these scenarios on the various economic sectors price. Based on the results of the three energy
carrier, electricity higher percentage (approximately 87%) has created inflation. fayazi (1387) in his study using
stationary analysis input- output and the central bank table in 1383 investigated the consequences of price
liberalization of energy carriers on the government budget and household income deciles. Based on these findings,
100% price increase for all energy carriers increased by 8% in the consumer price index is released and the full cost
carriers increased by 108% in the CPI is.
This study has been studied the effects of these policies on the state budget and was found to increase the price of
the carriers or the full price liberalization, the government budget deficit is reduced. These results have been
obtained in circumstances that government compensate reduce the welfare of society with all the cash payments.
Tasdughi and Haidarpour (1387), in the study its main focus are on induction and calculating the Options to manage
price (for gasoline and diesel products). In this study, using input- output table updated in 1383, the inflation direct
and indirect effects (expected) has been studied. this report Research findings and computational results indicates
that the price reform of energy carriers (especially gasoline and diesel) to the actual price levels (which are actually
purchased and entered the country) and a gradual and Divided to The steep and scheduled, less inflationary effects
than inflationary effects of Aforementioned goods price increases will be a sudden excretion. Along with the gradual
reform of prices, monetary and fiscal policies and efficient program of targeted subsidies in order to minimize
negative impacts and consequences of price adjustment is recommended.
Ghaderi and estedlal (1378) in their study investigate the effect of increase in electricity price on Compensatory
change indices (CV) and net welfare loss (DWL) domestic electricity consumers in different income groups in Iran.
After estimating the demand functions, the effect of electricity prices increasing on the net welfare loss and
compensatory changes indices were evaluated and the results are the following :1- compensation change of the poor
groups to rich groups is growing .2-Loss Net welfare from poor groups to rich groups is growing .3-Policies
Implementing increasing of electricity prices and padding of direct subsidies to individuals, increase low and middle
groups welfare and decreases the welfare of up groups of the population.
Suri and bakhtiyar (1377) in the paper were examined the direct and indirect effects of energy price increases. For
this purpose is used input-output especially the 1373. The results indicate that if the price all types of energy reaches
to finished price level( the average is between 276 percent increase in energy prices) will cause the average price
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increased about 56 percent. Among them the price of diesel has more increase than other types, the main reason is
that it largely diesel by the intermediate goods used in production of goods.
The study is conducted
2. Theoretical base
2.1. The subsidy
The subsidy is the amount of (or action) that maintains consumer’s prices below market prices or prices of
producer’s high market prices or reduces costs for consumers and producers. Thus, any action that could lead to
reduced consumer price or producer costs typically is in the form of subsidies. For example, direct aid and grants to
the supplier firms, the adoption and enforcement of protection laws, granting low-interest loans to producers and
suppliers, The R & D expenditure is usually done by governments, tax deductions ,reductions in trade tariffs and
customs duties, management and government ownership of energy reserves, Reduce costs of production and
consumption of energy and environment in general ,all direct and indirect government intervention and subsidies,
the name only to price subsidies, direct, or cash and is not limited to the stipulated budget.( Von Moltke, A., Colin
M. and T. Morgan (ed.))Different methods for calculating the amount of interest subsidy are that two main methods
are: the gap in prices and consumer subsidy equivalents, which are somewhat similar and used interchangeably. The
Subsidy in The second method consists of the sum the difference between domestic and world prices plus all direct
financial payments to the consumer to reduce the price paid for domestic consumption. (Energy balance, 1387, p.
19)
2.2 .Energy subsidies
The Iranian economy is in transition from a centrally planned towards a decentralized planning and energy
subsidies, one of the main issues in this transition that the government imposes enormous costs each year. Table 1
shows energy subsidies amount to separate consumer sections of the carriers in 1387. The main assumptions in
calculating the subsidy of energy carriers in 1387 are as follows:
-Equivalent to 9,574 rial per dollar exchange rate (average announced by the central bank) is considered.
- Petroleum products Economic value equivalent to the price of imported, exported or FOB price is considered in the
Persian Gulf.
-To calculate the economic value of natural gas has been used the average weighted price of domestic (690 rial per
cubic meter) and price of export to Turkey.
-Electricity finished costs is calculated due to costs of the power industry and with regard to the economic value of
power plants fuel (fuel without subsidy).
In applying the second method described above for the calculation of energy subsidies in Iran, many Simplifications
are applied. So the amount of energy subsidy payments that is question here is only an approximation.
Talking about the finished cost of goods and services following the removal of energy subsidies is for this reason
that energy as a vital inputs (Because it was cheap) is present in the production function of economics In Iran that
Any change in the price of these inputs, by the share price in short- term and long-term impact through impact on
inputs market, affect the price index of manufactured goods and services.
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2.3. Subsidies for energy carriers in the industry
Industry sector is among sectors Major energy consuming after the residential and transportation. In the Table 2 we
see that the industry is allocating 19. 1 percent of the total subsidies paid that the sum is equal to 101377.3.
2.4. Influence channels of elimination of energy carrier’s subsidies s in the industry
According to Principles of economics, production is the maximum amount of product that can be achieved certain
production inputs. So the required input for the production cycle, inputs will be. Energy carriers are the most
important production inputs. Accordingly, increasing the price of these inputs will lead to increased production costs
for producers. As is clear is that the underlying inflationary cost pressures. Among some of the producer’s whit no
high technology and reduction competitive capability in short-term are excluded of the production process.
Reducing product will raise the cost of inflation pressure.
3. Electricity and its Subsidy figure in the Iran economy
Energy consumption in a variety of products, accounted for a large scale in Iran. The most important issue in inputs
consumption in general and energy carriers in particular, is their price. Electrical energy is an expensive and
valuable and its finished cost (affected by factors such as low share of hydroelectric power product , Network size,
and network load centers and away from each other, the combination of poor eating patterns and the network load
factor) is high. According to economic theory, however, costs associated with producing a commodity that goods
must be paid by users, but based on what subscribers pay electricity prices is not finished rate. In our country, in
edition of electricity tariffs in addition to the economic, social and political considerations involved, and cause to
Disproportion of electricity tariffs with the cost of capital, finished and it is now. Tariff may be as an efficient tool
for optimizing of Subscribers power consumption, but not modify it to suit the increased costs caused by its use is
inappropriate. Therefore, the Lack of coverage costs through tariff on one hand and non-competitive market and the
absence of significant private sector investment in the electricity sector on the other hand, cause to the continuity of
electricity industry services has been compromised. Electricity tariffs based on the type of consuming are divided to:
home, public, industrial ,agricultural and other uses. Tariffs change proportional to Seasonal and regional
differences. For example, in summer and increasing demand for disposable, general Joint electricity prices,
agriculture, industrial and other uses will increase.also two components are involved in the domestic electricity
tariff: humidity, maximum medium of temperature.
During the years 1383 to 1385, Electricity tariffs in Iran remained constant. At the end of 1385 the Council of
Ministers determines a model for domestic applications that expenditures in excess of consumption are subsidized
fewer subsidies. In 1386 electricity tariff for general consumption, agriculture and industry had not increased to
1385. But the electricity tariff of subscribers and other expenses increased 15 percent over the previous year.
Electricity tariffs rise in domestic applications in 1386 to years ago. Increase in power tariff for domestic sector in
terms of consumption patterns in this section was determined. In 1387 electricity tariffs in some sectors have been
faced with change and movement. It is based on paragraph (c), 7 Component, of the Budget Law 1387determine free
Price rial 773 of electricity per kilo watt/hour. Table (2) shows the average price of electricity in consumption
different sectors during the years 1380 and 1387.
As can be seen from this table, the average total price is in 1387 of about 173.2 rial per kilowatt/hour. There is the
lowest price with 24.3 Rail is to the agricultural sector and most the price with 516 1.rial to other uses. The general
principles that should be considered in the design of electricity tariffs are that electricity finished costs per
kilowatt/hour for all type Subscribers is base how they consume. Considering the simultaneous of electric energy
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production and consumption and how consumption will have direct effect in the finished cost per kilowatt/hour
electricity energy, should be calculate finished Cost per subscriber given the effect of the electricity network in
terms of how energy consumption patterns, and based on that set and design rates for their electricity tariffs. Table 3
is the highest and lowest electricity finished cost to all by different types of tariffs on consumer issues related to the
domestic sector, with 554.6 rail kilowatt/hour and industrial sector with 363.9 rails kilowatt/hour. Competition of
The finished cost of electricity and its sell rate separately tariff indicate allocation most electricity subsidies to the
Agriculture and domestic sector. Domestic sector have the highest finished cost of electricity, also benefited from
the most subsidies that are paid.
The important point is that the price of these products in Iran is cheaper than the countries of the world. In 2008, the
highest electricity price in OECD countries in the industrial sector was duo to Italy with 29 cents per kilowatt-hour
and in home sector duo to Denmark with 39.6 cents per kilowatt hour. Also Italy with 20.8 percent, the highest tax
on electricity price in the industry and Denmark, with 53.4 percent maximum tax on electricity price in the domestic
sector has. In this year In the case of Turkey, with nominal price index of 360.6 in the industrial sector and 405.5 in
the domestic sector is the highest among the OECD countries. So this country has the lowest real price index in
industrial sector. While in the home sector South Korea is the lowest real price index and then Switzerland, France,
Spain, Portugal and Turkey are located. However, the Switzerland Is allocated to itself nominal price index with 89
in the home sector and 87.1in industry at the lowest price index in OECD countries. Japan is also the lowest price
difference between real and nominal price level itself.
4. Electricity consumption and its subsidies in the industrial sector
Today Human life is unimaginable without electricity. This energy in all fields of human material life has played an
important direct or indirect effect. Communities’ electricity consumption could well reflect their benefit of
advancement and technology. Electricity consumption in Iran is divided to six residential, commercial, public ,and
industrial, transportation, and agriculture. The industry sector In addition to Manufacturing Industry and mining is
including agriculture industries such as poultry farming, beekeeping and producing all kinds of worms also Plants of
flour production, mushroom production, ice, tea ,Cold storages and flower production units are. In 1387 industry
sector, with 32 percent of total sales of electric power after that the domestic sector, was the second largest
consumer of supplied electricity by the Department of Energy.
However, it is necessary to Mention that if be considered big industries consuming electricity that produced by
itself, then the final consumption of industrial sector from electricity is 57531.7 gaga watt hour more than the
domestic sector. Industries including Iron, steel, copper, petrochemicals, and cement, sugar and textile industries
have high energy consumption. The high intake some of country’s big industries, it has had on them for financing
part of their energy construction to build special power.
In the 1388 Margin production of electricity in specific power plants of big industries was been about 7550. 2 gaga
watt hours that their consumption was about 591.8 gigs watt hour. Special manufacturing of industries was
equivalent to 6958.4 gigs watt hour that have sold 1333 gaga watt hour to nationwide network. In other words, the
electricity consumption of this industries was been 5625.4 gaga watt hour. (Energy balance in 1388)
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Total electricity consumption in the industrial sector (including Refineries and coke making and blast furnace) in
1388 was amounted to 59313.1 million kilowatt-hours that Department of Energy has provided about 51459. 4
million kilowatt-hour of that.In this year numbers of subscribers in the industry sector were been 165 thousand
segments that had been grew reduction 0. 3 percent proportion to one year ago. However, the average electricity
consumption of a joint industry in 1387 is a 312465.2 kilowatt hour that is grew 4.2 proportions to one year ago.
According to in the statistic of Tavanir company consider transport users in the industry sector ,therefore, for
calculating consumption per capita share of the consumer industry sectors including industry, transportation sector
consumption is calculated.Including measures taken in reducing energy consumption in the industrial sector could
be Cited performing of an annual holiday program from 15 July until 15 September that Followed by a decrease of
731 MW on 27 August and 534 in the peak day (6 August) of the network need. Also Supplying fuel to the existing
and Standby generators of industries in order to their exercise in 4 hours of network peak reduce 200 megawatt the
need for network use in 3 months of summer. If you have no plans to modify consumption patterns the Industry's
future will face serious challenges. Many solutions offered by various institutions that cause to Reduction and
energy consumption management in this sector. But unfortunately due to the availability of cheap energy Factories
were not looking to reduce energy consumption and use of these strategies. Perhaps one of the strengths targeting of
the subsidies this is that with Occur the energy prices will create an opportunity for industry to use Optimum
consumption patterns and presented approaches in this section. According to the instructions on the consumption
pattern of electricity and energy Plants sub 13 process ,from 17 industrial process, with Demands above 5 MW of
electricity are required to comply with the approved consumption patterns And electricity companies are obliged to
monitor on Implementation the patterns of energy consumption by industrial plants are under its control and report .
Electricity price for industrial sectors with electricity Demands above 5 MW, which do not comply with the abovementioned pattern of energy consumption, 20 percent increase.
5. Research Methodology: input-output model
This study is analysis - applied, the results can use for decision making in the energy sector and planning in
industries. Research Statistics and data, has been collected in documents method. Data analysis does using the input
- output table in 1385. Input- output technique is a scientific tool for planning and economic predictions and
experimental studies of quantitative interdependence between economic activities are related to each other that in the
framework of the country production system to a number of sectors or economic activities are classified. This
adaptation of the neoclassical theory of general equilibrium is. input-output table in the national economy shows
relationship between productive different sectors and indicate trading volume of the economy sectors and shows that
each economic sector sells products to of which the manufacturing sector (as intermediate goods) and demand the
end (as the final item). Also that stated a part which parts do purchase their required inputs (labor, capital, energy,
etc.).
Input-output table and its analysis tables is powerful tool in the types of economic analysis including the relationship
between final demand and output range of different activities, structure of demand, employment, prices analysis,
energy analysis ,and environmental analysis ….etc. In this model expresses the dependencies as a set of linear
equations. Naturally, the coefficients of these equations should be determined empirically. In The input - output
table per unit show one time in the rows as producer or vendor of goods or services and other in columns as
consumer or purchaser of goods or services. Input – output table is usually divided into three regions, which is
shown as follows:
The first area is a square table, exchanges is determined between sectors. It means each section what amount of the
product or service offer to other parts (rows) and what amount of goods and services is consumed from other sectors
as intermediate goods (columns).
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The second area that is considered as the final demand matrix, The final demand or final consumption will be
provided that part of products of producing activities is allocated the final consumption of households, government,
investment and exports .
The third area is Preliminary data matrix or income of production Factors, Added value created in each sector
separately are shown, each of its components, the share of labor and capital are benefiting from it.
The relationship between the three different regions of table provides this feature calculating GDP Through method
of production, expenditure and income together ,practical and can be controlled by the calculations. therefore input output model will follow of a computational framework in that all revenues derived from sales must be aligned with
the total purchase costs; it means in the model is true The principle of equality total output (sales includes final
demand) with the total input (purchase includes final payments) for each production sector in the economy .
Also that is noteworthy all transactions in this table are considered in terms of monetary transactions, and each pair
(row and column) can be considered as an account that should be in balance. It means the output value of the
products (product row) with the cost of required data (production column) should be equal. In this table sections
organized in a special classification and based on ISIC and tier Order in table rows and columns are the same. Each
row shows each sector how much of itself product sells as an intermediary to other sections and how much of its
production to final demand will be transferred to final consumers.
Each column in the table shows that a part how provides the needs of other sectors of the economy. Needs are two
class. first class The intermediary needs catch of other sectors And the second part the Primary factor service of
economy such as labor, capital and land is expressed in the table as wages and salaries w, capital gains p and rental
R. search hypothesis states that increasing the price of electricity (targeting subsidies) will affect the final price in
Iranian industries.
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6. Conclusion
The most vulnerable products
Number
of row
Product
1
Manufacture of aluminum
products
30
1
Crude oil and natural gas
0/4
2
Transport via pipelines
16
2
0/5
3
4
Public Resorts
15
13
3
4
Manufacture of office machinery,
accounting and computing
Services of private residential units
Sports and recreational
activities
Public and private technical
and vocational secondary
education
Manufacture of basic iron and
steel products
Other mineral products Metal
not elsewhere classified
Manufacture of other basic
metals and metal casting
12
5
Defense Affairs
0/8
11
6
Road Transport Times
0/8
10
7
Manufacture of tobacco products
0/9
9
8
0/9
8
9
Manufacture of radio, television and
communication equipment and apparatus
Manufacture of refined petroleum products
and coal, coke and nuclear fuel processing
Collection, purification and
distribution of water
8
10
Rental of machinery and equipment without
operator and of personal and household
goods rental
1/1
5
6
7
8
9
10
Private primary education
Percent
change
Low changing product
Number
of row
Product
Percent
change
0/6
0/6
Services for residential units rented
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Annexure
Table 1 subsidies for energy carriers in 1387 to separate the carriers and consumer sectors
Carriers/sectors
Domestic
industry
Agricultural
Transport
Commercial
Public
sum
percent
petroleum
—
242
136.3
9685.4
7.6
418.6
97657.9
18.4
Kerosene
39406.4
452.1
193.0
—
2051.9
1066.7
4317.1
8.1
Gas oil
3898.1
19200.5
25548.2
110411.6
4482.3
6953.8
170494.5
32.2
Fuel oil
17.4
31645.7
93.7
3920.9
6162.7
610.3
42450.7
8.0
Liquid gas
10829.6
1743.3
—
944.5
—
—
13517.4
2.5
Electricity
46972.8
33573.2
18137.8
151.8
4153.2
15390.7
118379.4
22.3
Natural Gas
25554.7
14520.5
143.6
1278.7
2249.0
738.5
44485.1
8.4
sum
126679.0
101377.3
44252.7
213560.8
19106.6
25178.7
530155.1
100.0
23.9
19.1
8.3
40.3
3.6
4.7
100.0
—
percent
Milliard rial
Source: Energy balance, 1387, p. 20
Table 2 the average price of electricity in consumer different sectors
Total
Other uses
industrial
agricultural
public
Domestic
Year
98.52
273.86
133.59
11.49
99.59
72.92
1380
114.1
342.31
146.94
12.65
124.49
85.14
1381
131.76
412.01
162.91
14.00
152.00
97.00
1382
151.06
515.25
185.02
16.01
175.89
107.08
1383
152.08
539.74
201.57
21.56
176.81
102.74
1384
152.78
541.16
200.41
21.25
181.70
102.92
1385
164.98
507.95
205.86
20.97
159.61
124.67
1386
173.22
516.13
201.97
24.27
233.66
122.39
1387
Kilo watthour/rial
Source: Energy balance in 1387
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Table 3 The electricity finished cost separate to the tariffs
Total
Other uses
industrial
agricultural
public
Domestic
year
279.9
315.1
230.9
261.2
284.3
374.6
1380
313.7
344.9
234.1
279.2
311.5
396.9
1381
307.9
339.4
231.4
273.3
300.1
391.5
1382
301.0
327.2
230.0
271.2
297.8
377.8
1383
316.6
490.5
267.8
281.5
300.7
349.6
1384
326.1
505.2
275.9
290.0
309.7
360.1
1385
310.0
419.0
271.3
289.0
306.7
362.4
1386
588.0
447.0
363.9
425.0
405.6
554.6
1387
Kilo watt hour/rial
Source: Energy balance in 1387
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