National Best Management Practice for
Beekeeping in the Australian Environment
The Australian Honey Bee Industry Council
www.honeybee.org.au
Industry Partnerships Program – Action Partnership Grants
Part of the Australian Government’s Agriculture – Advancing Australia Package
Department of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Forestry
1st Edition – December 2007
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
ProjectconductedonbehalfofAHBIC
Principle investigator
Dr Doug Somerville
TechnicalSpecialistHoneyBees
NSWDPI
2
Contents
Forward
Chairman – Australian Honey Bee Industry Council ................... 4
Background ..................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ................................................................................................... 8
Summary ........................................................................................................ 10
ElementsofBestManagementPractice ..................................... 12
3
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
“Bees play a vital role in maintaining the production and growth of the
range native and non-native plants found across Australia today.”
Foreword
Intimesofdrought,uncertainclimateforecastsandtoughmarkets,farmersare
relyingheavilyonqualitypollinationservicestoincreasetheirproductivity.
Toprovidethoseservices,thebeeindustryneedstosafeguarditsaccesstopublic
nativeforests.TheAustralianHoneyBeeIndustryCouncilhasbeenworking
closelywithbeekeepersandwithmanagersofnativefloralresourcesonthisvery
importantissue.
Thebeeindustrycontributesaround$60millionayeartotheAustralianeconomy
throughhoneyandrelatedproducts.Butinaddition,thecontributionofpollination
servicestoagricultureisestimatedtobeworthbillionsofdollarsannually.
Toallowustocontinuetosupportfarmersacrossthenation,wehopethataunified
voiceandaclearexplanationoftheminimalenvironmentalfootprintofbeekeepers
willmaintainourindustrysaccesstofloralreserves.
TheseBestManagementPracticeguidelinesshowthatwehavesetveryhigh
standardsforourselves.Weexpectbeekeeperstomeetthesestandardsandto
maintainstrongcommitmenttoenvironmentallysustainablepractices.
4
UndertheFederalGovernmentsAdvancingAgriculturalIndustriesProgramme,
stakeholdersfromacrossthecountryjoinedforcestoidentifyandresolvethemost
importantaspectsofnativefloralreserveaccess.
Significantconsultationandspiriteddiscussionhaveproducedapracticaland
relevantBestManagementPracticeguidelines.Environmentallyresponsiblebee
keepingpracticeswillhelpourindustrytofaceuptotheuncertaintiesofthefuture
andcontinuetoprovidetheefficientpollinationservicesthatsustainAustralian
agriculture.
IamconfidentthattheimplementationoftheseBestManagementPractice
guidelineswillsecureasweetfutureforourhoneybeeindustry.
STEPHEN FEWSTER
Chairman, Australian Honey Bee Industry Council
“This
This little animal is a valuable asset to Australia’s
Australia
agricultural future and long-term prosperity”
5
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
Background
ThenecessityforaNationalBestManagementPracticesetofguidelinesfor
Australianbeekeeperswasinitiallytabledatatwo dayworkshopheldin
CanberrainSeptember2005.Fundsweresuccessfullyobtainedfromthe
FederalGovernment,andtheprojectwascompletedbyDrDougSomerville,
TechnicalSpecialist(HoneyBees),NSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries.
AcommitteewasformedbytheAustralianHoneyBeeIndustryCouncil(AHBIC)
of20personstoassistinprovidingfeedbackanddirectiontotheprocess.They
wereLindsayBourke,RexCarruthers,PaulaDewar,LeighDuffield,Stephen
Fewster,KenGell,DonKeith,DarrylLawrence,TrevorMonson,TrevorMorgan,
BenOldroyd,ElwynPapworth,DavidPaton,EdPlanken,GregRoberts,Doug
Somerville(chair),IanStephens,BillWeiss,JulianWolfhagenandIanZadow.
Partoftheprocessindevelopinganationalsetofguidelinesforbeekeeping
intheAustralianenvironmentwasthefacilitationofaworkshopineachstate.
EachstatememberbeekeepingorganisationwithinAHBICwasaskedto
identifyandinvitepersonstoparticipateinthedevelopmentofanationalset
ofguidelines.
Eachworkshopwasprovidedwithpresentationsontheformulationof
industrycodesandenvironmentalmanagementsystems.Theparticipants
werethendividedintosmallgroupsandgiventhetasksofdiscussingwhatitis
thattheywantfromtheworkshop,howdetailedtheguidelinesshouldbeand
whatshouldbethekeyelements.Discussionswithinthesmallergroupsand
feedbackwithinthelargergroupoccupiedthelionsshareofeachworkshop.
Individually,eachparticipantwasalsoaskedtocompleteaworkshopfeedback
andevaluationform.Thecombinationofresponsesfromtheworkshop
processandthefeedback/evaluationformswasthebasisoftheNationalBest
ManagementPracticeforBeekeepingintheAustralianEnvironment.
ThefacilitatorsateachworkshopwereDrDougSomerville,TechnicalSpecialist
(HoneyBees),andNickAnnand,ApiaryOfficer,bothNSWDepartmentof
PrimaryIndustriesstaff,belongingtotheHoneyBeeIndustryGroup.
6
Theworkshopparticipantsforeachstatewere:
QLD(13/2/07)–PeterBarnes,NevilleBradford,CarmelBurnham,RexCarruthers,
PaulaDewar,BillGordon,BobJohnson,DonKeith,TonyKnight,DaveLearoyd,
RodneyRuge,PatriciaSwift,TrevorWeatherhead.
NSW(23/2/07)–NeilBingley,WarwickBratley,ToddDuffy,RayHull,BrynJones,Craig
Klingner,MickRyan,BillWeiss,EricJWhitby,DavidMumford.
VIC
(27/2/07) LintonBriggs,RobertBuntine,MickCamilleri,GrahamConnel,Ken
Gell,RodGell,DavidMajor,BobMcDonald,RobertMcDonald,TrevorMonson,Marie
Murley,TerryO’Kane,BillShay,AlanSmith,EricSmith,JohnWard.
TAS(8/3/07)–LindsayBourke,RodBourke,YeonsoonBourke,RegDown,Hazel
Hoskinson,HedleyHoskinson,NormanHoyle,IanMarmion,GregRainbird,Graeme
Raphael,IanStephens,RobinThomson,DesWillmott,JulianWolfhagen.
SA(27/3/07)–LeighDuffield,DarrellLawrence,NadiaMcLaren,JudeNettleingham,
BarryPobke,MichaelStedman,MichaelStone,IanZadow.
WA
(20/4/07) MalcolmBriggs,JohnDavies,StephenDavies,HarryEast,Brendon
Fewster,ColinFleay,JacquiHay,RonHollett,AlanKessell,DavidLeyland,RodPavy,
WayneRidley,TracyShea,BillTrend,CherylWong,WallyZajac.
7
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
Introduction
TheAustralianbeekeepingindustryisfacedwithmountingissuesinarange
offields,theeconomicviabilityofcommercialbeekeepingisbeingcontinually
squeezedandthethreatofexoticpestsanddiseasesisofmajorconcern.
Theoneover-ridingfactorwithagreatercapacitytoaffectthemediumto
long-termviabilityoftheAustralianbeekeepingindustryistheavailabilityof
suitablefloralresourcesthatwillconsistentlyproducepollenandnectarvital
forthesurvivalandproductivityofahoneybeecolony.Quiteanextensive
numberofthreats,pastandpresent,havebeenlistedbythebeekeeping
industry.Theyare:
• land clearing for agriculture;
• forestry activities that remove flowering trees;
• replacement of felled trees with pine and low pollen and nectar yielding
eucalyptplantations
• fires, including back burning and natural bushfires;
• reduction in vehicle access to quality apiary sites;
• salinity affecting the health of the available flora;
• droughts, which reduce flowering and interrupt growth cycles;
• control of weed species that provide pollen and nectar for honey bees;
• urban sprawl, which reduces mature vegetation and limits the size of apiary
sites due to safety concerns;
• loss of access to native forests because of transfer from State Forests to
National Parks; and
• reduced access to native flora on private lands because of a perception by
somelandholdersthathoneybeesareharmfultotheecosystemandathreat
topersonalsafety.
Somepersonsinthecommunityhavetakenthepositionthat,asmanaged
honeybeesareexoticinsects,theyhavenoplaceinanyconservationreserve.
8
ThisviewisofincreasingconcerntotheAustralianbeekeepingindustryduetothe
ever-increasingareaoflandbeinggazettedunderaconservationmemorandum.
ThedebateontheimpactofhoneybeesontheAustralianenvironmentwillnotbe
resolvedbyanysingleevent.
Eventhoroughthebeekeepingindustryhasaclearobjectiveofpreservingnative
flora,theindustryspositiononaccesstogovernmentlandsinparticularistenuous
andwillneedastrongproactivestancetocounterextremeviews.Byadoptinga
‘NationalBestManagementPracticeforBeekeepingintheAustralianEnvironment,
thebeekeepingindustryisinamorefavourablepositiontodemonstratethatit
hasathoroughunderstandingofitsenvironmentalimpacts,andcanadequately
managetheseimpacts.
Thehoneybeeindustrystandsforanddependsonthepreservationofnative
floraandhencehasmuchincommonwiththoseinthecommunitywhosevalues
supportnatureconservationandtheestablishmentofconservationreserves.The
NationalBestManagementPracticeforBeekeepingintheAustralianEnvironment
hasbeenprovidedbythebeekeepingindustrytocomplementtheconservation
principlesithashistoricallyheld.Thefutureofthebeekeepingindustryisatrisk
whilethehealthofthelandscapeisindecline.Beekeepershaveacknowledged
theirconcernsregardingthelossoffloralresourcesfordecadesintheirjournalsand
inthepoliticalarena.Duringthedevelopmentofthenationalguidelinesexisting
regulationsandconditionsofusewerereviewed.Theguidelinesdevelopedinthis
documenthavegatheredallofthekeypointsfromthesevariousdocumentsasthey
relatetotheenvironmentandincorporatedthemintothekeyelements.
9
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
Summary
TheAustralianbeekeepingindustrieshavelongrecognisedtheidealof
minimisinganyimpactoftheiractivitiesonthegreaterenvironment.
Theformalisingofasetofnationalbestpracticeguidelinesforbeekeeping
intheAustralianenvironmentdemonstratestothewholecommunitythe
commitmentthattheAustralianbeekeepingindustrieshastoensurethatitis
doingeverythinginitspowertoeliminateandminimiseitspotentialimpact
onthewholeAustralianenvironment.
Theguidelinesareprovidedforbeekeeperstoclearlyunderstandtheirroleto
thegreatercommunityandalsotoprovidetothepublicanoutlineofwhatall
beekeepersshouldbeadoptingintheirkeepingandmanagementofhoney
bees.Theguidelinesarenotspecifictoanysinglebeekeepinggroupandall
elementsmaynotbeapplicabletoeachindividualmanagerofbeehives.
Forfurtherinformationanddetailontheelements,refertothefullsetof
guidelines.
Theelements,innoparticularorder,are:
10
1)
RespectforheritageandareasofinteresttoindigenousAustralians.
2)
Displaywarningsignsinappropriateplacestoannounceproximity
ofapiarytothepublic.
3)
Maintainstockingratestothefloralconditionsprevailing.Ensure
colonieshaveadequatestoredhoney.
4)
Ensurethattheappropriateauthoritieshavebeennotifiedofthe
arrivalanddepartureofapiariesandtheyhavethebeekeepers
addressandcontactdetails.
5)
Keeptheareaoftheapiarycleanandtidy.
6)
Ensureappropriateavailabilityofwaterwhenrequired.
7)
Incorporatebestmanagementpracticetoreducetheincidenceof
swarming.
8)
Maintainswarmtrapsinandaroundapiaries,particularlyduring
thespringperiod.
9)
Preventthespreadofsoilpathogenssuchasphytophthoraandweed
seedsbyvehiclemovements.Cleanfootwear/shoesandvehicleafter
inspectingpotentialsitesinhighriskareas.
10) Regularlymaintainandservicevehiclesaccordingtomanufacturers
recommendations.
11) Notravellingonaccesstrackswhenthereisahighlikelihoodof
damagingthetrack.
12) Onlytheimmediateareaoftheapiaryistobecleanedofcombustible
vegetation.
13) Onlycamponsitewiththeapprovalofthepropertyownerormanager.
Allpresenceofthecampsitetoberemovedoncethecampisfinished
with.
14) Allfirewarningsandrestrictionsaretobestrictlyadheredtoandlocal
firecodesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwheneverworkingbee
hives.
15) Whenevertheopportunityarises,provideinformationonthevalueof
nectarandpollenproducingfloratohighlightthevalueofspecificfloral
species.
16) Locateapiarieswithconsiderationofthegeneralpublicandlivestock
movements.Stockingratesinurbanareasshouldbeappropriatetothe
circumstances.
17) Keeprecordsoffloweringevents.
18) Considerthemostenergyefficientmannerinwhichthebeekeeping
operationisconducted.
19) Store,useanddisposeofchemicalsinthemostappropriatemanner,
accordingtostate,MSDSandlabelrequirements.Keepchemicalusetoa
minimum.
11
Elements
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
ELEMENT1:
Respect
for
heritage
and
areas
of
interest
to
indigenous
Australians
Historicsites,oldbuildings,relics,andmaterials
ofobviousheritagesignificanceshouldbeleft
aloneandnotinterferedwith.Areasimportant
toindigenousAustraliansshouldalsobe
respected,andbeekeepersareencouragedto
honourthespiritofNativeTitleclaims.
ELEMENT2:
Warning
signs
AllapiariesposeanOH&Srisktothepublic.To
managetheriskstothepublic,suitablesignage
inaninternationallyrecognisedformatshould
beplacedinproximityoftheapiarytowarn
anyapproachingpersonsofthepresenceof
theapiary.Thesesignsshouldincludesufficient
informationsotheownercanbecontacted,if
required.
ELEMENT3:
Stocking
rates
Itisnormalpracticeforcommercialbeehivesto
beplacedinareaswherethereisanabundance
ofnectarand/orpollen.Theactualquantityof
floralrewardsonofferwillvaryfromspeciesto
speciesandfromsitetosite,thusstockingrates
willvary.Agenericnumberofhivesforanapiary
wouldnotbeappropriateinallcircumstances.If
beehivesaretobeleftforanytime,whennoton
anectarflow,suitableamountsofstoredhoney
shouldbeleftoneachhive.Wheretheflowering
intensityofthelocalfloraisnotadequatefor
thebeespresent,thenconsiderationshould
begiventoreducingthenumberofhivesinan
apiarytothatofthecarryingcapacityofthe
pollenandnectaravailableorremovingthe
apiarytoanewsite.
ELEMENT4:
Communicate
movement
of
apiaries
Inmostcasescommercialbeekeepers,and
oftenamateurbeekeepers,placetheirapiaries
onlandsnotoftheirownership.Someland
agenciesrequire,asaconditionofuse,that
theyarenotifiedwhenasiteisbeingusedfor
bees.Itisalsoacourtesytoinformallland
managersoftheimminentarrivalofanapiary
andthedepartureoftheapiary.Landmanagers,
ifkeptinformed,canthenconsiderthebeesin
theirdailymanagementschedules.Thismay
includefunctionssuchastheuseofchemical
sprays,maintenanceoftracks,hazardreduction
burning,andthemovementoflivestock.
Ensurethelandmanager/ownerhasthe
apiarist’sfullcontactdetails,includingphone
numbers,addressandbeekeeperregistration
number,sothatcontactcanbemaderapidlyif
required.
ELEMENT5:
Remove
rubbish
Itisnormalpracticeforanapiarytobemoved
ontoasitewhenthefloralprospectsare
attractiveandthereisastrongpossibilityofan
amplesurplusofnectarand/orpollen.Likewise,
onceafloweringeventiscomingtoafinish,the
apiaryisnormallyshiftedtoanothersitewitha
suitablefloweringevent.
Inthecourseofthemanagementofthehives,
hivematerialsthatmaybebrokenordamaged
mustberemovedfromthesite.Scrapingsand
productsfromthehivemustneverbelefton
site.
Undernocircumstancesshouldhouseholdor
industrialwastebeleftonsite.Ifthebeekeeper
findsrubbishnotbelongingtothemlocatedon
theapiarysite,theyshouldnotifytherelevant
propertymanagerandifpossiblemakeall
effortstoproperlydisposeoftherubbish.
12
ELEMENT6:
ELEMENT7:
Provide
water
for
bees
Swarm
control
Ensureappropriateavailabilityofwaterwhen
required.Insomestatesthisactivityisenshrined
inlegislation.Wherewateriscloseby,suchas
acreek,damorriver,watershouldnothaveto
besuppliedbythebeekeeper.Honeybees,like
alllivingcreatures,requirewatertosurvive.
Insummerthisrequirementcanequateto
substantialamountsofwaterbeingcollectedby
coloniesandinextremehotweatheracolony
willdevotealloftheavailablefieldbeestothe
collectionofwater.
Itisnormallyacceptedgoodpracticefora
beekeepertodoallintheirpowertopreventa
colonyfromswarming.Swarmingisanatural
phenomenonthatensuresthesurvivalofthe
speciesthroughacolonyreproducingitself.
Swarmingnormallyoccursinspring,allowing
thecolonytoestablishitselfoverthefollowing
summerandautumnbeforewinterbringsa
seriousreductioninfloweringspeciesfrom
whichfoodcanbeobtained.
Thewaterconsumptionofacolonywillvary
accordingtothestrengthofthecolony,
thecolony’slocation,andtheambientair
temperature.Beekeepersshouldsupply
sufficientwaterfortheapiary’sneedsifrequired
toensurethatthecoloniesdonotperish
duringhotweather,sothatbeesdonotcausea
nuisancearoundstocktroughsandswimming
pools.
Anartificialwatersourceshouldbeplaced
within200metresofanapiaryifasuitable,
naturallyoccurringwatersourcesuchasadam,
stream,orriverisnotwithin500metres.An
artificialwatersourcesuppliedbybeekeepers
mustbesuitablycoveredwithmeshtoprevent
accessbywildlifeandtheiraccidentaldrowning.
Theselectioncriteriaforcommercialbreeding
stockdoesnottolerateanyswarmingbehaviour.
Feralbees,ontheotherhand,aremuchmore
likelytoissueswarmsthanmanagedbees.
Beekeepersshouldconsiderthefollowing,
particularlyinthespringperiod.
• Re-queen on a regular basis – young queens
havelessinclinationtoswarmthanoldqueens.
• Replace the queens in any colony that has
swarmed,toreducethepossibilityoffuture
swarming.
• Relieve congestion in a hive in spring when
coloniescanexpandinpopulationsextremely
rapidly.
• Continue to select strains of bees that
demonstratealowtendencytoswarm.
13
Elements
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
ELEMENT8:
Swarm
capture
Invariably,somecolonieswithinmanaged
apiarieswillswarm.Giventhebreedingofsuch
stock,theypossiblyhaveareducedchanceof
survivalinthemediumtolongtermcompared
toaswarmfromalocalferalcolony.Managed
beesareselectedforrapidpopulationgainso
astotakeadvantageofmajorfloweringevents.
Acolonybredforcommercialpurposesand
remainingontheonesiteislikelytoexperience
significantshortagesoffoodintheformof
pollenandnectar,thushasagreaterlikelihood
ofstarving.Evenso,abeekeepershouldmake
everyendeavourtoremoveandcollectswarms
whereclearlytheyhaveoriginatedfromthe
apiaryundermanagement.
Forsomeunexplainedreason,itisnot
uncommonforswarmsoriginatingfromferal
hivestobeattractedtoamanagedapiary.In
thiscaseitisimperativethattheswarmsbe
collectedandremoved.
• obey road signs that alert the driver
toapossibleprobleminthearea,e.g.,
phytophthora;
• use wash down or hygiene stations when
provided;
• report any unusual plant deaths to the local
DepartmentofEnvironment,NationalParks
and Wildlife, Heritage or Conservation office;
• remove weeds where feasible from the
immediateareaoftheapiary.
ELEMENT9:
Prevent
the
spread
of
soil
pathogens
and
weed
seeds
Soilbornefungiandweedseedshavebeen
knowntobespreadfromonelocationto
anotherbyvehiclemovements.Firefighting,
loggingandroadworkingmachineryhaveall
beenimplicatedinthespreadoffungiandweed
seeds.Evenbushwalkersandbikeriderscan
spreadfungiandseedsbythetransferofmud
ontheirbootsandtyres.
Themovementandservicingofapiariesmay
alsoprovidetheopportunitytospreadsoil
pathogensandweedseeds.Tohelpstopthe
spreadofsoilpathogensandweedseeds,
beekeepers,wherepossible,should:
• avoid driving in areas when soils are wet and
sticky;
• stay on designated roads and tracks;
• in high risk areas for soil pathogens and weed
seedsbrushsoiloffvehiclesandfootwear
beforeandaftereachtrip–thiswouldbeasite
by site decision;
14
ELEMENT10:
Minimise
truck
and
vehicle
emissions
Inthecourseofkeepingbees,theowner
requirestheuseofatruck.Somebeekeeping
operationshaveownershiporcontrolovera
numberofvehicles.Toensuretheleastimpact
ontheenvironment,thefollowingshouldbe
considered.
• Perform regular service and maintenance of
eachvehicleaccordingtothemanufacturer’s
specifications.
• Maintain tyre pressures to the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
• When given a choice of vehicles, choose the
mosteconomicaloneforthetaskinhand.
• When buying a new or second hand vehicle,
considerthefuelefficiencyrating.
• Where possible, work flowering events which
requiretheleastamountoftravel.
• Place apiaries in the same region to reduce the
distancesnecessarytoserviceeachapiary.
ELEMENT11:
Track
use
and
maintenance
Asbeekeepersarerequired,inmostcases,to
siteapiariesonlandsnotoftheirownership,it
isimportantthattheuseoftracksandaccess
routesberespected.Mosttracksusedby
beekeepersaremulti-useandnotsolelycreated
forthebenefitofsitingbeehives.
Beekeepershaveadutyofcaretonottravelon
tracksorroadswhereitisknownthattherewill
beastrongpossibilityofcausingdamagetothe
surface.Thecircumstanceswillvaryaccording
totheintegrityofthetrack/road,thematerialsit
isconstructedfrom,andtheprevailingweather
conditions.Poorlyformedtracksonheavysoil
duringwetweatherarelikelytosustainheavy
damageasaresultoftruckusage.Ontheother
hand,trackscomposedofsandysoilswillbe
easiertonegotiateduringwetweather.
Whenabeesiteisbeingconsidered,wet
weatheraccessshouldbeasignificantfactor.
Ifanapiaryislocatedinanareawherethesoil
typedoesposeaproblemduringwetweather,
beekeepersshouldfirstconsiderthepotential
damagetothetracksandenvironmentand
delayuse,ifpossible,untilconditionsimprove.
Beforetakingonthetaskofrepairingtracks
andparticularlybringinginmaterialsfrom
elsewhere,thebeekeepershouldconsult
withthelandmanagerorpropertyownerto
obtainpermission.Ifbringinginmaterialsfrom
elsewhereitisimperativethattheintroduction
ofsoilpathogensandweedsareconsidered.
RefertoElement9.
ELEMENT12:
Clearing
of
apiary
sites
Siteclearingmustbecompletedwithcareto
causetheleastamountofdisturbancetothe
localenvironment,whileprovidinganadequate
sitefortheplacementofanapiary.Toachieve
this:
• rake or clear all loose surface litter on site
before the placement of the bee hives;
• no trees greater than 20 cm circumference are
to be damaged or removed;
• care must be exercised not to damage or
destroyprotectedfloraorfauna.
15
Elements
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
ELEMENT13:
Camping
Historically,campingwiththeapiaryonsitehas
beenacommonpracticebybeekeepers.Such
activity(probably),inmostcircumstances,is
nolongerwarranted.Ifcampingisadesirable
activitytoenablethebeekeepertomanage
theirbees,permissionshouldbesoughtfrom
thegovernmentlandagencyorprivateproperty
owner.Allevidenceofthecampingactivitymust
beremovedoncethecampisfinishedwith.
ELEMENT14:
Fire
management
Theverynatureofbeekeepingmeansthatbee
hivesareatriskofbushfiredamageandthata
beekeeper’suseofasmokerhasthepotential
tocauseafire.Therefore,itisnecessaryfor
beekeeperstoensurethat:
• the smoker used is in good repair;
• the lighting of a smoker is done on bare
ground or on the back of a suitable vehicle;
16
• the smoker is kept full of fuel to avoid the
spitting and escape of lit embers;
• the smoker is not placed on combustible
material such as dry grass when in use;
• all fire bans are adhered to and respected;
• in the event of an emergency, e.g. to remove
anapiaryduetoanimposingthreatfrombush
fire,thelocalfireauthoritiesshouldbenotified
first before attempting to do so;
• extreme care should be exercised when
workinghiveswithasmokerwhenthe
environmentisdryandtheconditionsare
windy;
• suitable fire fighting equipment is carried at all
times and maintained in working order;
• a smoker is properly extinguished using water or
placedinanairtightcontainerwhennotinuse.
ELEMENT15:
Proactive
environmentalists
Itisinbeekeepers’bestinterestforsocietyto
valueandretainlargeareasofnativeflora.It
isalsointheindustry’slong-termbestinterest
toseefloralspeciesreplantedindegraded
areasandothersuitablesitesthatarereliable
producersofnectarandpollen.Therefore,
beekeepersshould:
• actively pursue a tree planting program on
theirownproperties,selectingsuitablespecies
forthelong-termprospectsofprovidinga
resource for honey bees and other nectivores;
• associate or become involved in the local
Landcaregroup,assistinginplantingand
revegetation projects; emphasis should be
placedonencouragingknownhighvalue
nectar and pollen plants;
• whenever the opportunity arises, address or
passontointerestedpartiesinformationon
thevalueofvariousfloralspeciesasaresource
fornectarandpollen.
ELEMENT16:
Apiary
site
position
Locatinganapiarymaycauseproblemsfor
peopleandlivestock.Thefollowingshouldbe
adheredto.
• Place large apiaries away from houses.
• Keep numbers of hives in urban areas to a
minimum.Dependingonthesizeoftheblock,
thefollowingisasuggestedrecommendation
assufficientpermanenthivesclosetoanurban
interface:
• small block – 2 hives
• average block (up to 1000 m2) – 4 hives
• roomy block (up to 2000 m2) – 8 hives.
• Place apiaries away from gates, stock yards and
publictrafficareas.
• Wherever possible, position out of sight of
publicthoroughfares.
• Apiary site positions are to be checked with
andapprovedbythelandmanager/owner
priortohivesbeingunloaded.
ELEMENT17:
Keep
floral
records
Beekeepers,bytheverynatureoftheirchosen
profession,havetodevelopahighawarenessof
theenvironmentinwhichtheywork.Successful
beekeepingrequiresthetimelymovementof
apiariesfromthecompletionofoneflowering
eventtothebeginningofanotherflowering
event.Mostcommercialbeekeepingoperations
onmainlandAustraliacanbebestdescribedas
nomadic.Thelocationsandfloweringeventsto
whichapiariesaremovedwillvarysignificantly
fromyeartoyear.Inmanycases,beekeepers
probablyholdthemostdetailedknowledgeon
thefloweringpatternsofspecificfloraingiven
regions.Therefore,beekeepersshouldrecord:
• the floral species on which the apiaries are
placed;
• the duration of flowering, climatic influence
onflowering,nectarandpollenyieldsandany
other specific information on the floral species;
• any peculiarities in relation to dieback and
significantly reduced yields;
• changes over time in various areas or to the
healthandproductionoftheflora.
Thisinformationshouldbeinaformtoassist
scientificendeavourtoidentifytrendsover
timeassociatedwithfloweringpatternsand
thegeneralhealthofthevegetation.The
informationcollectedcanalsobeusedin
Element15toassistinprovidingadviceonthe
suitabilityofvariousfloralspeciesandtheir
relativeworthofanectarorpollenproducing
plants.
Beekeepershavebeenresponsibleforpassing
onobservationsonthedeclininghealthof
specificvegetationandthedemiseoffloral
communities,triggeringmajorresearch
endeavours.Anysignificantobservations
regardingthedeclineinthehealthofthe
vegetationwithintheareaswhichbeekeepers
frequentshouldbepassedontotherelevant
authorities.Communicationwithsuchparties
shouldberecordedforfuturereference.
17
Elements
NAtioNAl BEst MANAgEMENt PrActicE for BEEkEEPiNg iN thE AustrAliAN ENviroNMENt
ELEMENT18:
ELEMENT19:
Energy
saving
Responsible
use
of
chemicals
BeekeepingintheAustraliancontextismainly
focusedontheproductionofhoney.Honey
combsarerequiredtobeextractedinapurpose
builtfactoryonaregularbasis.Energysavings
arepossibleduringtheextractionandstorageof
combs.Beekeepersshouldconsider:
Theuseofchemicalsinthebeekeepingindustry
isminimalcomparedtomostprimaryindustries.
Evenso,beekeepershavearesponsibilityto:
• turning off appliances when not in use;
• consult land owners/managers before
applying pesticides (herbicides);
• obtain the necessary qualifications to use
chemicals in an agricultural business;
• turning off cool rooms and hot rooms when
not in use; use of cool rooms to prevent
damagetostoredcombsfromwaxmothand
smallhivebeetlemaynotbenecessaryduring
the winter period;
• follow the directions on the label;
• where possible, full honey combs should be
storedtoallowasufficientnumberofhoney
boxestobeaccumulatedforeachextraction
tocutdownthenumberoftimesanextracting
plantisrequiredtobecleaned.
• retain and refer to the material safety data
sheets for each substance being used;
• only use a product for the purpose it is
permitted/registered;
• discard used containers and residues in an
approved manner;
• store chemicals in a safe and secure location;
• observe the withholding periods printed on
the chemical label;
• notify any purchaser of honey of the use of any
chemicalsassociatedwithobtainingthehoney
crop;
• keep up to date on the correct use of
chemicals.
18
19