Outlines on Classical
Condition, Operant
Conditioning & Punishment
Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.
1
Classical Conditioning

Pavlovian Conditioning
UCS (food in mouth) ------------- UCR
NS (bowl) -------------------------- NO SALIVATION
NS + UCS (food in mouth) ------ SALIVATION
CS (bowl) -------------------------- CR (salivation)
2
John Watson


Little Albert experiment
Issue – biology makes a difference
3
Terms In Classical Conditioning




Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
4
Taste Aversion





A form of Classical Conditioning
Example
Biological predisposition to Classical
Conditioning (Watson, 1924)
Unfamiliar taste – delayed illness – avoidance
Familiar taste & unfamiliar shape = delayed
illness – no avoidance
5
Application of Pavlov – Pavlov’s
Legacy



Advertisement
Politicians
TV weather forecasters!
6
Reinforcement Principles


Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement


Escape conditioning
Avoidance Conditioning
7
Punishment – does it work?

The Dangers of Punishment




Reinforcing to the punisher
Generalized inhibiting effect
We dislike the punisher
What about teaching?



The criticism trap
The use of aversives
B. F. Skinner’s view
8
Operant Conditoning



Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Law of Effect (Thorndike)
9
Operant Conditioning







The Skinner Box
Shaping
Reinforcement
Discrimination
Generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
10
Schedules of Reinforcement






Primary reinforcement
Secondary reinforcement
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
11
Bandura & Violence on T.V.


Modeling
Who are we likely to
imitate?
graphics8.nytimes.com/.../posts/0115bobo.jpg
12
Seligman


Learned Helplessness =
link to depression?
Learned Optimism
Worth Publishers
13