Appendices
Appendix I: The Table below give the most well-developed XRD peaks from which the
minerals were identified and peaks from corresponding XRD reference patterns.
Miller
Indices
APS 800 (° C) talc
pattern d-spacing
I (%)
002
004
006
130
132
133
132
060
9.46
4.59
3.14
2.648
2.609
forsterite
forsterite
1.53
100
12
10
3
6
Miller
Indices
APS 800 (°C) tridymitelike pattern d-spacing
I (%)
040
211
221
041
042
341
043
forsterite
4.12
Missing
Missing
Missing
Missing
Missing
Miller
Indices
APS 800 (°C)
anthophylite d-spacing
I (%)
020
210
400
321
421
610
260
9.03
8.317
4.499
3.671
3.252
3.084
2.845
100
75
7
25
18
9
16
17
100
13-558
Reference 25
(°C) Talc I
>15% dspacing
9.35
4.59
3.12
2.635
2.597
2.496
2.479
1.529
I (%)
18-1170
Reference 25
(°C) tridymite
I >15% dspacing
4.328
4.107
3.867
3.818
2.975
2.5
2.308
I (%)
9-455
Reference 25
(°C)
anthophyllite I
>15% dspacing
8.9
8.26
4.5
3.65
3.24
3.05
2.84
I (%)
100
45
40
18
20
20
30
55
90
100
20
50
25
16
16
30
55
25
35
60
100
40
640
2.565
25
Miller
Indices
APS 800 (°C) Enstatite d- I (%)
spacing
420
030
610
131
710
430
440
133
060
3.193
forsterite
2.9235
forsterite
forsterite
forsterite
1.9827
forsterite
forsterite
100
21
18
2.54
40
22-714
Reference 25
(°C) Enstatite I
>15% dspacing
3.18
2.946
2.878
2.54
2.497
2.477
1.988
1.488
1.473
I (%)
100
16
55
25
18
18
10
25
18
Appendix II. Starting materials, heating time, temperature, and Phases Observed.
Sample
Temperature
Heating
log min
Mineral Assemblage
(°C)
Time
Jeffrey 6D 450
30 days
4.635
chrysotile
Thetford
450
30 days
4.635
chrysotile
Jeffrey 6D 450
30 days
4.635
chrysotile
Jeffrey 6D 475
30 days
4.635
chrysotile + possible forsterite
Thetford
500
30 days
4.635
forsterite + 10+/talc like
Thetford
500
24 h
3.158
chrysotile
Jeffrey 6D 550
12 min
1.079
chrysotile
Jeffrey 6D 550
22 min
1.342
chrysotile + 10A+
Jeffrey 6D 550
37 min
1.568
chrysotile + 10A+
Jeffrey 6D 550
55 min
1.74
chrysotile + 10A+
Jeffrey 6D 550
63 min
1.799
chrysotile + 10A+
Jeffrey 6D 550
76 min
1.881
chrysotile + 10A+
Jeffrey 6D 550
104 min
2.021
chrysotile + 10A+ +
Thetford
550
8h
2.682
chrysotile
Thetford
550
20 h
3.079
forsterite + 10A+ + chrysotile
Thetford
550
16 h
2.982
forsterite + chrysotile
Thetford
575
8h
2.682
chrysotile
Thetford
575
24 h
3.158
forsterite + 10A+ + chrysotile
Thetford
587
4h
2.38
forsterite + 10A+ + chrysotile
Thetford
587
24 h
3.158
forsterite + talc
Thetford
600
4h
2.38
forsterite + talc
Thetford
600
20 h
3.079
forsterite + talc
Thetford
600
24 h
3.158
forsterite + talc
New Idria 600
46 min
1.663
chrysotile
New Idria
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey CP
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
139 min
9 min
14 min
23 min
30 min
42 min
62 min
79 min
94 min
122 min
137 min
2 min
9 min
14 min
24 min
30 min
36 min
43 min
52 min
59 min
66 min
73 min
82 min
92 min
117 min
120 min
137 min
154 min
171 min
186 min
201 min
216 min
231 min
246 min
9 min
22 min
42min
54 min
2.143
0.954
1.146
1.362
1.477
1.623
1.792
1.898
1.973
2.013
2.086
0.301
0.954
1.146
1.38
1.477
1.556
1.633
1.716
1.771
1.82
1.863
1.914
1.964
2.068
2.079
2.137
2.188
2.232
2.27
2.303
2.334
2.364
2.391
0.954
1.342
1.623
1.732
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
600
600
600
600
64 min
72 min
84 min
101 min
1.806
1.857
1.924
2.004
none
chrysotile
talc + chrysotile
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + chrysotile+ forsterite
talc + forsterite
chrysotile + forsterite
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile
chrysotile + forsterite
10+ + forsterite + chrysotile
10+ + talc + forsterite +
chrysotile
10+ + forsterite + chrysotile
10+ + forsterite + chrysotile
10+ + forsterite + chrysotile
10+ + talc + forsterite +
chrysotile
Thetford
600
114 min
2.057
Thetford
600
136 min
2.134
Thetford
600
153 min
2.185
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Thetford
Thetford
600
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
650
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
182 min
4h
8h
16 h
20 h
24 h
2 min
8 min
17 min
25 min
32 min
71 min
79 min
96 min
118 min
4h
8h
16 h
20 h
24 h
2 min
9 min
16 min
28 min
37 min
43 min
51 min
58 min
63 min
70 min
88 min
118 min
151 min
181 min
211 min
241 min
2 min
9 min
2.26
2.38
2.681
2.982
3.079
3.158
0.301
0.903
1.23
1.398
1.505
1.851
1.898
1.982
2.072
2.38
2.681
2.982
3.079
3.158
0.301
0.954
1.204
1.447
1.568
1.633
1.708
1.763
1.799
1.845
1.944
2.012
2.179
2.258
2.324
2.382
0.301
0.954
10+ + talc + forsterite +
chrysotile
10+ + talc + forsterite +
chrysotile
10+ + talc + forsterite +
chrysotile
10+ + forsterite + chrysotile
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
chrysotile
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
talc + forsterite
talc + forsterite
talc + forsterite
talc + forsterite
talc + forsterite
chrysotile + forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + chrysotile
forsterite
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Jeffrey 6D
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
Thetford
750
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
4h
1 min
3 min
2 min
9 min
16 min
23 min
29 min
37 min
42 min
5 min
10 min
17 min
42 min
2.38
0
0.477
0.301
0.954
1.204
1.362
1.462
1.568
1.623
0.699
1
1.23
1.623
Thetford
800
60 min
1.778
Thetford
800
90 min
1.954
Thetford
800
103 min
2.013
Thetford
800
113 min
2.053
Thetford
800
151 min
2.179
Thetford
800
173 min
2.238
Thetford
800
209 min
2.32
Thetford
800
229 min
2.36
Thetford
800
245 min
2.389
Thetford
New Idria
New Idria
Thetford
Thetford
800
800
800
900
1000
265 min
2 min
8 min
4h
4h
2.423
0.301
0.903
2.38
2.38
forsterite
forsterite + chrysotile
forsterite
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc + enstatite
forsterite + talc + enstatite
forsterite + talc + enstatite
forsterite + talc
forsterite + talc + tridymite-like
forsterite + talc + tridymite-like
forsterite + talc + tridymite-like
+ enstatite
forsterite + talc + tridymite-like
+ enstatite + anthophyllite
forsterite + tridymite-like +
enstatite + anthophyllite
forsterite + tridymite-like +
enstatite + anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + enstatite +
anthophyllite
forsterite + chrysotile
forsterite + enstatite
forsterite + enstatite
forsterite + enstatite
forsterite + enstatite
Appendix III. Thetford Gradual Heating Experiment: Heat times, phases, and area
intensity sums as a percentage of maximum intensity of each phase.
Heating
Percent Maximum Intensity
Time
Min
Chrysotile
Forsterite
Talc
Tridymite-like Enstatite
0
100
0
Anthophyllite
1
3
5
10
17
42
60
90
103
113
151
173
209
229
245
265
25
<1
0
80
79
76
91
92
100
87
88
79
90
92
96
93
85
94
77
0
95
100
95
95
89
0
0
3
86
100
99
78
5
58
0
0
1
2
61
94
78
82
90
91
71
66
100
0
<1
<1
20
50
92
100
96
54
42
43