Hydrogen: A vital element for
our sustainable future
Bath, 30 Jan. 2014
State of the Art in Fuel Cell Development
Prof. Dr. Robert Steinberger-Wilckens
Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research
School of Chemical Engineering
University of Birmingham
Short Introduction
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Discoverers of the Fuel Cell Principle
Christian Friedrich Schönbein (1799 - 1868
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Sir William Robert Grove (1811 – 1896)
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The Beauty of Simplicity
PEFC stack
air supply
Source: adapted from Larminie/Dicks
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Competing with Batteries
Source: AZ State Univ
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Limiting Efficiencies
1
Carnot
0,7
0,9
0,8
0,5
FC
0,7
0,4
0,2
ηc = 1- T2 / T1
0,1
T2 = 273 K
eta
0,6
0,3
0,5
0,4
0,3
0
lim T2 -> 0
19
73
15
73
1
0,
95
0,
9
0,
85
0,
8
0,
75
0
0,
7
13
73
11
73
T1 [K]
0,1
0,
65
lim T1 -> ∞
97
3
77
3
0,2
57
3
37
3
eta
0,6
17
73
0,8
0,
6
0,9
U
lim U -> Uo
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Fuel Cells: High Efficiency Electricity Production
Efficiency /%
70
SO FC
G U D - P o w e r P la n t
60
Fuel Cells
50
PA FC
40
S te a m P o w e r
P la n t
30
D ie s e l E n g in e
20
G a stu rb in e
S p a rk-Ig n itio n
E n g in e
10
0
0 ,1
0 ,5
1
Upper Limiting Curve: Future Technology.
(Development tendency: GT / GUD: 2000 ; SOFC: 2010).
Lower Limiting Curve: Actual Technology.
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5
10
50
100
500
Power Plant Capacity / MW
Slide 7/41
1000
Technical Status Quo
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Applications of FC Technology
500 W –
5 kW
APU road
vehicles
X
10 – 50 kW
X
X
X
X
Power
Generation
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X
X
Commercial
Portable
> 1MW
X
APU aircraft /
ships
Residential
100 – 500
kW
X
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Fuel Cell Vehicles
Proton Motor
DaimlerChrysler
f-cell A & B class
MicroCab
Hyundai
Sources: various
Evobus
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Toyota RAV4L V
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EV’s: Appearance and handling
GM HiWire concept vehicle
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CUTE Project Sites – incl. Iceland & Australia
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• operated for more than
85.000 hours,
• covered more than 1.200.000
Kilometres and
• carried more than 4 Million
passengers.
project month
1 000 km
cumulative operating hours [1000 h]
CUTE Results
project month
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Fuel Cells in Ships and Aircraft
• emission control
• efficiency
• safety
~ 25 kW
~ 3 kW
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~ 100 - 500
kW
~ 1000
kW
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Residential Fuel Cell Units
BAXI PEFC
1 kWe/1.7 kWth
ηel = 32%
Integrated boiler
HEXIS SOFC
1 kWe/2 kWth
ηel = >30%
Integrated boiler
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Viessmann / Panasonic (PEFC)
Vitovalor 300-P
700 Wel, 20 kWth
Junkers / Aisin Seiki
(Kyocera, SOFC)
Cerapower FC
700 Wel, 25 kWth
35000 units sold in Japan
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Bloom Energy: Adobe, e-bay & Wal-Mart
• 100 and 200 kW units
• ~1000 installed (partly in
‚clusters‘), in US (CA) & 1xJapan
• decentralised electricity
generation, grid stabilisation &
backup
• partly running on bio-fuels
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BloomEnergyServer at Apple & Bank of America
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source: Gigaom , Bloom
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Fuelcell Energy / FuelCell Energy Solutions
350 kW
stack
2.8 MW Plant
DFC3000
annual production 46 MW
59 MW plant under
contruction in S.Korea
1.4 MW Unit
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source: FCE
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Target Markets and Desirable Products
Where is the Fuel Cell???
source: SFC
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Smart Fuel Cells Product Range
•
•
•
•
small units ~100 W
cost ~3.000 €
recreational & military use
~30.000 units sold
source: SFC
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Quadru-Generation
• electricity
• heat
• cooling
• nitrogen-enriched air
source: N2telligence
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Hydrogen - Plug-in - Hybrids
- hydrogen tanks ~4 kg / vehicle
- corresponds to several TWh of storage capacity
- vehicle has sufficient range and is extremely flexible due to ‘dual fuel’
- potential for long-term storage
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Environmental Benefits
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CO2 Reduction and Electrical Efficiency
ST Sterling Engine
ICE Honda IC Engine
PEFC
SOFC
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CO2 Reduction and CO2 Footprint
g/kWh
90
730
563
176
448
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Costs?
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Cost Projections – Moving Targets
cost relative to prototype cost
100
90
80
diesel car with no emissions?
70
FCH
FCH Sub's
60
ICE high
ICE high real
50
40
ICE low
ICE low real
30
20
10
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
years
free market vs. regulatory vs. subsidy approach
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Including External Costs
all cost as of 2007 from
- technology quotes
- testing data
ext.
costs
17,47 €
3:2
Internal costs /
market price
ext.
costs
H2
5,12 €
3:1
Diesel
PLANET
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Total Societal Cost of Ownership
includes:
• individual investment
• fuel use
• O&M
plus
• external costs over lifetime
• recycling / disposal costs
advantage:
• level playing field
• subsidies for fossil & nuclear fuels are exposed
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Development Challenges
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Application Requirements
Lifetime
Thermal
cycles
Redox
cycles
Efficiency
Weight
APU road
vehicles
5000 h
2500 – 5000
2000 – 3000
ηel>30%
1–4
kg/kW
APU aircraft /
ships
20000 h
2500 – 5000
2000 – 3000
ηel>40%
1 kg/kW
Residential
>40000 h
100 – 5000
100 – 5000
ηel>35%
ηtot>90%
n/a
Commercial
>40000 h
100 – 5000
100 – 5000
ηel>45%
ηel>85%
n/a
Power
Generation
100000 h
100 – 5000
100 – 5000
ηel>50%
n/a
Portable
<2500 h
500 – 5000
500 – 5000
ηel>30%
n/a
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2000/2002: Field Test in German ZIP programme
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Long-Term SOFC Stack Operation
FZ Jülich, ongoing since 2007
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Materials Developments: SOFC Cell Concepts
LSCF
CGO
YSZ/SSZ
LSM
YSZ
Ni +
YSZ
Ni + YSZ
Electrolyte
supported
~ 300µm
ESC
1000 °C
LSCF
YSZ/SSZ
Ni + YSZ
LSC/xSCF
CGO
SSZ
Ni + SSZ
FeCr
Anode
supported
600 µm – 1 mm
Metal supported
~ 1 mm
Thin films on
thin substrate
~ 300 µm
ASC
MSC
ASC
Temperature
700 °C
700 °C
400 °C
Specific properties with
different application opportunities
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Ceres Power: Taking SOFC CHP to the Market
• spin-out from Imperial College
using IC’s metal support ITSOFC
• operation at 500-600ºC
• design of wall-mountable CHP
unit for residential application,
rating 1 kWel / 28 kWth
• acceptance test by British Gas
June 2009
2008
H1
2009
H2
H1
2010
H2
H1
2011
H2
H1
H2
Alpha Phase - Performance
Beta Phase 1 – Sheltered field trials
Beta Phase 2 – Commercial field trials
Gamma Phase Manufacturing
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© Ceres
Power 2008
source: © Ceres Power 2008
Volume
Launch
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36
Building Production Capacity
• HEXIS: 17 systems running in field test;
Callux units still to come; German subsidiary
founded for maintenance and system assembly;
cooperation with German boiler companies Stiebel Eltron and
Hoval
• CFCL: production plant in Heinsberg (Germany)
inaugurated 2 Oct 2009; cooperation with
German, French, Dutch and British boiler companies - Bruns,
DeDietrich, Remeha and Gledhill
• TOFC: growth from 70 to 125 staff within 2 years; cooperation
with Wärtsilä, Danfoss and AVL for stack integration
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Daimler Development Time Table
Source: Daimler, FCSem 2007
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Strategic Time Table
Future Focus of European FC Development
Lower degradation, lower temperatures, more compact design
New materials and processing routes
Reliable stack assembly
Robust designs
Understanding degradation
Lebensdauermodell
Accelerated
testing methodsentwickeln
Development of lifetime models
Balance of Plant components, industrial manufacturing
Lebensdauermodell
entwickeln
System control
& diagnostics
Large units
2007
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2010
2015
2020
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Summary
•
fuel cells can contribute significantly to the goals of
increasing the efficiency of energy use, reducing emissions,
increase economic stability by de-coupling from volatile
energy markets and reducing energy imports to the EU
•
FC technology is today available, even as successfully
marketed products
•
they need to be carefully crafted and suited to
application, though
•
a number of challenges lie ahead in the transition from
technology development to market introduction
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Thank you for your attention!
and thanks to everyone in the UoB
ChemEng FCH group!
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