Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant
Nutrition
BIOL 103, Chapter 12-2
Today’s Topics
• Lactation
• Resources for Pregnant and Lactating Women
and their Children
• Infancy
Lactation
• Breastfeeding trends
• Healthy People 2020 goals
– To increase the proportion of newborns who
are initially breastfed to almost _____%
– Current stats:
• 74% of infants breastfed initially
• 44% of infants still breastfed at 6 months
Physiology of Lactation
• Changes during
adolescence and
pregnancy
– Increased ____________
– ___________ of structure
 ducts/glands and
_________ cells are
formed
• After delivery
– Milk production and
secretion
• Colostrum:
Physiology of Lactation
• Hormonal controls
stimulated by______
________________:
– Prolactin: stimulates
milk _____________
– Oxytocin: stimulates
milk _____________
• “Let-down” reflex
– release of milk
from breast tissue
in response to
oxytocin.
Summary of Lactation Physiology
•Infant suckling  pituitary gland release
prolactin  milk tissue production
•Infant suckling  pituitary gland release
oxytocin  release milk
• Thus, giving water or infant formula to the
baby reduces the time spent nursing at the
breast  ___________________ declines
Nutrition for Breastfeeding
• Energy and protein
– _________ needs than during pregnancy
– Well-nourished pregnant women will ______
weight slowly 1 ¾ lbs/month after ~6 months.
• Vitamins and minerals
– Most are ____________ as during pregnancy
– Iron and folate needs are ___________
• Water
– AI for total water = 3.8 liters/day
Nutrition for Breastfeeding
• Food choices
– ___________ Daily Food Plan for Moms
– ~2,200–2,800 Kcal/day
– Choose foods high in vitamins and minerals
and low in added sugar and solid fats
• Supplementation is generally not
necessary, unless…
– ________ for vegans
– ________ for women with irregular sun
exposure
• Practices to avoid during lactation
– Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs
Benefits of Breastfeeding (PS12, Q3a)
• Benefits for infants
1. Optimal nutrition
2. Builds stronger __________ system:
protects infant from infections and illness
including diarrhea, ear infections,
pneumonia, and asthma
3. Convenience
Benefits of Breastfeeding (PS12, Q3b)
• Benefits for mother
1. Enhanced recovery of __________ size
2. Help women return to ____________ weight
faster
3. Convenience
• Contraindications to breastfeeding
– Infant or maternal ____________________
– Damaged breast ducts
– Drug use
Resources for Pregnant and Lactating
Women and their Children
• Promote health of pregnant and
breastfeeding women and their children
• Special Supplemental Nutrition
Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC)
– Service of _________________
– Provides food assistance
– Provides nutrition education
– Provides referrals
Infancy
• Infancy: 0 -1 years old
• _______ is the best marker of nutritional status
– Evaluated using __________________
1. Weight gain
• Double birth weight by _______ months
• Triple birth weight by _____ months
2. Length gain (not height B/C infants can’t stand)
• Increase length by 50% by _____ months
3. Head circumference measures _________ growth
and development
Energy and Nutrient Needs During Infancy
• Requirements based on composition of
_______________________
– Energy and Protein
• Highest needs of any life stage
• 2x adult’s needs
– Carbohydrate and fat
• Both are ______________ source
• Carbohydrates as simple sugars
– Water
• Supplemental water feeding is ______ necessary
for healthy infants who are exclusively breastfed
(or receive properly mixed formulas).
– This is true even in _____________ weather.
– Once solid foods are introduced, additional water may be
required.
Energy and Nutrient Needs During Infancy
• Key vitamins and minerals
– Vitamin __: need adequate sunlight exposure
– Vitamin __: produced by gut bacteria
• Single dose of vitamin K since gut is sterile at birth
– Vitamin ___: problem for a strict vegetarian
mom
• Folate metabolism and cell division
– Iron: if formula fed, need iron-fortified formula
– Fluoride: at 6 months
Energy and Nutrition needs during Infancy
• Newborn Breastfeeding
– Recommended as the ______ method of
feeding infants to achieve optimal growth and
development.
• Feedings 2-3 hours for a total of 8-12 feedings/day
• 10-15 minutes/breast
– AAP recommends that NO supplements of
formula or water be given to breastfed
neonates unless medically indicated
Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
• Alternative feeding: Infant Formula
1. Standard infant formula
• Cow’s milk base
• “imperfect copy” of breastmilk
2. Soy-based formula
• Soy protein base
• Switched to soy-based if formula-fed
infants are having feeding problems
(vomiting and diarrhea).
Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
– Special formula for
formula-fed infants who
are:
• ________ to milk/soy
• ________ babies
• Have rare defects in
metabolic
pathway
• Use medium-chain
triglycerides as the
fat source
Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
• How much is enough?
– Guidelines for feeding infant
1. 6 or more wet diapers per day
2. 3 or more stools per day
3. Regain to birth weight within the first week
– Best indicators that baby has enough to
eat: _____________, ___________
elimination patterns, and satisfied
demeanor.
Introduction to Solid Foods
• Readiness for complimentary foods at ~___ months
_______________ to breast milk/infant formula
• Infants show:
1. Physiological readiness:
• Digestive ___________________
• Ability to maintain __________________
• Depletion of iron stores
2. Developmental readiness:
• Lack of ____________________ – young infant’s
response to thrust tongue forward when a spoon is
put into the mouth.
• Head and body control
– Examples:
The Start Healthy Feeding Guidelines
•
Feeding schedule for the first two years
Feeding Problems during Infancy
1. ______________
– Crying and distress, perhaps from abdominal
cramping
– No clear effective treatment
2. Early childhood dental caries
– Associated with putting baby to bed with a
bottle (milk, juice, etc.)
3. Iron-deficiency anemia
– For ______________ infants who do not eat
enough iron-rich foods.
Feeding Problems during Infancy
4. Gastroesophageal reflux - backflow of
stomach contents to espophagus
– ~3% of newborns, usually male
– Usually disappears within 12–18 months
5. Diarrhea
– Requires increased _____________
6. Failure to thrive (FTT)
– Poor growth in absence of ___________
– Can be due to shortage or improper preparation
of appropriate foods