States of Consciousness
Sleep
Hypnosis
Drugs
When we are awake we are?
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves
and our surroundings.
Why do we daydream?
• They can help us prepare for future events.
•They can nourish our social development.
•Can substitute for impulsive behavior.
• Someone who imagines and recalls
experiences with lifelike vividness and who
spends considerable time fantasizing.
Biological Rhythms
Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears
hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm
90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.
Circadian Rhythm
• Our 24 hour biological clock.
• Our body temperature and awareness
changes throughout the day.
• It is best to take a test or study during your
circadian peaks.
How can the circadian rhythm help
explain jet lag?
Knee pad light exposure experiment
Sunday night insomnia
Sleep Stages
• There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
• It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass
through the 5 stages.
• The brain’s waves will change according
to the sleep stage you are in.
• The first four stages are known as NREM
sleep..
• The fifth stage is called REM sleep.
Stage One
• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a
transition stage between wake and sleep.
• It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and
occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal
night of sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• consists mostly of theta waves (high
amplitude, low frequency (slow))
• brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those
present while awake
Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
Stage Two
• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the
"baseline" of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle
and occupies approximately 45-60% of
sleep.
Stage Three & Four
• Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or
"slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain
activity slows down dramatically from the
"theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower
rhythm called "delta" and the height or
amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.
Stage Three and Four (continued)
• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is
the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the
most restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
brain craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of
all sleep time and this is what makes children
"dead asleep" during most of the night.
Stage Five: REM SLEEP
• REM: Rapid Eye Movement
• This is a very active stage of sleep.
• Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights
sleep.
• Breathing, heart rate and brain wave
activity quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2
How much sleep do we need?
• We all need different amounts of sleep
depending on our age and genetics.
• But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on
average.
How do you feel when you don’t get enough
sleep?
Can you just make up lost sleep in
one night?
NO
Why do we need sleep?
(Two theories)
1. Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness
meant death, those that slept did not go out,
thus did not die. Sleep protects us.
Sleep helps us recuperate and restores
the breakdown of our body.
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
• Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
• Not your once in a while (I have a big test
tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep
episodes.
• Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours
you sleep every night.
• Primary versus Secondary insomnia.
60 Million
Narcolepsy
• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep
attacks.
•Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually
during times of stress or joy).
Sleep Apnea
• A sleep disorder characterized by
temporary cessations of breathing
during sleep and consequent
momentary reawakenings.
Night Terrors
• A sleep disorder
characterized by high
arousal and an
appearance of being
terrified.
• Occur in Stage 4, not
REM, and are not often
remembered.
Sleepwalking
(Somnambulism)
• Sleepwalking is a sleep
disorder effecting an
estimated 10 percent of all
humans at least once in their
lives.
• Sleep walking most often
occurs during deep non-REM
sleep (stage 3 or stage 4
sleep) early in the night.
Sleepwalking
Symptoms and Features:
• Ambulation (walking or moving about) that occurs during
sleep. The onset typically occurs in pre-pubertal children.
• difficulty in arousing the patient during an episode
• amnesia following an episode
• episodes typically occur in the first third of the sleep
episode
• polysomnographic monitoring demonstrates the onset of
an episode during stage 3 or 4 sleep
• other medical and psychiatric disorders can be present
but do not account for the symptom
• the ambulation is not due to other sleep disorders such
as REM sleep behavior disorder or sleep terrors.
• Fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness),
• stress and anxiety
Sleepwalking
• The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up
and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up
and walking around, or complex activities such as
moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and
undressing, and similar activities. Some people even
drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be
very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30
minutes or longer.
• One common misconception is that a sleep walker
should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken
a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to
be confused or disoriented for a short time on
awakening. Another misconception is that a person
cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries
caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance
are common for sleep walkers.
When we discovered the
different stages of sleep, our
dream research really took
off!!!
WHY?
REM
Dreams
• A sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind.
Manifest Content: the remembered
storyline of a dream.
Latent Content: the underlying meaning
of a dream.
Why do we Dream?
Freud’s wish-fulfillment
Theory
• Dreams are the key to understanding our
inner conflicts.
• Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our
unconscious.
• Manifest and latent content
Information-Processing
Theory
• Dreams act to
sort out and
understand the
memories that
you experience
that day.
• REM sleep does
increase after
stressful events.
Physiological Function Theories
Activation-Synthesis Theory:
• during the night our
brainstem releases random
neural activity, dreams may
be a way to make sense of
that activity.
REM Rebound
• The tendency for REM sleep to increase
following REM sleep deprivation.
• What will happen if you don’t get a good
nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for
10 hours?
You will dream a lot.