KINETICS OF ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF SAWDUST FOR GLUCOSE
PRODUCTION
By
ABUBAKARYAHAYA
-(2006/24159EH)
APROJECT -SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA
NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQlJlR.$MF,NT FOR TOE AWARllOF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER,·2011
DECLARATION
I ABUBAKAR YAHAYA, declare that the work in the project report entitled Kinetics of
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Sawdust for Glucose Production has been performed by me under the
supervision of PROF. F.. ABERUAGBA. No part of this proJect report was presented for another
degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge.
Student Name
Signature
Date
I .
CERTIFICATION
reser-ch project titled: Kinetics of Alkaline Hydrolysis of Sawdust for
Glucose Production by ABUBAKAR Y AHAY A with matriculation number 2006 I 241 S9EH
meets the partial requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) in Chemical
Engineering Department,Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State. Nigeria.
PROF.F. ABERUAGBA
( Project Supervisor)
Date
Dr,M.O, Edoga
Date
"
(Head of Department)
External Examiner
Date
iv
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my lovely family and most especially my parents and guardian Mr.
and Mrs. Abubakar Jiya and Mr. and Mrs. M()hammed. Above all to. almighty Allah (8. W.A) for
the mercy and love.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I canno.t h.elp but acknowledge the co.ntributio.n of my able supervisor, Prof. F. Aberuagba that
.
, - ,
"
'
despite his tight s.chedule always attended to the needs of this wo.rk. Thank: you fOf yO.ut support,
Co.rrectio.nsand interest to. being a part of my achievement.
My special appreciation goes to my uncle 'and his wife Mr. and Mrs. Ibrahim Lile- f{)r their
co.ntributio.ns and advice in cash and. kind.
I acknowledge the- effo.rt of my able lecturers and labo.rat-ory scientists who have'at one time
imparted knowledge unto. me dutiiig the Co.utse of my study and also ensure that ldo the thing at
the right time, I say thank yo.U.
My sincere appreciation go.es, ~o the labo.rato.ry technologist of WAFT and that of Badegi Cereal
Institute, Mr. Bulus and Ma11am Kudu for their support. Thank you.
To. my colleagues and class11'\ates, especially Mr. Abdulhafeez, Ayandiran Ayo.deji(SPM), Mr.
Ogunbadejo Abdulazeez ,Miss Tawakaltu Abdultasheed (SPW) and Miss AiiiiIia Amaka
NWDk.edi (ASPW) go.es a big kudDs f-or the spirit Df sharing and understanding. May Allah
(S.W.A) grant yo.U all the grace to live up to yo.ur <:keams and expectation.
To. my intimate friends,Twin T. ,Twin G. and Twin B., May Allah reward you.
In a like- mamler I thank every other well wisher
success. May the lo.rd reward yo.U all bountifully.
vi
woo' contributed to. the achievement of my
ABSTRACT
Thekineficsofalkaline -(NaOH) hydrolysis of -cellulose from pretreated sawdust was
investigated using -0., 1.5M, 2.25 M, 3.0 _M and 3.75 _M NaOH solution under 45°C, 55 °c 65
°c" 75°C 85 °c at reaction
times of 60 , 75 , 90 and 105 minutes . The sawdust was -.pretreated
.
using a combination of organosolv and pH-controlled liquid':'hot water pretreatment methods and
the resulting cellulose was hydrolyzed using the various concentrations ofNaOH solutions under
the various temperatures and times. The maximum glucose yield obtained was 03159 glml using
3.75 M NaOH at 85°C and 105 minutes time of reaction. The maximum rate of the reaction was
1.0E-05 gmr1s· I using 3.75 M NaOH at 8-5 DC. The result shows thattemperature and time are the
main factors that affect
cell~lose
hydroly-sis. The cellulose hydrolysis kinetics follows a
consecutive, homogeneous and first order reaction model. The rate constants for the cellulose
hydrolysis also increased from L994E"°sS·1 at 45°C using 0.75 M NaOH to1.2358
S·l
at 85°C
using 3.75M NaOH. The Arrhenius constant {A)-of the reaction are 5.47-87-8E19 S·l using 0.75 M
NaOH, 1.03368E22 S·l using 1.5 M NaOH, .3.67128E23 S·l using 2.25 M NaOH, 1.2653:8E5s·1 ,
using 3.0 M NaOH and5.18294E25
S·l
using 3.75 M. The activation energy (Ea) was also found
to be 203.651, 122.066, 168.059, 124.103 and 111.191 kJmor l under 0.75 M, 1.5 M, 2.25 M, 3.0
and 3.75 M NaOH concentrations respectively.
vii
COVERPA.;GE
TITLE PAGE
iii
DECLARATION
iv
CERTIFICATION
v
DEDICATION
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Vll
ABSTRACT
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1-4
1.0 Introduction
3
1.1 Aim and ObJectives
4
L2 Scope ofWotk
4
1.3 Economic Justification of the _process
I
CHAPTER TWO
.5
2.0 Literature review
.5
2.1 Chemical Kinetics
·22 Hydrolysis
5-6
2.3 Alkaline Hydrolysis
6
23~ 1 Chemistry of the Process
2.3~2 Effects of alkaline hydrolysis oncatbohydrates
_6
7
2.4 Sawdust
7
2.5 cellulose
7-8
2.5.1 History of cellulose
iii