Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
Steve Lindner
so
il
R
pl
an
t
R
so
il
Introduction:
R
University of
Bayreuth
Dark chamber:
Soil respiration Rsoil = CO2 release from the bare soil
Ecosystem respiration Reco = CO2 release from the soil (Rsoil) + plant (Rplant)
R
P
R
GP
so
il
NE
E
pl
an
t
Light chamber:
Net ecosystem exchange NEE = GPP + Reco
Gross primary production (GPP): rate at which an ecosystem's producers
capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given
length of time.
1
Plant production studies in Haean in 2009
Steve Lindner
so
il
R
pl
an
t
R
so
il
Introduction:
R
University of
Bayreuth
Dark chamber:
Soil respiration Rsoil = CO2 release from the bare soil
Ecosystem respiration Reco = CO2 release from the soil (Rsoil) + plant (Rplant)
R
P
R
GP
so
il
NE
E
pl
an
t
Light chamber:
Net ecosystem exchange NEE = GPP + Reco
Gross primary production (GPP) is the rate at which an ecosystem's producers
capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length
of time.
2
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Introduction
Methods:
Portable closed chamber system
CO2/H20 porometer CQP-130
Pressure chamber
Ech2o logger
Results
Conclusions & Outlook
3
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Introduction:
Figure 1: Applied light and dark gas exchange chambers for measuring the
NEE and Reco
Figure 2: Installed soil frames (38 x 38 cm2) as a base for the gas exchange
chambers
- 5 crops / 1 field per crop in 2009
- Up to 9 plots per field:
4 crop plots / replicates
3 weed plots (not so successful)
2 bare soil plots
4
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Methods: Portable closed chamber system
Figure 1: Applied light and dark gas exchange chambers for
measuring the NEE and Reco
Figure 2: Installed soil frames (38 x 38 cm2) as a base for the gas
exchange chambers
- Daily courses
- At least 3 times/
growing season and crop
- Intensified measurements
on the Radish field with
different fertilizer treatments
- NEE, Reco, Rsoil
- Microclimate
- Biomass leaves/ stem/ roots
- C/N content
- Detailed information of plant reaction to environmental factors in small scale (1-2 plants enclosed)
- Up scaling of CO2 fluxes up to landscape level
TERRECO-02: Spatial assessment of atmosphere-ecosystem exchanges via micrometeorological measurements, footprint modelling
and mesoscale simulations Peng Zhao, Johannes Lüers, Thomas Foken, Chong Bum Lee
- Validation of the Pixgro model
TERRECO-15: Comparisons of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, carbon gain, growth and water use efficiency of agricultural crops in small catchments in Korea
Bora Lee, John Tenhunen, Sinkyu Kang
5
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Methods: CO2/H20 porometer CQP-130, Fa. WALZ, Effeltrich, Germany
- Measuring leaf gas exchange (photosynthesis or respiration of the leaf can be measured)
- In relation to microclimate
6
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Methods: Pressure Chamber & Ech2o logger
- Plant water relations will be accessed using the scholander
pressure chamber
- Soil moisture content and soil temperature
- Automatic Weather Station for continuous
recording of climate parameters (air temperature,
relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and
direction, rainfall)
7
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Results from 2009:
DOY 190 8th July
20
Reco=Rsoil+Rplant
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
10
NEE = GPP + Reco
0
07:00:00
-10
-20
11:00:00
15:00:00
19:00:00
Col 1 vs Col 2
Col 5 vs Col 6
x column vs y column
x column vs y column
-30
-40
Daily course of NEE from a conventional potato field
8
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
Steve Lindner
Results:
NEE cabbage
May
October
60
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
University of
Bayreuth
40
20
0
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
-20
-40
-60
Day of year
Seasonal course of CO2 fluxes from cabbage
9
Approach and methodologies...
Hyperbolic light response model
(Michaelis-Menten type model)
University of
Bayreuth
- Used Michalis - Menten / rectangular hyperbola model to estimate
model parameters for ecosystem/ leaf level gas exchange
γ
NEE = −
NEE
PAR
(light intensity)
PPFD
PAR
α ⋅ β ⋅ PPFD
+γ
α ⋅ PPFD
PAR + β
Gilmanov et al, 2003
α
β
Physiological parameters:
α is the initial slope of the light response curve and an approximation of the canopy light utilization efficiency
β is the maximum NEE of the canopy
10
γ is an estimate of the average ecosystem respiration (Reco) occurring during the observation period
Plant production studies in Haean in 2010
Steve Lindner
Results:
40
20
-2
-1
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
-2
-1
PAR [µmol m s ]
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
E
d
S
r
o
1
7
6
8
0
1
0
8
2
.
1
6
3
0
0
5
1
.
3
8
4
6
2
1
5
6
4
b
/
.
-
=
a
0
/
.
=
y
0
/
.
r
r
t
n
e
c
e
o
t
i
i
f
f
C
/
-20
.
-40
.
-
=
University of
Bayreuth
- Estimated parameters to describe gas exchange capacity of potato
11
Plant production studies in Haean in 2009
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Results: Daily courses of NEE
40
11:00:00
-1
15:00:00
19:00:00
Radish DOY 197
-40
40
40
20
20
-2
-1
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
0
07:00:00
0
07:00:00
11:00:00
15:00:00
11:00:00
15:00:00
19:00:00
19:00:00
0
07:00:00
Cabbage DOY 198
Col 1 vs Col 2
Col 5 vs Col 6
x column vs y column
x column vs y column
11:00:00
15:00:00
19:00:00
-20
-20
-40
Col 1 vs Col 2
Col 5 vs Col 6
x column vs y column
x column vs y column
-20
-20
-40
20
-2
-2
0
07:00:00
Col 1 vs Col 2
Col 5 vs Col 6
x column vs y column
x column vs y column
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
20
-1
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
40
Bean DOY 203
-40
Rice DOY 204
12
Plant production studies in Haean in 2009
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Results:
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
cabbage
rice
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
0
120
-20
-20
-40
-40
-60
-60
140
160
180
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
60
60
40
40
20
20
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
0
120
-20
-20
-40
-40
-60
220
240
260
280
220
240
260
280
potato
radish
0
120
200
140
160
180
200
-60
Day of year
Day of year
13
-40
1
6
5
9
/
.
0
7
0
0
0
/
.
9
7
9
2
0
/
.
r
r
r
o
E
d
t
S
t
/
0
0
n
i
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f
.
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-
=
3
8
4
6
2
1
5
6
4
b
/
.
.
.
.
-
=
-
=
a
1
6
3
0
0
5
1
0
1
6
9
9
1
7
8
3
3
b
/
/
.
.
.
.
=
-
=
y
a
1
7
6
8
0
1
0
8
2
0
5
7
1
0
0
0
1
0
/
/
.
.
.
=
r
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r
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c
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o
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2
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1
6
0
7
2
0
1
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/
/
.
r
o
r
r
n
e
c
e
o
E
d
t
S
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i
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f
f
C
/
-2
-1
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
0
.
6
c
2500
e
2000
3
0
6
-1
40
2
-2
40
f
C
PAR [µmol m-2 s-1]
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
-40
e
E
20
o
r
/
-40
5
.
r
r
o
t
S
d
-20
1500
2500
0
.
1000
2000
0
0
y
/
500
1500
5
.
=
0
4
9
6
0
t
i
i
f
f
C
1000
1
.
n
e
c
e
o
500
2
a
/
0
6
9
0
0
-
=
7
8
2
0
0
y
PAR [µmol m-2 s-1]
.
.
.
=
20
b
/
2
3
1
0
-1
40
-
=
2
5
0
9
a
0
1
-
=
0
.
6
7
1
.
-2
CO2 flux [µmol m s ]
University of
Bayreuth
.
-40
3
b
-20
-
=
CO2 flux [µmol m-2 s-1]
Plant production studies in Haean in 2009
Steve Lindner
Results:
40
radish
cabbage
20
PAR [µmol m-2 s-1]
0
500
1000
bean
500
1000
1500
-20
rice
20
PAR [µmol m-2 s-1]
0
1500
2000
2500
2000
2500
-20
14
Plant production studies in Haean in 2009
University of
Bayreuth
Steve Lindner
Conclusions & Outlook:
- One place, one season, gives standardized abiotic conditions for all crops
- Gain basic understanding of how these crops interact with their physical environment
- Use the data for model parameterization using e.g. light response curves,
physiological carboxylase - based process model
- Compare the differences in CO2 exchange rates among crops
Why?
Identify the determinants of crop CO2 exchange rates =
e.g. type of crop, LA, biomass, C/N content, light use efficiency, soil properties
NEE = GPP + Reco
In order to:
Identify the most constraining factors on crop production & carbon exchange in Haean
Understand and quantify the processes of agro- ecosystem functioning
15
Flux Regulation, N Balances and Production in Agroecosystems
of Haean Catchment
Objective
Understand ecosystem fluxes and measure their impact on:
1) Environmental sustainability
2) Ecosystem service provision
Main assumption
Ecosystem processes & fluxes both impact functioning and interact with each
other
Separate measurements of each process cannot account for such
interactions
In order to fully apprehend the set of parameters that influence production
and sustainability, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary
Integrated approach to the measurement
of ecosystem processes
Use of an identical field setup with
coordinated measurements by multiple
disciplines
16
Flux Regulation, N Balances and Production in Agroecosystems
of Haean Catchment
I. Nutrient cycling: N fluxes and N balances J. Kettering, S. Berger
II. CO2 fluxes and plant production S. Lindner, B. Lee
III. Herbivory and pest control E. Martin
Sand bank
Stream
31m
25 days harvest
50 days harvest
d ba
San
75 days harvest
nk
Green house
Treatment A
1m
Treatment B
Randomized block designs:
16 plots = 4 * 4 fertilizer levels
50 - 150 - 250 - 350 kg N/ha
Treatment C
Treatment D
1,5m
1,5m
1,5m
1,5m
7m
31m
7m
drain
road
17
Flux Regulation, N Balances and Production in Agroecosystems
of Haean Catchment
What are we measuring?
N2O emissions
Soil & Plant respiration
CO2 fixation
Atm. N
deposition
1. N balances
2. Carbon dioxide
fluxes & plant
production
Plant nutrient
uptake
Biomass production
and nutrient allocation
Soil retention
Crop plant:
N leaching and
seepage
Radish
3. Herbivory & biological
pest control
18
Experimental setup
•
Recommendation of Korean Agricultural
Center: up to 400 kg N/ha
16 plots = 4 * 4 fertilizer levels
50 - 150 - 250 - 350 kg N/ha
Usual amount in Germany: 50-150 kg N/ha
•
Harvest of subplots after 25, 50 and 75 days
25
•
Fertilizer application: reproduce as closely as
possible the practices of local farmers
15N
•
granulate mineral fertilizer
50
+ biomass
CO2 exchange
N emissions
75
Herbivory +
monitoring
1st fertilizer
application
Ploughing
Disking
May
Ridges
Black
cover Planting (seeds)
June
Harvest 25
Harvest 50
Harvest 75
19
July
August
Biodiversity studies in Haean 2010
University of
Bayreuth
20