Institute of Biomedical Science
Specialist Diploma
Reference Portfolio
IBMS Professional Qualifications | www.ibms.org/education-development
Personal Details
Name:
Degree Qualification(s):
Awarding Institution(s):
Date(s) Obtained:
IBMS Membership Number:
IBMS Membership Grade:
HPC Registration Number:
Date of HPC Registration:
Employment Address:
Telephone Number:
Date Specialist Training Commenced:
Name of Training Officer:
Confirmation of Completed Training
Date Training Completed
Training Officer‟s Signature
Candidate‟s Signature
Recommendation for Award of Specialist Diploma
Date of External
Assessment
External Assessor‟s
Signature
3rd Edition (September 2011)
External Assessor‟s Name
Training Review
Reviewed by
Date
Comments
CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7
2.
CRITERIA FOR USE OF PORTFOLIO ...................................................................... 13
3.
LABORATORY BASED TRAINING............................................................................ 17
4.
EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE ............................................................... 21
5.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ........................................................................ 27
6.
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 33
7.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC .............................................................................................. 37
7.1
Tissue Preparation Techniques ........................................................................... 38
7.1a
Fixation ......................................................................................................... 38
7.1b
Tissue Selection ........................................................................................... 42
7.1c
Decalcification............................................................................................... 44
7.1d
Tissue Processing and Embedding .............................................................. 46
7.1e
Microtomy ..................................................................................................... 48
7.1f
Cryotomy ...................................................................................................... 50
7.2
Demonstration Techniques .................................................................................. 54
7.2a
Haematoxlyin ................................................................................................ 54
7.2b
Haematoxlyin and Eosin Staining ................................................................. 56
7.2c
Extracellular Proteins .................................................................................... 58
7.2d
Carbohydrates and Mucins ........................................................................... 60
7.2e
Lipids ............................................................................................................ 62
7.2f
Infective Agents ............................................................................................ 64
7.2g
Pigments and Minerals ................................................................................. 66
7.3
Specialised Tissues ............................................................................................. 70
7.3a
Muscle Biopsy............................................................................................... 70
7.3b
Nerve Biopsy ................................................................................................ 72
7.4
Immunocytochemistry .......................................................................................... 76
7.4a
Immunofluorescence .................................................................................... 76
7.4b
Immunoenzyme ............................................................................................ 78
7.5
Molecular Diagnostics .......................................................................................... 84
7.5a
RNA/DNA Probes ......................................................................................... 84
7.5b
In-situ Hybridisation ...................................................................................... 86
7.6
Microscopy and Image Capture ........................................................................... 90
7.6a
Light Microscopy ........................................................................................... 90
7.6b
Electron Microscopy ..................................................................................... 92
7.6c
Demonstration and Image Capture ............................................................... 94
7.7
Principles of Pathology ........................................................................................ 98
7.7a
Pathological Tissues ..................................................................................... 98
7.7b
Inflammation, Fibrosis and Malignancy ...................................................... 102
1. INTRODUCTION
1.
INTRODUCTION
The IBMS has developed the Specialist Portfolio to enable the recognition of structured,
standardised post-registration training and assessment of newly registered biomedical
scientists. The portfolio enables individuals to provide evidence of training, practical skills,
specialist knowledge and competency gained in the two years after registration into the
profession.
Newly registered individuals have the opportunity to evidence their
development of specialist knowledge and competencies in their chosen field by completion
of the Institute‟s Specialist Portfolio. They must, as a minimum requirement, be in the
IBMS membership class of Licentiate.
The training portfolio is issued on application to the Institute with the required payment,
which is inclusive of the end point assessment. Applicants must be working in a laboratory
with Institute post registration training approval. The portfolio is not available to Associate
members of the Institute or individuals undertaking pre-registration training.
Completion of the portfolio and successful assessment will lead to the award of a
discipline specific Specialist Diploma. The Specialist Diploma confers eligibility to apply to
upgrade Institute membership from the class of Licentiate to Member provided the
individual has a minimum of 2 years professional experience as a Licentiate member.
In order to be awarded an Institute Specialist Diploma the individual must be a fully paid
up corporate member of the Institute for at least one year and have completed the
Institute‟s Specialist Training Portfolio in accordance with the Institute‟s instructions.
The portfolio can be used as evidence to help biomedical scientists seeking career
advancement, identifying education and training needs if returning to work or working in
new disciplines, or by employers when considering eligibility for promotion. The portfolio
can also be used by Higher Education Institutions in assessing work-based learning and
accredited learning for postgraduate qualifications.
It is recognised that the changes in service delivery and reconfiguration of pathology
services is leading to combined disciplines or variations in the scope of practice for
individuals within some laboratories. Such is the potential variation that a „one size fits all‟
specialist portfolio in blood sciences is not practical.
A named discipline specific portfolio therefore reflects the range of analyses performed by
most routine laboratories in the UK, although some might not be performed in the
candidate‟s own laboratory. All sections must be completed in order to express the ability
of the biomedical scientist to operate at the specialist level. Where a particular analysis is
not performed in the candidate‟s laboratory, knowledge of the principles and practice must
still be demonstrated, together with an understanding of the key skills required to perform
the test. There may be other tests the training laboratory includes in its basic repertoire
and therefore requires the individual to be competent in. These can be assessed and then
recorded in the reflective log at the end of each sub-section.
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To support members working in routine service laboratories that reflect a more crossdiscipline requirement for specialist practitioners, provision will be made, following
purchase of the most appropriate discipline-specific portfolio, for modules to be substituted
with one or more modules from specialist portfolios of other disciplines. The Specialist
Diploma award transcript will reflect the main discipline plus altered modules. Requests
from laboratory managers wishing to use the specialist portfolios to reflect the test
repertoire of their laboratory will be considered upon submission of a written proposal of
modules (and rationale for the request) to the Institute‟s Education Department, ahead of
commencement of training.
Achievement of the required knowledge and competence of the range of analyses
expresses the ability of the biomedical scientist to operate at the specialist level as defined
in the learning outcomes below:
Learning Outcomes
The learning outcomes of the Specialist Diploma are subdivided into the following three
areas which candidates must be able to demonstrate they have met through completion of
the portfolio and subsequent assessment procedure.
Knowledge and understanding
a. Demonstrate knowledge of complex scientific and technical aspects of their
specialist discipline including: correct procedures for handling specimens before,
during and after analysis; maintenance of routine equipment; principles of in-house
data management systems and quality control/assurance procedures as evidenced
by in-house assessments and laboratory tour.
b. Show an awareness of current issues and developments within healthcare and
biomedical science as evidenced by presentation and laboratory tour.
c. Demonstrate knowledge of the scientific basis of the laboratory tests and the
disease process under investigation as demonstrated by in house assessments
and tour.
Professional skills
a. Perform a range of laboratory tests without immediate supervision Demonstrate
self-direction in solving problems and exercising personal autonomy in relation to
scope of practice as demonstrated by in-house assessments.
b. Demonstrate a systematic application of professional knowledge and
understanding in interpretation of laboratory data to determine action based on
best practice as evidenced by in house assessments and portfolio evidence.
Transferable skills
a. Demonstrate communication skills within the healthcare environment and as part of
the laboratory team as evidenced by presentation.
b. Demonstrate the ability to critically reflect in order to inform best practice as
evidenced by all aspects of the portfolio.
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During completion of the portfolio, biomedical scientists will be gathering evidence of
continuing professional development (CPD) and competence to practice. This meets the
fundamental requirements of continuing registration with the HPC, i.e. compliance with the
following areas:
Professional autonomy and accountability
Professional relationships
Identification and assessment of health and social care needs
Formulation and delivery of plans and strategies for meeting health and social care
needs
Critical evaluation of the impact of, or response to, the registrant‟s actions
Knowledge, understanding and skills
Internal Assessments
Each of the standards within the discipline specific section requires the candidate to
demonstrate knowledge and competence elements. It is the responsibility of the trainer(s)
to ensure that these elements; a) and b) below have been met through internal
assessments and filed in a single “specialist” portfolio ready for external assessment.
a.
Questions set by trainer
Each standard requires the assessment of competence primarily through the answering of
questions set by the trainer on the stated subject areas indicated by the knowledge and
competence statements for each module. The portfolio is not prescriptive about the type of
assessment which may be done via an oral tutorial, written questions or other suitable
task. (Please note: Essays are NOT considered a suitable form of assessment).
b.
Other evidence
Although evidence of training and assessment may be generated as part of good
laboratory practice only ONE other example of evidence is required for the Evidence of
Achievement section. This is chosen by the candidate as an example of evidence that
demonstrates their knowledge and competence in performing a particular technique. The
choice of evidence is justified in the Reflective log.
Other examples of evidence that may be acquired during the course of training can, if the
candidate wishes, be filed for reference purposes in a separate portfolio as additional
evidence of competence. THIS IS ENTIRELY OPTIONAL AND IS NOT A MANDATORY
PART OF THE EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS. This may include the recorded
observation of practical skills, case studies or other evidence of knowledge acquired
during formal study for a postgraduate award or as part of an internal training regime.
9
Reference to „a range of sample types‟ can include blood, serum, plasma, urine, CSF,
other fluids and tissues as appropriate to the routine investigation within the discipline,
either as a main discipline (e.g. Haematology or Clinical Biochemistry) or a combination of
disciplines (e.g. Blood Sciences). It also includes by inference, the knowledge and
competence required to assess the suitability of the sample under investigation, for
example lipaemic, inadequate, haemolysed, inappropriately labelled, transported, or
stored samples within a specific sample type and for analysis using specific equipment.
How to Use This Portfolio
A summary of the criteria for using the Specialist Portfolio is contained in Section 2.
Further information regarding laboratory training is contained in Section 3.
Information about the assessment process is contained in Section 4.
Answers to frequently asked questions can be found in Section 5.
A glossary of commonly used terms is listed in Section 6.
PLEASE NOTE:
Whilst the award of a higher degree is not a prerequisite for the award of a Specialist
Diploma there is the opportunity to integrate the two where possible. For example, inservice training undertaken to complete this portfolio could be recognised by higher
education institutions under the category of work-based learning and accrue academic
credit towards an M level qualification. Equally, the formal education and assessments
undertaken as part of an MSc degree may support in-house laboratory training for
completion of the portfolio.
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2. CRITERIA FOR USE OF
PORTFOLIO
2.
CRITERIA FOR USE OF PORTFOLIO
2.1
Only the Institute‟s Specialist Portfolio can be used for the purpose of recording the
training of a biomedical scientist for the Institute‟s award of a Specialist Diploma.
2.2
Specialist portfolio training must take place in a laboratory approved for training by
the Institute.
2.3
The Specialist Portfolio will only be issued to a named Institute member upon
completion of the application form by the Departmental Training Officer or
Manager.
2.4
The portfolio requires specific evidence that indicates that candidates have applied
knowledge, comprehension and analytical skills gained at undergraduate level to
the (new) situation in which they work as a registered biomedical scientist.
2.5
The portfolio will contain a completed and signed record of laboratory training in the
designated speciality, together with a reflective commentary on the learning
experience and demonstration of competence.
2.6
Each module contains Knowledge and Competency statements that relate to a
laboratory technique or investigative method.
2.7
Requirements for evidence of training and internal assessment of competency are
set out in the Evidence of Achievement section of the portfolio.
2.8
The laboratory training officer (or a suitable deputy) and the individual undertaking
training must sign and date when the training was completed.
2.9
The candidate must complete the Reflective Log to demonstrate that they can
relate knowledge from several areas, draw conclusions and reflect on their own
performance as an independent professional learner, thus meeting the
requirements for CPD.
2.10
A signed statement must be provided by the laboratory manager, which indicates
the laboratory‟s repertoire and analyses that a specialist practitioner working in that
laboratory would be expected to perform without supervision.
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3. LABORATORY BASED
TRAINING
3.
LABORATORY BASED TRAINING
3.1
To permit eligibility for the award of the Institute‟s Specialist Diploma in a named
discipline(s), the in-service training and assessment must demonstrate sufficient
good scientific practice, based on the knowledge and competence in the stated
procedures, to meet the requirements of the external assessment process.
3.2
Suitable training can be obtained only by working in a laboratory approved by the
Institute. Several trainers may be involved and it is essential that all training is coordinated and carried out under the control of a designated training co-ordinator or
training officer.
3.3
A training programme should be prepared and adhered to in accordance with the
Institute‟s Clinical Laboratory Standards for Pre and Post Registration Training of
Biomedical Scientists.
3.4
The training co-ordinator/officer should ensure that regular reports on progress
from trainers are reviewed at least once a month, discussed with the individual
being trained, and documented in the portfolio. The object of these review pages is
to ensure that a constructive, detailed, and contemporaneous record is kept, on
which future training activities can be based.
3.5
Competence must be achieved by coverage of all modules within the chosen
disciplines. Some tests may be considered as „core‟ and require demonstration of
practical competence. If an investigation were considered to be outside the core
repertoire of a routine laboratory, the tests only requires demonstration of
knowledge and understanding that would be applied to the practical situation.
3.6
Short periods of secondment to other Institute approved laboratories may
supplement training in order for the individual to gain additional practical skills and
experience.
3.7
Candidates and trainers may undertake a selection of the following activities to
complete training and assess the application of knowledge and skills, i.e. the
assessment of competence.
3.8
i)
Work-based training with direct observation of practical skills (DOPS);
ii)
Case based discussion to demonstrate knowledge of „output‟ of work;
iii)
Self-directed reading to broaden knowledge;
iv)
Tutorials and scientific discussion to explore extent of knowledge;
v)
Reflective practice to self-assess knowledge and skills;
vi)
Question and answers sessions with trainer to test knowledge.
Evidence from all of the examples above is not required. The ONLY evidence
required for the external assessment process is based on direct observation of
skills and questions set by the trainer to assess working knowledge and the
selected piece of work related to the knowledge and competency statements of
each module as indicated in the Evidence of Achievement section of the portfolio.
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4. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURE
4.
EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
4.1
On completion of training in accordance with the requirements of the Specialist
Portfolio, the candidate‟s employer (laboratory manager or training officer) should
apply to the Institute for the appointment of a visiting external assessor. The
appointed external assessor will be instructed to contact the laboratory to arrange
a mutually acceptable date and time for the assessment visit. Documentation
guiding the assessment visit will be sent by the Institute to both the assessor and
the training laboratory.
4.2
The aims of the assessment procedure are to:
Independently verify that competence has been met (portfolio) and assess
the standard of the candidate for suitability for the award of a Specialist
Diploma (presentation and laboratory tour);
Ensure consistency between disciplines and between laboratories;
Check that professional body guidelines and criteria are applied nationally;
Reassure the employer that their training is to the appropriate standard;
Disseminate areas of good practice;
Provide constructive feedback on areas of unsatisfactory practice.
4.3
Role of the External Assessor appointed by the Institute
The external assessor for Specialist Portfolios undertakes the dual role of verifier
and assessor/examiner. This individual reviews the portfolio to verify appropriate
training has been given and completed, and then assesses the candidate through
their oral presentation and during the laboratory tour to determine their suitability
for the award of the Specialist Diploma.
It is not the role of the external assessor to assess the competence of the
candidate. This is the responsibility of the trainer, the evidence of which is
exemplified in the portfolio. The Institute‟s role is to verify this has taken place (by
checking the portfolio for evidence of training and assessment of competence) and
also assess the ability of the candidate to demonstrate an understanding of the
scientific basis for tests, quality control, quality assurance, quality management,
health and safety and use of equipment commensurate with the learning outcomes
in the portfolio. The Institute‟s representative will also make an assessment on
whether or not the laboratory is complying with IBMS standards for approval of the
laboratory for training.
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4.4
The following process enables the Institute to award a Specialist Diploma to
individuals that meet the criteria and also award a certificate to show “Approved
Training Laboratory” status.
Stage 1: Presentation (Indicative time 15-20 mins)
The presentation is to ensure that candidates can demonstrate an understanding
of their scope of practice and role in the laboratory. The presentation must be in
PowerPoint format. If projection facilities are not available it can be viewed on a
computer screen. It is expected that the 15-20 minute presentation will contain the
following elements:
An indication of the candidate‟s scope of practice and how it has developed
since registration based on the reflective practice elements of the portfolio;
Current developments in the laboratory or recent trends;
Special interests or professional activities of the individual.
Presentations need not be overcomplicated, should be structured to reflect the
areas in which experience has been gained and act as a prompt for the dialogue,
which supports the work done in the specialist portfolio.
The candidate‟s presentation skills are not being tested so notes are acceptable
but not encouraged. They should only be used to support the PowerPoint
presentation slides.
The external assessor may wish to ask some questions related to the presentation
or seek points of clarification.
Stage 2: Portfolio Assessment (Indicative time 60 mins)
Assessors should aim to review the portfolio in one hour, which is sufficient to look
at evidence contained in a single lever arch file. More evidence than this is
deemed as excessive although assessors should not use this as a sole reason to
fail to the candidate. It is acceptable for the external assessor to check with the
laboratory before the visit that evidence is limited to one file, and if not, request that
it is.
There should be a signed statement from the laboratory manager testifying to the
range of laboratory investigations undertaken by the candidate. (see Section 2:
Use of the Portfolio, paragraph 2.5). This can be used by the external assessor to
guide the areas for questioning during the laboratory tour. It is acceptable for
external assessors to request this prior to the visit when they finalise arrangements
with the laboratory.
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Evidence in the portfolio is prescribed in the EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
section and this is the ONLY evidence that is required. Evidence should be
indexed in the same order as the Specialist Portfolio modules. Additional (optional)
supporting evidence of training may be provided in a separate portfolio and
referred to if required.
The Evidence of Achievement section has three standard requirements:
observed by trainer to carry out a specific function/investigation (signature as
evidence);
answered questions set by trainer (single piece of evidence to demonstrate
this);
single piece of evidence chosen by candidate (not the trainer) to reflect an
aspect of the training.
The signed assessment of practice does not require a separate witness
statement (unlike the Registration Portfolio).
“Questions asked by the trainer” are informed by the knowledge component and
competence requirements of each module. Evidence should support the fact that
candidates understand their role and are competent to perform the work, either
through questions they have been asked, set (and marked) questions or notes
from tutorials. Evidence must be dated and signed by the candidate/training officer
as appropriate.
The third piece of evidence is selected by the candidate and chosen to
demonstrate an aspect of the training and competency assessment. This choice is
briefly justified in the Reflective Log, (e.g. as my third piece of evidence I chose to
annotate a laboratory printout of results from a test I performed because…).
Following the EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT section the Institute‟s portfolios
must be signed by the internal person who has checked that the requirements for
evidence for the module have been completed.
The reflective logs are intended to demonstrate that the candidate has developed
in the application of their practice and can apply what they have learned in the
context of the module. The external assessor will review these reflective reports
which should be supported by the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may
lead to further discussion on the laboratory tour.
23
Stage 3: Laboratory Tour (Maximum 60 mins)
The tour should not exceed 60 mins which is considered to be sufficient time to
examine the candidate‟s knowledge, even in a large department. The candidate
should be able to respond to questions asked by the external assessor based on
the knowledge components of the portfolio and their scope of practice. The
candidate should be able to demonstrate they have knowledge of the underlying
principles and practice of laboratory investigations they have performed and the
equipment they use. If the candidate is involved in training it is reasonable to
expect them to explain how they do this. They should be able to explain NEQAS
results, and demonstrate that they know how to apply health and safety. In doing
so they demonstrate (in conjunction with their presentation and portfolio of
evidence) that they meet the learning outcomes detailed in the introductory section
of the portfolio.
Stage 4: Approval of laboratory for Specialist Training
The Institute has published guidance and criteria for approval of laboratories for
pre and post registration training. Based on these criteria the laboratory tour also
gives the external assessor an opportunity to judge that the laboratory has the
appropriate requirements for training against the following checklist. This is
provided as separate documentation and is available on the Institute‟s website.
Stage 5: Feedback Comments to Trainer and Candidates.
At the end of the assessment process the external assessor informs the candidate
and training officer whether they will be making a recommendation (in their report
to the IBMS) that the candidate was successful or unsuccessful, and whether or
not a recommendation will be made regarding continued approval of the laboratory
for training. This also provides an opportunity to seek further clarification on points
of evidence if required.
Feedback should be concise, constructive and based on the Institute‟s guidance
for assessors, trainers and candidates in relation to specialist portfolio training and
completion. Personal opinions or advice may be offered in the context of examples
of good practice, but it should be clear they are NOT a specific requirement of the
Institute.
Stage 6: Completion of Reports
Both the external assessor and the laboratory trainer are required to submit reports
to the Institute and send a copy to each other. This provides an opportunity to
share the feedback, and reflect on this.
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5. FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
5.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Eligibility
I am not a member of the Institute. Can I complete the specialist portfolio?
No. A candidate must have current corporate membership of the Institute of Biomedical
Science. Corporate classes are Licentiate, Member, or Fellow. Associate members are
not eligible.
Why do I need to complete the specialist portfolio?
Holding a Specialist Diploma is part of the criteria for upgrading your class of Institute
membership from Licentiate to Member. It also demonstrates that you have been
assessed against a benchmark standard for a specialist practitioner in your chosen
discipline. It is therefore different from the registration portfolio required for HPC
registration which is used to evidence that an individual has met a threshold standard of
fitness to practise which is profession-specific, rather than based solely on a single
discipline.
The charge by the Institute for the specialist portfolio is £125. Who should pay?
This is a local decision. Both the employer and individual benefit from the opportunity
provided by the professional body to facilitate, evidence, and formally recognise the
acquisition of specialist skills and knowledge. The charge is a nominal one-off amount
towards providing this service to Institute members, and will also cover external assessor
expenses for the endpoint assessment.
When can my portfolio be assessed?
You are required to be a corporate member of the Institute for a minimum of one year
before a specialist portfolio can be externally assessed by the Institute.
How long will it take for a date to be set for my assessment?
This is dependent on the availability of an external assessor. It could be up to two months
from receipt of your application form. Please apply well in advance of your preferred date
in order for the Institute to organise an external assessor.
Portfolio Organisation and Evidence
When I completed the registration portfolio I was required to have one file of
evidence. Must I approach the specialist portfolio in a similar way? Does it involve
as much work or do I simply fill in the portfolio?
The principles applied to the registration portfolio also apply to the specialist portfolio.
Evidence required for both should not exceed one lever-arch file. Much information has
been published in The Biomedical Scientist and in sections of this portfolio.
Can you provide advice on how to present, organise and complete the specialist
portfolio?
There should be an index and the evidence should be organised to match the sections of
the portfolio.
27
What evidence do I need?
The type of evidence is indicated by the Evidence of Achievement section, and this is the
ONLY evidence required. It must of course be relevant to the knowledge and competence
statements.
In order to sign off some of the sections it says "answered questions set by
trainer..." (on a particular subject). Does this mean that there is no point getting
other evidence for this, and that the only evidence required are some questions I
have answered? Also I have several pieces of evidence for some sections but
haven't yet been given any questions to answer from my trainer, so I’m guessing
this section cannot be signed off until I’ve done them?
The requirements for the evidence of achievement sections are clearly stated. All of them
have "questions set by trainer". It is essential that your trainer conducts an assessment
exercise that tests your knowledge as applied to the particular techniques - this is the
purpose of the "questions asked by trainer". Once completed and you have evidence of
this the trainer can sign off this part of the portfolio.
Can I use evidence from a laboratory I worked in before I started my SP? I used to
work in a reference lab and have copies of published papers with my name on
which cover techniques in the SP but not done in my current laboratory. Obviously
my trainer couldn't sign to say they'd witnessed my practical skills, but would that
be ok to cover the principles?
The requirements for the evidence of achievement sections are clearly stated and do not
include copies of published papers. (You could put these in your professional portfolio).
Who signs?
The Evidence of Achievement section requires the trainers name and signature,
and therefore should be signed by the person who assesses competence at the end of the
relevant training. Underneath is an area in which to confirm the section has been
completed and the evidence assessed and checked internally (e.g. by the training officer).
In some instances this will be the same person.
Is the person who signs the person who actually trained you in that technique, or
does it have to be the training officer? Is it okay for a BMS1 to sign (if they did the
training) or does it have to be a more senior person? I have a very "reluctant"
training officer!
Someone in the laboratory who has assessed your competence should provide the
signature for the portfolio. As long as they are competent to train and assess you, the
grade of staff should not be an issue. However, the training officer (or someone senior)
should take responsibility for assessing the evidence is appropriate for each section and
sign the section underneath the Evidence of Achievement section.
You may wish to discuss these points with your trainer and perhaps with them also review
the guidance on the IBMS website. It may also be helpful to clarify the role of your training
officer with your line manager if they are "reluctant" as this may affect the training status of
the laboratory if there is inappropriate support for training.
28
How do I complete the Reflective Logs at the end of each section?
The aim of this part of the portfolio is to encourage you to think about your experience and
how you can apply your skills in other areas. Try to capture what the laboratory does in
relation to the topic, what you have learned, and how you apply this in the context of
patient diagnosis. Future learning is identified by how you wish to build on this experience.
It is very much an expression of your personal experience.
Training and Standards
I have been working as a trainee biomedical scientist, then as a BMS1 for almost
two years in a specialist laboratory (four years in total), but only applied for my
specialist diploma book after changing my job and starting an MSc. Should the date
of my specialist training be when I became registered with the Health Professions
Council (HPC) or when I received my book?
It is normal for a newly registered practitioner to commence a period of specialist training
in order to consolidate and extend their skills and knowledge in their specialist discipline.
Therefore you may have accumulated evidence suitable for your portfolio in advance of
receiving it.
Can I use anything I sent for assessment for my MSc, as I completed this while
HPC-registered for the past two years?
It may support you training but evidence should be specific to your training and
assessment in the laboratory.
Do I need to complete all sections of the portfolio?
Yes. However, not all sections require evidence of practical competence (it may state „Be
able to describe...'). Similarly, some skills may be transferable such that, together with
knowledge, competence in some techniques may be considered to be achievable, even if
the laboratory does not perform the method routinely.
How long does training take?
Although training can be expected to take up to two years after registration, it may be
possible to complete the portfolio in less time if an individual has previous relevant
experience to build upon for their specialist training (e.g. experienced gained in a single
discipline while on a 12-month university placement).
As a training officer I have just received a specialist portfolio for a member of staff.
How best should I proceed?
There can be no substitute for careful reading of the introductory sections of the portfolios,
relevant articles in The Biomedical Scientist and the Education and Careers/Specialist
Portfolios section of the IBMS website. You may also wish to contact training officers in
other departments to share ideas and good practice so that you fully understand what is
required. It is important that you develop a training programme. This can be based on the
old 'logbook', but should, of course, be geared to the specialist portfolio. The crux of the
qualification is the ability of the individual to articulate knowledge relevant to their specialist
practice (e.g. training junior staff).
29
The portfolio says: "Answered questions set by the trainer". What questions do I
set?
Questions must relate to the knowledge and competence sections and are informed by
your own professional „working‟ knowledge of the principles and application of the
techniques. The level of knowledge should reflect that required of a specialist practitioner
(see Learning Outcomes in the introductory section). Questions may be verbal during a
tutorial session (if so, keep a record of them), written short questions and answers or
multiple-choice exercises. The format is at the discretion of the individual trainer and will
depend on local circumstances.
Are there any courses available to support completion of the specialist portfolio?
No specific courses are run by the IBMS, although you may wish to contact your local
IBMS branch or university to see if anything is available or can be arranged. Some
universities have developed MSc courses with work-based modules linked to the specialist
portfolio.
Do I need to complete my training in one laboratory?
No. There is no requirement to complete in one laboratory and in some cases it may be
desirable to have a secondment to another laboratory for some modules. However, the
laboratory must be approved by the Institute for training.
Specialist Practitioner Status
Do I need the specialist diploma to advance my career?
Although the Institute's qualifications are not mandatory for professional advancement,
they do provide a mechanism by which the employer can measure someone's
competence to practise at a higher level.
When can I do on-call?
When your employer (and yourself) believes you are competent. Ability to do on-call is
defined by the employer and depends on the scope of practice required to perform an outof-hours laboratory service competently to the required standard. As with the registration
portfolio, the specialist diploma in not linked explicitly to on-call (although it might link to
certain elements).
I am changing disciplines. Do I need to undertake a second specialist portfolio?
Not necessarily. There is no requirement to complete a second specialist portfolio;
however, there is a requirement under HPC regulation to be competent in one‟s scope of
practice, and the specialist portfolio is one way you can gain this competence and
evidence it. This could also be guided by the requirements of the knowledge and skills
framework (KSF).
I work in a Blood Sciences department. Which Specialist Portfolio should I apply
for?
Your laboratory manager must apply on your behalf for the most appropriate disciplinespecific portfolio that represents the bulk of your scope of practice (i.e. test repertoire).
Modules can be substituted with one or more modules from specialist portfolios of other
disciplines. The Specialist Diploma award transcript will reflect the main discipline plus
altered modules.
30
6. GLOSSARY
6.
GLOSSARY
The following terminology is used throughout the portfolio.
BE AWARE OF
A general appreciation of the content of the key task.
KNOW
A working knowledge (can describe) of the facts
associated with the key task.
UNDERSTAND
Thorough comprehension (can explain) of the principles
and concepts of the content of the key task.
COMPETENT
Has the ability to perform a test, procedure or area of
practice to a set standard on more than one occasion, in a
consistent manner and with minimal or no supervision,
together with a thorough comprehension of the principles
and concepts of the content of the key task.
The Institute‟s Specialist Diploma will only be awarded if
there is supporting evidence (as indicated in the portfolio‟s
Evidence of Achievement section) that competence has
been achieved. This evidence will be presented as a
portfolio, logically and cross-referenced to the relevant
module or sections it supports.
Suggested examples of evidence:
Audit trail results
EVIDENCE OF
ACHIEVEMENT
Annotated photomicrographs
Annotated copies of QC/EQA records
Tutorial notes for question and answer sessions
PowerPoint presentations by the candidate
Training records
Witness testimonies
Assessment logs (must clearly indicated level of
knowledge and skill achieved)
33
CPA
Clinical Pathology Accreditation
HPC
Health Professions Council
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure.
SoP
Health Professions Council Standards of Proficiency.
34
7. DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
7.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
This section covers the range of tests appropriate to specialist practice in Cellular
Pathology and therefore reflects the range of analyses performed by most routine
laboratories in the UK, although some might not be performed in the candidate‟s own
laboratory.
All sections must be completed in order to express the ability of the biomedical scientist to
operate at the specialist level. Where a particular analysis is not performed in the
candidate‟s laboratory knowledge of the principles and practice must still be demonstrated,
together with an understanding of the key skills required to perform the test.
There may be other tests the training laboratory includes in its basic repertoire and
therefore requires the individual to be competent in. These can be assessed and then
recorded in the reflective log at the end of each sub-section.
To support members working in routine service laboratories that reflect a more
cross-discipline requirement for specialist practitioners, provision will be made for
modules to be substituted with one or more modules from specialist portfolios of
other disciplines, e.g. Cytopathology.
The Specialist Diploma award transcript will reflect the main discipline plus altered
modules. Requests from laboratory managers wishing to use the specialist
portfolios to reflect the test repertoire of their laboratory will be considered upon a
written submission of proposed modules (and rationale for the request) to the
Institute’s Education Department ahead of commencement of the training.
37
7.1
Tissue Preparation Techniques
7.1a Fixation
Be able to use appropriate fixatives for the preparation of samples.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the changes cells and tissue undergo when they are removed from the
body.
Understand which samples require fixation and which do not.
Understand the need to assess the risk of handling unfixed tissues.
Understand the terms, precipitating and cross-linking fixatives.
Understand the properties of fixatives in relation to their chemical composition.
Understand the impact poor processing has on diagnosis.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the use and disposal of fixative
solutions.
Know the properties of a perfect fixative and factors affecting optimal fixation.
Know the modes of effect, relative merits and risks associated with:
o Formalin;
o
Glutaraldehyde;
o
Bouin‟s fluid;
o
Zenker‟s fixative;
o
Industrial Methylated Spirits;
o
Methanol;
o
Acetone;
o
Formaldehyde vapour.
38
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the relative merits of fixatives used in cellular pathology.
Select and use the appropriate fixative solution.
Ensure appropriate fixation of specimens.
Prepare fixative solutions appropriately.
Apply appropriate safety practices to handling, using and disposal of fixative
solutions.
Monitor environmental hazards associated with fixative solutions.
Troubleshoot problems which may arise in the routine use of fixatives.
39
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
40
7.1b Tissue Selection
Be able to describe the criteria for tissue selection within the cellular pathology laboratory.
KNOWLEDGE
Know a wide range of invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures and their
relationship to the collection of histopathology and cytopathology specimens, e.g.
resection, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, fluids.
Understand the principles of tissue selection and the factors that need to be
considered.
Understand the need to log sample details.
Understand the need for further or alternate fixation.
Understand the need to pin out specimens.
Understand the principles of tumour grading and staging with respect to tissue
sampling.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Assist with consultant-led specimen dissection.
Take dictation at specimen dissection.
Assist with the pinning out of specimens.
Label cassettes accurately in order to maintain the link between sample and request.
Transfer category A specimens from pot to cassette.
Discuss the rationale of tissue selection procedures in own laboratory relative to own
scope of practice.
42
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
43
7.1c Decalcification
Be able to perform decalcification procedures on a variety of calcified tissues.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles and practice of decalcification.
Know a range of differing decalcifying solutions and their uses.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the use and disposal of decalcifying
agents.
Know when and when not to use decalcifying agents.
Be aware of the pathological significance of calcification in tissue.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the relative merits of decalcifying agents used in cellular pathology.
Prepare specimens for decalcification.
Select an appropriate decalcifying agent for a range of samples.
Test for the completion of decalcification.
Prepare decalcified samples for processing.
44
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
45
7.1d Tissue Processing and Embedding
Be able to perform processing and embedding procedures on a range of tissues.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles and practice of paraffin wax tissue processing for a range
of tissues.
Understand the principles and practice of resin processing.
Understand the principles and practice of a range of tissue embedding techniques
and potential errors that may arise.
Know the correct orientation for embedding a range of tissues.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the use and disposal of processing
reagents.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the use and disposal of embedding
media.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Prepare tissues prior to processing.
Select and use the appropriate processing protocol for a range of samples.
Select and use the appropriate processing reagents.
Select and use the appropriate embedding reagent.
Use a range of automated tissue processors.
Hand process samples.
Correctly orientate a range of tissues when embedding.
Perform basic maintenance and troubleshooting of tissue processing and embedding
equipment.
46
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
47
7.1e Microtomy
Be able to use a microtome for the preparation of tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles and practice of microtomy.
Understand the action of a range of microtomes for the production of tissue sections.
Know the safety hazards associated with microtomes.
Understand the principles and practice of section mounting.
Understand the requirement for good quality sections.
Know the rationale underpinning the examination of deeper sections.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Set up and use a microtome safety and correctly to cut wax and resin sections.
Correctly orientate tissues for sectioning.
Cut a range of tissue sections to the required standard.
Follow instructions for levels, serial and step sections appropriately.
Perform basic maintenance and troubleshooting of microtomy equipment.
48
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
49
7.1f
Cryotomy
Be able to prepare tissue sections using cryotomy methods.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of cryotomy.
Understand the application of frozen sections in cellular pathology.
Be aware of the workings of a cryostat.
Know the principles of rapid freezing of tissues.
Be aware of the range of diagnoses that may be made on frozen sections.
Understand the preparation of cryostat and free floating frozen sections.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the use and decontamination of
cryostats.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Orientate and freeze tissues appropriately.
Cut frozen sections to the required standard.
Decontaminate cryostats appropriately.
Perform basic maintenance and troubleshooting of cryotomy equipment.
50
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
51
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.2
Demonstration Techniques
7.2a Haematoxlyin
Be able to use haematoxylin for various demonstration procedures.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the different types of haematoxylin formulae.
Understand the advantages, disadvantages and use of haematoxylins made with the
following mordants:
o
Alum;
o
Iron;
o
Tungsten;
o
Molybdenum;
o
Lead.
Know the mechanism of action of alum haematoxylin.
Understand the process of progressive and regressive demonstration.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the preparation, use and disposal of
haematoxylin solutions.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Follow demonstration methods accurately.
Select and use the correct haematoxylin solution.
Select and use the appropriate controls.
Use microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining method.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
54
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
55
7.2b Haematoxlyin and Eosin Staining
Be able to use Haematoxylin and eosin for the routine staining of tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of haematoxylin and eosin staining and the value of it as
the primary diagnostic stain in cellular pathology.
Understand how to use automated staining machines.
Understand how to monitor the quality of haematoxylin and eosin staining using
standard criteria.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the preparation and disposal of reagents
used in haematoxylin and eosin staining.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Follow demonstration methods accurately.
Select and use the correct haematoxylin and eosin solutions.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining method.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
Perform basic maintenance on automated staining machines and coverslippers.
56
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
57
7.2c Extracellular Proteins
Be able to demonstrate extracellular proteins in tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the role of fibrin within tissues and the pathophysiology of fibrin formation.
Know the pathophysiology of amyloid formation and the different types of amyloid.
Know the pathological significance of fibrin and amyloid.
Know the type of biopsy samples that best demonstrate amyloid.
Understand the principles and practice of routine staining methods for the
demonstration of extracellular proteins.
Know the immunocytochemical methods available for the demonstration of amyloid.
Know the relevant quality control materials and procedures used in extracellular
protein demonstration.
Know the risks and hazards associated with extracellular protein demonstration
methods.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately.
Select and use the correct staining method to demonstrate amyloid and fibrin.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained extracellular protein.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
58
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
59
7.2d Carbohydrates and Mucins
Be able to demonstrate a range of carbohydrates in tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the application and principles of carbohydrate demonstration.
Know the principles of the pathophysiology of carbohydrate formation and the
pathological significance of variations of expression of carbohydrate.
Know the types of carbohydrate present in different tissues.
Know the principles and practice of routine staining and impregnation methods for
the demonstration of carbohydrate.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the risks and hazards associated with carbohydrate demonstration methods.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Explain the application and principles of carbohydrate demonstration.
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately and safely.
Select and use the correct staining or impregnation method to demonstrate
carbohydrate present in different tissues.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained carbohydrate present in different tissues.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
60
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
61
7.2e Lipids
Be able to demonstrate lipid in tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the types of lipid stored in tissue.
Know the principles of the pathophysiology of lipid formation and the significance of
variations of expression of lipid.
Understand the principles and practice of routine staining and histochemical methods
for the demonstration of different lipids.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the risks and hazards associated with lipid demonstration methods.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the application of lipid demonstration techniques.
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately and safely.
Select and use the correct staining or histochemical method to demonstrate lipids
present in different tissues.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained lipids present in different tissues.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
62
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
63
7.2f
Infective Agents
Be able to demonstrate common infective agents within tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the types of infective agents most commonly seen and the pathological
significance of infective agent demonstration.
Know the cytopathic effects of common infective agents.
Know the principles and practice of routine staining and impregnation methods for
the demonstration of infective agents.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the risks and hazards associated with infective agent demonstration methods.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the clinical application of infective agent demonstration methods.
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately and safely.
Select and use the correct staining or impregnation method to demonstrate infectious
agents present in different tissues.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained infectious agents present in different tissues.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining or impregnation methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
64
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
65
7.2g Pigments and Minerals
Be able to demonstrate pigments and minerals in tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of pigment and mineral demonstration.
Know the principles of the pathophysiology of pigment and mineral formation and the
types of pigments and mineral normally deposited in tissue.
Know the principles and practice of direct visualisation, routine staining and
impregnation methods for the demonstration and identification of the pigments and
minerals.
Know the pathological significance of variations of expression of pigments.
Know how to review cases and material microscopically for internal and external
quality control.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the risks and hazards associated with the demonstration of pigments and
minerals.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the clinical application of pigment and mineral demonstration methods.
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately and safely.
Select and use the correct visualisation, staining or impregnation method to identify
pigments and minerals present in different tissues.
Select and use the appropriate control materials.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained pigments and minerals present in different tissues.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any associated problems with the visualisation, staining or impregnation
methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents.
66
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
67
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.3
Specialised Tissues
7.3a Muscle Biopsy
Be able to use appropriate methods in the pathology diagnosis of muscle biopsies.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of muscle biopsy.
Understand the principles of muscle tissue preparation.
Know the principles and practice of routine staining and histochemical methods for
muscle.
Understand the principles and practice of handling fresh, frozen and fixed muscle
samples.
Know the ancillary methods used with muscle samples.
Know the risks and hazards associated with muscle samples.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the clinical application of demonstration techniques used in the diagnosis of
muscle disease.
Follow demonstration method protocols accurately.
Select and use the correct staining or histochemical method to identify elements
within muscle biopsies.
Select and use the appropriate control material.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify demonstrated elements within muscle biopsies.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the staining or histochemical methods.
Select and prepare material for ancillary methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents and residual material.
70
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
71
7.3b Nerve Biopsy
Be able to use appropriate methods in the pathological diagnosis of nerve biopsies.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the principles of nerve biopsy sampling.
Know the principles and practice of direct visualisation, routine staining,
histochemical and impregnation methods for nerve.
Understand the principles and practice of handling fresh, frozen and fixed nerve
samples.
Know the ancillary methods used with nerve samples.
Know the risks and hazards associated with nerve samples.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the application of nerve biopsy demonstration techniques.
Select and use the correct visualisation, staining, histochemical or impregnation
method to identify elements within nerve biopsies.
Select and use the appropriate control material.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained elements within nerve biopsies.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Resolve any problems associated with the visualisation, staining, histochemical or
impregnation methods.
Select and prepare material for ancillary methods.
Safely dispose of waste reagents and residual material.
72
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
73
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.4
Immunocytochemistry
7.4a Immunofluorescence
Be able to describe the principles and practice of immunofluorescent techniques applied to
routine investigations.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the value immunofluorescence staining plays in diagnostic pathology.
Know the principles of direct and indirect immunofluorescent techniques.
Know the clinical use of optical fluorescence microscopy.
Understand the purpose of optical filters for viewing samples prepared for
immunofluorescence.
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Be aware of the hazards associated with fluorescence microscopy:
Know the nature of antibody/antigen interactions
Know the effect of fixation and processing on various tissue antigens
Know the advantages and disadvantages of immunofluorescence for the localisation
of antigens.
Know the relevant quality control procedures.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the clinical application of immunofluorescent demonstration techniques in
cellular pathology.
Select the appropriate staining method for identification of tissue components by
immunofluorescence microscopy.
Select the appropriate control material.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise methods.
Identify stained elements and distinguish staining artefacts.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Able to resolve problems with the staining methods.
76
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
77
7.4b Immunoenzyme
Be able to describe the principles and practice of immunoenzyme methods applied to
routine investigations.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the use of immunoenzyme methods as prognostic indicators to provide advice
on clinical and surgical treatment in a multi-disciplinary setting.
Know how to select the appropriate antibodies for the demonstration of components
of the following tissues and identify normal staining:
o
Breast;
o
Skin;
o
Lymphoid;
o
Gastrointestinal tract;
Be aware of key clinical conditions where these demonstration methods may be of
diagnostic value.
Know the appropriate terminology pertinent to immunoenzyme methods and can
explain the terms antibody, antigen retrieval, primary antibody, monoclonal antibody,
polyclonal antibody, secondary antibody, antigen, ABC, PAP, APAAP, DAB,
amplification system, chromogen.
Know the nature of antibody/antigen interactions.
Know the effect of fixation and processing on various tissue antigens.
Know the theories of antigen retrieval techniques, including:
o
Proteolytic digestion;
o
Pressure cooker heat mediated antigen retrieval;
o
Microwave heat mediated antigen retrieval.
Know the benefits of the use of different detection systems.
Know the benefits of the use of different visualisation techniques, including:
o
Amplification systems;
o
Chromogen systems;
o
Intensification systems.
Know the importance of the use of appropriate quality controls.
Know the value of panels in Immunocytochemistry for the diagnosis of disease.
78
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the application of immunocytochemistry in primary diagnosis.
Select the appropriate antibodies for the demonstration of components of:
o
Gastrointestinal tract;
o
Breast;
o
Lymphoid;
o
Prostate.
Stain tissue sections using immuno-enzyme methods.
Participate in the submission and evaluation of relevant EQA results for immunoenzyme methods.
Describe methods for antigen retrieval and visual amplification.
Evaluate the staining of new antibodies.
Assess the quality of stained slides.
Assess stained slides for artefacts.
Clearly distinguish between positive, negative and equivocal results.
Resolve problems associated with the demonstration methods.
79
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
80
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.5
Molecular Diagnostics
7.5a RNA/DNA Probes
Be able to use appropriate RNA and DNA probes for molecular diagnostic techniques.
KNOWLEDGE
Know the principles of molecular biology methodology.
Understand the clinical value and application of molecular biology techniques in
diagnostic cellular pathology.
Be aware of the role of key genes commonly identified in cellular pathology.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Discuss the role of DNA/RNA probes in the diagnosis/prognosis/therapeutic
implications of key named pathologies.
Stain tissue using RNA/DNA probes following prescribed protocols.
Select appropriate control material.
Assess stained sections for quality.
Use appropriate microscope techniques in visualising specimens.
Identify stained elements within sections.
Resolve problems associated with the demonstration methods.
84
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
85
7.5b In-situ Hybridisation
Be able to use in-situ hybridisation methods to stain tissue sections.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of in-situ hybridisation techniques.
Be aware of the clinical application of in-situ hybridisation in diagnostic pathology.
Be aware of the key diagnoses supported by in-situ hybridisation techniques.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Stain tissue sections using in-situ hybridisation.
Select appropriate control material.
Use appropriate microscopy techniques to visualise stained material.
Assess quality in prepared sections.
Clearly distinguish between positive, negative and equivocal results.
Resolve problems associated with the demonstration methods.
86
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
87
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.6
Microscopy and Image Capture
7.6a Light Microscopy
Understand the principles and application of light microscopy in diagnostic procedures and
the microscopic recognition of normal histology and some key aspects of pathology.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of light microscopy.
Be aware of the clinical applications of light microscopy in diagnostic techniques.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Set up a light microscope for Kohler illumination.
Recognise normal human histology on light microscopy.
Recognise special stains on normal tissue types.
Recognise common staining patterns of normal tissues on immunocytochemistry.
Identify normal cellular appearance under the microscope and be able to recognise
commonly occurring pathological features.
90
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
91
7.6b Electron Microscopy
Understand the principles and application of electron microscopy in diagnostic procedures.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of electron microscopy.
Be aware of the clinical applications of transmission electron microscopy in
diagnostic techniques.
Be aware of the applications of scanning electron microscopy in diagnostic
techniques.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Describe the principles and application of electron microscopy and associated
techniques.
92
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
93
7.6c Demonstration and Image Capture
Be able to describe the use of image capture applications for macroscopic and
microscopic specimens.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the principles of recording cellular pathology images.
Understand the need for accurate storage of images under the terms of the Data
Protection Act.
Know the process for image back-up via IT networks or discs.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Demonstrate understanding of the use of cameras for macroscopic and microscopic
imaging of cellular pathology specimens.
94
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
95
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
7.7
Principles of Pathology
7.7a Pathological Tissues
Be able to recognise normal and abnormal tissue from a variety of common pathological
conditions.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the biology of normal and abnormal growth.
Know the macroscopical and microscopical features of normal tissue for the main
organ systems.
Understand the use of algorithms to aid the diagnosis of malignant diseases.
Understand the reasons for tissue preparation for microscopical examination.
Know the value of accurate specimen site identification for the reporting of
specimens, e.g. Barrett's oesophagus.
Be aware of the classification of diseases using pathology nomenclature.
Be aware of the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes of reversible cell injury.
Be aware of the most important causes of cell injury.
Be aware of the metaplastic process in a variety of organs.
Be aware of atrophy and can give examples of this form of adaptation.
Be aware of the causes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia and can give appropriate
examples of each.
Be aware of the various forms of necrosis and can give appropriate examples of
each.
Be aware of programmed cell death (apoptosis).
98
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
Recognise macroscopic and microscopic differences in normal and abnormal tissues
from all major organ types.
Recognise microscopically different types of epithelia and their location in the body.
Recognise the following conditions:
o
Hypertrophy;
o
Hyperplasia;
o
Parakeratosis;
o
Atrophy;
o
Necrosis;
o
Metaplasia;
o
Apoptosis.
Discuss the role of supplementary tests in the evaluation of pathological tissues.
99
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
100
7.7b Inflammation, Fibrosis and Malignancy
Be able to identify inflammation, fibrosis and malignant changes in tissues.
KNOWLEDGE
Understand the definition of neoplasia and the related terms: tumour, cancer, and
oncology.
Understand the definition of inflammation and the related terms: dolor, calor, rubor.
Understand the cell types involved in inflammatory processes.
Be aware of the classification of tumours on the basis of their clinical behaviour and
histopathological features.
Know the typical features of benign and malignant tumours.
Understand metastasis and its pathogenesis.
Know the common forms of carcinoma and sarcoma, tissues of origin, and benign
equivalents.
Be aware of the various approaches to studying the aetiology and pathogenesis of
cancer.
Be aware of environmental carcinogens that could affect humans.
Be aware of the significance and the clinical value of tumour-associated antigens.
Be aware of the link between classification of diagnosis and therapy.
Know the application of cellular pathological techniques in the identification of
inflammation and fibrosis.
Know the principles of screening for malignant disease and the role of cellular
pathology in diagnosis.
COMPETENCE
You must be able to:
State the histological appearance of malignant cells, using appropriate terminology.
List the common types of cancer and their location.
Describe the current state of knowledge about the biochemical and molecular basis
of cancer.
Describe the multi-stage nature of cancer and be able to discuss factors that
influence this process.
Distinguish among the known genetic mechanisms leading to cancer and discuss
methods of prevention in genetically susceptible people.
Recognise the histological appearance of inflamed tissues.
List the causes of inflammation.
102
EVIDENCE OF ACHIEVEMENT
This section requires the trainer to sign that the specialist trainee has successfully
achieved fitness to practice as a biomedical scientist at the specialist level. The
specialist trainee is required to present the supporting evidence indicated below as a
separate specialist portfolio of evidence.
Assessed by trainer to work in accordance with standard laboratory procedures.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Answered questions set by trainer on the principles and practice of named
procedure.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
One other piece of evidence chosen by the candidate as an example of their
competence in this area.
Date of completion:
Trainer‟s name:
Trainer‟s signature:
Evidence of competence for this standard has been assessed and passed by the
internal person who has checked that the requirements in the Evidence of
Achievement section have been met.
Internal Assessor‟s signature:
Internal Assessor‟s name:
Date:
103
Reflective Log
This section is used to demonstrate you can relate knowledge from several areas, draw
conclusions and reflect on your own performance as an independent professional learner,
thus meeting the requirements for CPD. It is therefore a useful source of information for
your CPD profile should you be audited by the HPC.
The external assessor will review these reflective reports which should cross reference to
the evidence contained in the portfolio. This may lead to further discussion on the
laboratory tour.
Period of Training:
Summarise the laboratory role in the previous section(s):
Personal reflection on training and example of evidence:
About this document
Document title:
Record of Laboratory Training for the Specialist Diploma in Cellular
Pathology
Produced by:
Cellular Pathology Advisory Panel
Contact:
Executive Head of Education on [email protected]
Version:
Edition 3
Date active:
September 2011
Comments:
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