DRDC Toronto CR-2005-057
COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSES OF INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS IN
DISMOUNTED INFANTRY OPERATIONS
by:
David W. Tack and Harry Angel
Humansystems® Incorporated
111 Farquhar St., 2nd floor
Guelph, ON N1H 3N4
Project Director:
David W. Tack
(519) 836 5911
PWGSC Contract No. W7711-7-7404/001/SV
Call-up No. 7404-05
PWGSC Contract No. W7711-017747/001/TOR
Call-up No. 7747-23
HSI SIREQ Item #144
On behalf of
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE
as represented by
Defence Research and Development Canada - Toronto
1133 Sheppard Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M3M 3B9
DRDC Toronto Scientific Authority
Maj Linda Bossi
(416) 635-2197
July 2005
This document contains information that may not be passed or shared, even in confidence, with
foreign military, research and development representatives or civilian contractors of any nationality
without the expressed prior permission of the Exploitation Manager of SIREQ TD.
The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the
contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D
Canada
© Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2005
© Sa Majesté la Reine, représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2005
Abstract
As part of Canada’s larger soldier system modernization programme, the Soldier Information
REQuirements Technology Demonstration (SIREQ TD) project aims to define and empirically
validate the performance requirements for the future Soldier System by demonstrating capability
enhancements in command execution, target acquisition, and situation awareness for the
individual dismounted soldier in 2010-2015. Given the potentially limitless scope for
investigating dismounted infantry information modernization requirements, a modified cognitive
task analysis (CTA) approach was chosen to investigate, identify, and characterize the critical
information requirements of dismounted infantry soldiers in a range of representative operational
scenarios. Beyond the traditional knowledge audit stage, additional analyses were developed to
further characterize the cognitive task demands in an operational context and to better delimit the
scope of future SIREQ TD experimentation (i.e. information indices, information elements, and
attentional demands analyses).
The results of the CTA analyses indicated considerable scope for improving information-related
tasks at both the individual and group levels for both the rifleman and section commander roles.
The CTA revealed that the core capabilities of sensing, terrain visualization and information
exchange are critical to all soldier activities and thus emphasized that technology incorporation at
the individual and team levels could prove to be very beneficial. The opportunities are discussed
in the context of information enhancement goals for future dismounted soldier systems. A
possible framework for approaching the SIREQ TD experimentation programme is also outlined.
Humansystems ®
CTA Report
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Résumé
Dans le cadre d’un projet plus important de modernisation de l’équipement du soldat canadien, le
Projet de démonstration technologique des besoins des soldats en matière d’information
(SIREQ TD) est conçu pour définir et valider de façon empirique, en démontrant les
améliorations de capacité possibles dans le domaine de l’exécution des ordres, de l’acquisition
d’objectifs et de la connaissance de la situation, le rendement nécessaire de l’équipement du
soldat débarqué des années 2010-2015. Étant donné l’étendue potentiellement illimitée
relativement aux études dont pourraient faire l’objet les besoins de l’infanterie débarquée en
matière de modernisation de l’information, nous avons choisi une approche modifiée de l’analyse
cognitive de la tâche pour étudier, préciser et caractériser chez le soldat débarqué, dans une
gamme de scénarios représentatifs, les besoins en information essentielle. Au-delà de la
traditionnelle analyse des connaissances, d’autres analyses ont été élaborées pour caractériser
davantage les demandes en tâches cognitives dans un contexte opérationnel et pour mieux
circonscrire le champ de l’expérimentation future dans le cadre du SIREQ TD (notamment les
répertoires d’information, les éléments d’information et les analyses sur le plan des demandes
attentionnelles).
Selon les résultats obtenus avec l’approche de l’analyse cognitive de la tâche, il y a lieu
d’améliorer sensiblement les tâches liées à l’information, tant au niveau du soldat individuel que
du groupe, en ce qui concerne les rôles du fantassin et du commandant de section. L’analyse a
révélé que les capacités fondamentales, telles que la détection, l’échange d’information et la
visualisation, sont essentielles à toutes les activités du soldat, et que l’intégration de la
technologie au niveau des individus et des équipes pourrait s’avérer très avantageuse. Nous
discutons des possibilités en fonction du but d’améliorer les capacités fondamentales de
l’infanterie débarquée de l’avenir. Nous décrivons également un cadre de travail possible pour le
programme d’expérimentation du projet SIREQ TD.
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Executive Summary
As part of Canada’s larger soldier system modernization programme, the Soldier Information
REQuirements Technology Demonstration (SIREQ TD) project aims to define and empirically
validate the performance requirements for the future Soldier System by demonstrating capability
enhancements in command execution, target acquisition, and situation awareness for the
individual dismounted soldier in 2010-2015. Given the potentially limitless scope for
investigating dismounted infantry information modernization requirements, a modified cognitive
task analysis (CTA) approach was chosen to investigate, identify, and characterize the critical
information requirements of dismounted infantry soldiers in a range of representative operational
scenarios. Beyond the traditional knowledge audit stage, additional analyses were developed to
further characterize the cognitive task demands in an operational context and to better delimit the
scope of future SIREQ TD experimentation (i.e. information indices, information elements, and
attentional demands analyses).
The results of the CTA analyses indicated considerable scope for improving information-related
tasks at both the individual and group levels for both the rifleman and section commander roles.
The results revealed that the core capabilities of sensing, terrain visualization and information
exchange are critical to all soldier activities and thus emphasized that technology incorporation at
the individual and team levels could prove to be very beneficial, giving direction for future
SIREQ experimentation. The opportunities are discussed in the context of information
enhancement goals for future dismounted soldier systems. Both rifleman and section commander
information-related tasks are varied, extensive, and complex, and are applied in a wide range of
mission contexts, conditions, and environments. The analyses employed in this modified CTA
method have endeavoured to gain a better comprehension of rifleman and section commander
tasks, and the associated cognitive and perceptual issues and demands, in representative missions.
With the exception of intra-Section information exchange (including voice communication),
information needs and uses appear distinctly different between section commanders and riflemen.
Section commanders’ information needs and uses emphasized command execution, planning, coordination of section members, and decision-making based on higher orders and their awareness
of the local and global battlefield situation. Riflemen information needs and uses are more
focussed on their local situation and tasks. In the context of our current TTPs, the section
commander can be viewed as a command-centric manager while the rifleman can be viewed as a
“sensors/weapons” platform in support of the intentions of their commander.
The attentional demands analyses provided a useful overview of the current task demands on
riflemen and section commanders. Both riflemen and section commanders employed high levels
of visual attention in most tasks. While cognitive demands were rated somewhat high among
riflement these were noticably higher among section commanders. Attentional capacity would
seem to be available in both the auditory and psychomotor modalities, and opportunities for
future information displays are discussed.
A possible framework for approaching the SIREQ TD experimentation programme is also
outlined.
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Sommaire
Dans le cadre d’un projet plus important de modernisation de l’équipement du soldat canadien, le
Projet de démonstration technologique des besoins des soldats en matière d’information
(SIREQ TD) est conçu pour définir et valider de façon empirique, en démontrant les
améliorations de capacité possibles dans le domaine de l’exécution des ordres, de l’acquisition
d’objectifs et de la connaissance de la situation, le rendement nécessaire de l’équipement du
soldat débarqué des années 2010-2015. Étant donné l’étendue potentiellement illimitée
relativement aux études dont pourraient faire l’objet les besoins de l’infanterie débarquée en
matière de modernisation de l’information, nous avons choisi une approche modifiée de l’analyse
cognitive de la tâche pour étudier, préciser et caractériser chez le soldat débarqué, dans une
gamme de scénarios représentatifs, les besoins en information essentielle. Au-delà de la
traditionnelle analyse des connaissances, d’autres analyses ont été élaborées pour caractériser
davantage les demandes en tâches cognitives dans un contexte opérationnel et pour mieux
circonscrire le champ de l’expérimentation future dans le cadre du SIREQ TD (notamment les
indices d’information, les éléments d’information et les analyses sur le plan des demandes
attentionnelles).
Selon les résultats obtenus avec l’approche de l’analyse cognitive de la tâche, il y a lieu
d’améliorer sensiblement les tâches liées à l’information, tant au niveau du soldat individuel que
du groupe, en ce qui concerne les rôles du fantassin et du commandant de section. L’analyse a
révélé que les capacités fondamentales, telles que la détection, l’échange d’information et la
visualisation, sont essentielles à toutes les activités du soldat, et que l’intégration de la
technologie au niveau des individus et des équipes pourrait s’avérer très avantageuse. Nous
discutons des possibilités en fonction du but d’améliorer les capacités fondamentales de
l’infanterie débarquée de l’avenir. Nous décrivons également un cadre de travail possible pour le
programme d’expérimentation du SIREQ TD. Les tâches relatives à l’information du fantassin et
du commandant de section sont variées, étendues et complexes. Elles figurent dans une grande
gamme de contextes, de conditions et d’environnements de déploiement. Les analyses effectuées
dans cette approche modifiée d’analyse cognitive ont été conçues pour obtenir une meilleure
compréhension des tâches du fantassin et du commandant de section, des enjeux et des exigences
liés à la cognition et à la perception, dans le contexte de missions représentatives.
À l’exception des échanges d’information à l’intérieur d’une section (y compris la communication
de données vocales), les besoins et les usages en matière d’information chez le fantassin diffèrent
des besoins et des usages chez le commandant de section. Ce qui importe davantage pour ce
dernier, c’est l’exécution des ordres, la planification, la coordination des militaires de la section,
la prise de décisions selon des ordres supérieurs et les questions relatives à la connaissance de la
situation sur le champ de bataille (locale ou globale). Quant au fantassin, les besoins et les usages
en matière d’information sont axés davantage sur la situation locale et sur ses tâches. Dans le
contexte des actuelles tactiques, techniques et procédures (TTP), le commandant de section peut
être perçu comme un gestionnaire d’ordres centralisés et le fantassin comme une plate-forme de
capteurs et d’armes au soutien des intentions du commandant.
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Les analyses effectuées sur les demandes attentionnelles ont fourni un aperçu utile des exigences
qui caractérisent les tâches du fantassin et les tâches du commandant de section. Tant le fantassin
que le commandant exploitent des niveaux élevés d’attention visuelle dans l’exécution de la
plupart des tâches. Mais le taux de demandes cognitives est plus élevé chez le commandant que
chez le fantassin. Il semble qu’il soit possible d’influer sur la capacité attentionnelle relativement
aux modalités auditive et psychomoteur. Nous discutons des possibilités éventuelles en matière
d’affichage d’information.
Nous décrivons également un cadre de travail possible pour le programme d’expérimentation du
projet SIREQ TD.
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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................I
RÉSUMÉ ......................................................................................................................................................... II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................IX
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 AIMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2 METHOD..................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 MODIFIED CTA PROCESS ......................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Operational Scenarios ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Function Flow Diagrams ................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.3 Knowledge Audit and Cognitive Demands Interviews ..................................................................... 4
2.1.4 Information Indice Ratings .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1.5 VACP Ratings .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.6 Measures of Effectiveness ................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.7 Information Technology Goals ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.8 Information Elements....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.9 Summary Task Groupings................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 SME PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................................. 8
3 RESULTS................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 SCENARIOS ............................................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 FUNCTION FLOW DIAGRAMS .................................................................................................................. 10
3.3 CTA DATA TABLES ............................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 RATING ANALYSES ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.1 Information Indices........................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.2 VACP Ratings ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.5 INFORMATION ELEMENTS....................................................................................................................... 22
3.6 SUMMARY TASK GROUPINGS ................................................................................................................. 24
4 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 CTA INSIGHTS ....................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 Information Indices........................................................................................................................ 25
4.1.2 Information Elements..................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.3 Attentional Demands...................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 EXPERIMENTATION FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................... 28
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4.2.1 Capability Assessment Approach................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2 Experimentation Conditions .......................................................................................................... 29
4.2.3 SIREQ TD Programme Plan Outline............................................................................................. 30
4.2.4 Start-up Phase................................................................................................................................ 31
4.2.5 Core Capability Investigations ...................................................................................................... 31
4.2.6 Individual and Group Task Investigations..................................................................................... 32
4.2.7 Alternative Tactics and Organizational Structures........................................................................ 33
ANNEX A: DATA SHEETS AND SCALES ............................................................................................ A-1
APPENDIX 1: PROBE QUESTIONNIARE ....................................................................................................A-1-1
APPENDIX 2: INFORMATION INDICE SCALES ..........................................................................................A-1-2
APPENDIX 3: VACP SCALES ..................................................................................................................A-1-3
ANNEX B: ATTACK DATA..................................................................................................................... B-1
APPENDIX 1:
APPENDIX 2:
APPENDIX 3:
APPENDIX 4:
APPENDIX 5:
ATTACK SCENARIO ........................................................................................................... B-1-1
ATTACK FUNCTION FLOW DIAGRAMS ............................................................................... B-1-2
ATTACK CTA DATA ......................................................................................................... B-1-3
ATTACK RATINGS ............................................................................................................. B-1-4
ATTACK INFORMATION ELEMENTS ................................................................................... B-1-5
ANNEX C: DEFEND DATA ..................................................................................................................... C-1
APPENDIX 1:
APPENDIX 2:
APPENDIX 3:
APPENDIX 4:
APPENDIX 5:
DEFEND SCENARIO ............................................................................................................ C-1-1
DEFEND FUNCTION FLOW DIAGRAMS ............................................................................... C-1-2
DEFEND CTA DATA .......................................................................................................... C-1-3
DEFEND RATINGS .............................................................................................................. C-1-4
DEFEND INFORMATION ELEMENTS .................................................................................... C-1-5
ANNEX D: PATROL DATA..................................................................................................................... D-1
APPENDIX 1:
APPENDIX 2:
APPENDIX 3:
APPENDIX 4:
APPENDIX 5:
PATROL SCENARIO ............................................................................................................D-1-1
PATROL FUNCTION FLOW DIAGRAMS ...............................................................................D-1-2
PATROL CTA DATA ..........................................................................................................D-1-3
PATROL RATINGS ..............................................................................................................D-1-4
PATROL INFORMATION ELEMENTS ....................................................................................D-1-5
ANNEX E: SUMMARY TASK GROUPINGS........................................................................................ E-1
APPENDIX 1:
APPENDIX 2:
APPENDIX 3:
APPENDIX 4:
APPENDIX 5:
APPENDIX 6:
APPENDIX 7:
MISSION PLANNING ........................................................................................................... E-1-1
ORDERS/BRIEFINGS ........................................................................................................... E-1-2
VISUALIZE GROUND .......................................................................................................... E-1-3
INFORMATION EXCHANGE ................................................................................................. E-1-4
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT .................................................................................................. E-1-5
CONTROL OF FIRE ............................................................................................................. E-1-6
INFORMATION COLLECTION .............................................................................................. E-1-7
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List of Tables
TABLE 1: INFORMATION ELEMENTS DESCRIPTORS ............................................................................................ 6
TABLE 2: TASK GROUPING DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................................ 8
TABLE 3: COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSES DESCRIPTORS ..................................................................................... 11
TABLE 4: RIFLEMAN TASKS IN THE ATTACK ................................................................................................... 12
TABLE 5: SECTION COMMANDER TASKS IN THE ATTACK ............................................................................... 13
TABLE 6: RIFLEMAN TASKS IN THE DEFENCE .................................................................................................. 14
TABLE 7: SECTION COMMANDER TASKS IN THE DEFENCE .............................................................................. 14
TABLE 8: RIFLEMAN TASKS IN THE PATROL .................................................................................................... 15
TABLE 9: SECTION COMMANDER TASKS IN THE PATROL ................................................................................ 16
TABLE 10: SUMMARY INFORMATION ELEMENT PERCENTAGES ....................................................................... 23
TABLE 11: CORE CAPABILITY INVESTIGATION AREAS .................................................................................... 32
TABLE 12: INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TASK INVESTIGATION AREAS ................................................................. 33
TABLE 13: ALTERNATIVE TACTICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ....................................................... 34
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List of Figures
FIGURE 1:
FIGURE 2:
FIGURE 3:
FIGURE 4:
FIGURE 5:
FIGURE 6:
FIGURE 7:
FIGURE 8:
RIFLEMAN VACP IN THE ATTACK .................................................................................................. 17
SECTION COMMANDER VACP IN THE ATTACK ............................................................................... 18
RIFLEMAN VACP IN THE DEFENCE ................................................................................................. 19
SECTION COMMANDER VACP IN THE DEFENCE ............................................................................. 20
RIFLEMAN VACP IN THE PATROL ................................................................................................... 21
SECTION COMMANDER VACP IN THE PATROL ............................................................................... 22
SIREQ TD CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................... 29
PROGRAMME PLAN STAGES ............................................................................................................ 30
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1
Introduction
1.1
Background
As part of Canada’s larger soldier system modernization programme, the Soldier Information
REQuirements Technology Demonstration (SIREQ TD) project aims to define and empirically
validate the performance requirements for the future Soldier System by demonstrating capability
enhancements in command execution, target acquisition, and situation awareness for the
individual dismounted soldier in 2010-2015.
The SIREQ TD objectives include:
– Identify the command execution, target acquisition, and situation awareness information
that the individual dismounted soldier and Section requires to function effectively on the
battlefield of 2010-2015.
– Determine and validate those information capabilities that most significantly enhance
individual soldier performance and small unit effectiveness.
– Validate the best method to acquire and present this information to the Canadian
dismounted soldier taking into consideration the soldier’s cognitive, psychological, and
physiological capabilities, the anticipated state of technology and the expected operational
environment in 2010-2015.
– Determine the utility, usability, and operational impact of providing these critical
information needs to the dismounted soldier.
The ultimate aim of SIREQ TD is to provide validated performance requirements to the Director
Land Requirements to support the Integrated Soldier System Platform (ISSP) capital acquisition
project.
Given the potentially limitless scope for investigating dismounted infantry information
modernization requirements, a modified Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) was identified as an
effective means of providing direction and focus for planning the content and scope of the four
year SIREQ-TD programme.
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1.2
Aims
This project had the following aims.
– Identify critical information requirements of dismounted infantry soldiers engaged in
conventional warfare missions.
– Identify those information requirements, and associated tasks, that can most benefit from
the insertion of technology capabilities.
– Characterize and prioritize the deficiencies in the current use of information to perform
battlefield tasks.
– Identify the most suitable attentional pathways for providing information to soldiers in a
given task.
– Elicit soldier Subject Matter Expert (SME) opinions on potential technology insertion
goals for critical task-specific information requirements.
1.3
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this report.
BCID
Comd
CTA
DLR
En
Fr
I2
ID
IR
ISSP
Msn
NCO
OP
PZ
SIREQ TD
SME
STA
TTP
VACP
Humansystems ®
Battlefield Combat Identification
Commander
Cognitive Task Analysis
Director Land Requirements
Enemy
Friendly
Image Intensification
Identification
Infra-Red
Integrated Soldier System Platform
Mission
Non-commissioned Officer
Observation Post
Pick-up Zone
Soldier Information Requirements Technology Demonstration
Subject Matter Expert
Surveillance & Target Acquisition
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
Visual Auditory Cognitive Psychomotor
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2
Method
This section outlines the stages undertaken in the Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) process and the
method employed using dismounted infantry Subject Matter Experts (SMEs).
2.1
Modified CTA Process
A cognitive task analysis (CTA) approach was chosen to investigate, identify, and characterize
the critical information requirements of dismounted infantry soldiers in a range of representative
operational scenarios. A CTA approach was preferred, over a more traditional behavioural task
analysis, to better investigate the cognitive issues associated with current infantry tasks (e.g.
situation awareness, communication, decision-making, mental workload, and memory demand)
in order to determine which tasks and activities might benefit most from future technology
capabilities. Beyond the traditional knowledge audit stage, additional analyses were developed to
further characterize the cognitive task demands in an operational context and to better delimit the
scope of future SIREQ TD experimentation (i.e. information indices, information elements, and
attentional demands analyses).
The following steps were undertaken as part of this modified CTA process:
2.1.1
Operational Scenarios
Operational scenarios were developed for Platoon and Section-level missions for the Attack,
Defend, and Patrolling phases of a dismounted infantry battle. These scenarios were developed
to provide a goal-based, standardized framework for organizing, describing, and discussing
dismounted infantry tasks in a contextually relevant mission environment. The type and content
of these scenario missions were selected to be consistent with the development of QSTAG 1319
(Operational Scenarios for Armies' Soldier Moderization Programs) and designed to be
consistent with Canadian Forces tactics, techniques, and procedures (as per B-GL-309-03/FT-001
- Infantry Volume 3. Section and Platoon in Battle). Scenarios were developed with support
from Director Land Requirements 5 (DLR 5) and reviewed by the Infantry School at the Combat
Training Center at CFB Gagetown.
2.1.2
Function Flow Diagrams
Function flow diagrams were prepared for each operational scenario depicting the chronological
sequence of task functions for the roles of Section members, Section Comds, Platoon Comds,
and Coy Comd. Tasks, activities, and critical task decision points were indicated for each role as
well as the communication interactions between roles.
These function flow diagrams were developed with support from DLR 5 and Subject Matter
Experts (SMEs) from the Infantry School at CTC Gagetown.
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2.1.3
Knowledge Audit and Cognitive Demands Interviews
Based on the tasks determined by the function flow analyses, critical tasks, those with significant
information handling attributes, were identified. This downselection effort involved the
participation of the project’s infantry SMEs. A knowledge audit and cognitive demands
interview methodology was used to elicit the cognitive or information elements associated with
each of these critical tasks. The probes used to facilitate the interview methodology are
described in more detail below. A sample data collection form is provided in Appendix 1 to
Annex A.
The following data were collected for each task:
1. Task Description: The following probes were used to elicit the description of information
usage within the task.
What:
What is the information?
How:
How do you acquire, send, or receive this information?
Who:
Who do you communicate with to acquire, send, or receive this
information?
Cues:
What cues do you use to acquire the information or to know you
have to acquire this information?
Volume/Amount/Size: How much information is there?
2. Timings: SMEs were asked to estimate the duration (typical range) of time required to
perform the task.
3. Cognitive Issues: The following probes were used, where appropriate, to elicit the cognitive
issues in the task.
Awareness:
What things are you paying attention to?
Decisions:
Does this information help you to make decisions? Are these
critical decisions?
Communications:
Is this information critical for communications?
Workload Issues:
Does this information increase or decrease your mental effort?
Training (Novice/Experienced): What are the differences between novices and
experienced soldiers? What mistakes do novices commonly
make?
2.1.4
Information Indice Ratings
In addition to the typical knowledge elicitation approach above, data on other information indices
were also collected. Infantry SMEs were required to rate the information requirements of each
task, in relation to task or mission success, for importance, complexity, timeliness, difficulty,
retention, update frequency, frequency of use, accuracy, and time pressure. The results of these
indices would then be used to prioritize and characterize the information requirements and the
specific opportunities for information enhancement.
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These indices are described in more detail below and the associated 5-point scales are provided in
Appendix 2 to Annex A.
2.1.5
Importance:
How important is this information for successfully completing the
task?
Complexity:
How complex is the information?
Timeliness:
Difficulty:
How acceptable is the timeliness of this information to the
successful completion of the task?
How difficult is it to use the information to complete the task?
Retention:
For how long is this information useful?
Update Frequency:
How frequently do you update this information? Units are
recorded where applicable.
Frequency of Use:
How often do you use this information? Units are recorded
where applicable.
Accuracy:
How acceptable is the accuracy of this information for the task?
Units are recorded where applicable.
Time Pressure:
What time pressure do you feel when acquiring, sending, or
receiving this information?
VACP Ratings
Infantry SMEs were also required to rate the attentional demands associated with each task using
the VACP scales (i.e. Vision, Auditory, Cognitive, and Psychomotor). SMEs were asked to
assign VACP ratings to each of the critical information tasks (each of the scales is provided in
Appendix 3 of Annex A). These ratings were used to determine the typical levels of attentional
resources required in each task so that the suitability of alternative display modalities (e.g. visual,
auditory, tactual) could be better understood.
2.1.6
Measures of Effectiveness
Where appropriate, the information requirements of a task were assessed for the most suitable
category(s) of effectiveness measures for use when evaluating the extent of the information
deficiency and the extent to which any technology capability enhanced information usage in the
task. These Measures of Effectiveness categories included situation awareness measures,
communication effectiveness measures, decision support measures, mental workload measures,
and memory demand measures.
2.1.7
Information Technology Goals
Infantry SMEs were also required to suggest ways and means of improving the information usage
in each of the critical tasks. The following probes were used to elicit goals for enhancing
information usage within the task.
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– What are the ideal amount, type, and accuracy of information for successfully
performing this task?
– How would you improve the current system?
– What would be the best possible way to acquire, use, send, receive, and display this
information?
SMEs also recommended technology capabilities that they felt would have the biggest impact on
task performance, and ultimately on mission success.
2.1.8
Information Elements
Having completed the cognitive task analyses and the analysis of information indices and VACP
ratings it was clear that some form of categorical summation was required to better understand
and prioritize the general needs for information and their uses broadly across all three operational
scenarios for both the rifleman and section commander roles. To this end a listing of general
needs and uses were derived from inspection of the data according to the following descriptors
(see Table 1 below).
Table 1: Information Elements Descriptors
Information Elements:
Info Transfer (intra-section)
To exchange information within a section.
Info Transfer (extra-section)
To exchange information between sections, and between a section and higher
command.
Visualize Gnd
To be able to construct a mental model of the terrain environment for visualizing
routes and mission actions.
Det. Loc.
To know your own location and the location of other enemy, friendly, and
mission relevant entities and features.
Det. Range
To accurately and quickly determine the range to an entity or feature.
Det. Bearing
To accurately and quickly determine the bearing to an entity or feature.
Msn Intent
To comprehend the intent of the mission and to be able to relate individual and
team actions to that intent.
Msn Execution
To comprehend the mission execution plan and to be able to relate individual
and team actions to that plan.
Msn Timing
To know the mission timing and to be able to relate these timings to individual
and team actions.
En Status Global
To be aware of the global status of enemy forces and assets (i.e. enemy status
beyond the platoon area of operations).
Fr Status Global
To be aware of the global status of friendly forces and assets (i.e. status of
friendlies beyond the platoon area of operations).
En Status Local
To be aware of the status of enemy forces and assets within the section and
platoon’s area of operations.
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Fr Status Local
To be aware of the status of friendly forces and assets within the section and
platoon’s area of operations.
Record Info.
To be able to record information (e.g. field notes, sketches, visual images, etc.).
Access Recorded / Ref. Info.
To be able to access recorded information and reference materials in support of
the mission.
Detect Trgts / Threats
To be able to detect targets and threats.
ID Trgts / Threats
To be able to identify targets and threats.
Control Indiv. Fire
To be able to control individual weapons to effectively engage enemy targets.
Control Team Fire
To be able to co-ordinate and control the arcs, rate, type, and timing of fire
within the section.
Control Indiv. Movement
To be able to control individual movements to effectively traverse terrain.
Control Team Movement
To be able to co-ordinate and control the formations and movements of
elements within the section.
Plan Resource Needs
To be able to plan for individual and section resources to suit the requirements
of a mission.
Plan Timings
To be able to plan mission timings.
Plan Movement
To be able to plan navigational routes, approaches, lines of departure and
assault, withdrawal, etc.
Plan Fire
To be able to develop an effective fire plan for the section mission to ensure
coverage, depth, and co-ordination of fire.
The critical tasks were then inspected to determine which information needs and uses were
evident in each task. A frequency count was performed for each information element across all
tasks in all three operational scenarios to determine which elements were most prevalent.
2.1.9
Summary Task Groupings
Finally, based on the knowledge gained from the cognitive task analyses, the information indices,
VACP ratings, and the information elements review across all three operational scenarios, for
both riflemen and section commanders, these data were consolidated into the following seven
task groupings (Table 2).
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Table 2: Task Grouping Descriptions
Task Grouping:
Description:
1. Mission Planning
Summarizes the tasks of route planning (i.e. navigational routes and tracks), siting
for surveillance and weapons (i.e. trenches, observation posts (OP), range cards),
and mission orders (i.e. time appreciation and orders planning)
2. Orders / Briefings
Summarizes the tasks of preparing mission orders and providing briefings (i.e. OP
handovers, patrol and mission briefings, and sitreps and contact reports).
3. Visualize Ground
Summarizes the tasks of visualizing ground for local actions, movements, and
surveillance, route planning and following, and global awareness.
4. Information Exchange
Summarizes the tasks involved in exchanging information within a section including
communications. Tasks include control and coordination within the section, requests
for information, and the provision of information.
5. Control of Movement
Summarizes the tasks involved in individual mobility, control and co-ordination of
section movement, and terrain navigation.
6. Control of Fire
Summarizes the tasks involved in individual fire control to engage targets, fire team
co-ordination, and the control of section fire.
7. Information Collection
Summarizes the tasks of collecting information during OP surveillance, sentry duty,
and detailed reconnaissance.
For each task grouping, the associated tasks and activities are summarized, information needs are
detailed, measures of effectiveness are identified, current in-service means and methods are
described, and potential technology options to enhance task performance are itemized.
2.2
SME Participants
Two pairs of Senior NCOs (Sergeant and Warrant Officer instructors at the Infantry School) and
two pairs of Junior NCOs (Cpls from the Support Company at the Infantry School) were
participants in the knowledge audit, cognitive demands interviews, indice and VACP ratings of
the cognitive task analysis process, and in the information technology goals discussion. The
senior NCOs represented the section commander role and the junior NCOs represented the
rifleman role.
2.3
Data Collection
Prior to each series of interview sessions, the infantry SME pairs were briefed on the CTA
process, the goals of the sessions, the data collection process, the data collection tools, and our
expectations of them as SMEs. Interview sessions were organized for each of the three
operational scenarios. Initially SMEs were provided the text and the multi-media presentations
of the scenario to familiarize themselves with the content, tasks, and goals of the scenario. Next
the function flow diagrams were reviewed with the experimenter to confirm the chronology of
events, the tasks depicted for each role, and the points of information exchange or
communication between roles. As well, the choices of critical information tasks were reviewed
and discussed.
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Before beginning the CTA of selected tasks, SMEs were given detailed briefings on the probes to
be used, the information indices and their scales, and the VACP scales. For each of the critical
information tasks an experimenter facilitated the interview and discussion process with the SMEs
to elicit the CTA data and the ratings. SMEs were encouraged to represent and defend their
opinions to the other SME in the pair under the facilitation of the experimenters.
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3
Results
Results are summarized below and discussed in more detail in the Discussion section.
3.1
Scenarios
Descriptions of the Attack, Defend, and Patrolling scenarios are included in Appendix 1 in each
of Annexes B, C, and D respectively.
Each operational scenario was prepared using computerized presentation software (Microsoft
PowerPoint) to provide a multi-media means of representing the content and context of each
mission. Multi-media content included a textual narrative of the mission, annotated maps, video
clips of critical mission events, audio clips, and hot links to reference information on the relevant
battle procedures. Generally, the photographs shown in the scenarios in Appendix 1 are actually
video clips depicting the actions in the scenario. These were played from the multi-media CD
version of the scenarios during the cognitive task analysis process.
Each scenario description begins with an overview of the mission and then describes mission
tasks in a mostly chronological sequence.
a) Attack: The attack scenario involves a dismounted advance to contact where the
platoon is engaged by a sniper. The platoon reacts to the enemy fire, locates the
enemy position, and suppresses them with effective fire. A hasty assault plan is
developed and executed with an assault on the enemy objective. The platoon then
consolidates after the assault.
b) Defend: The defensive scenario a section participates in the siting and preparation of a
company defensive position. Once the defensive position is prepared, the section
adopts a normal routine in defense until ordered to stand-to. The scenario follows
through the defensive battle and ends with administration activities following the enemy
attack.
c) Patrolling: The patrol scenario follows the activities of two patrol elements (i.e. a
recce patrol and a fighting patrol) which are denoted as Recce or Raid patrols in the
text of the scenario. In this scenario, a recce detachment has been deployed forward to
perform a point recce of an enemy installation and acquire information to support a
raid by a platoon-sized fighting patrol. The scenario also includes airmobile
movement, water crossing, and a hasty ambush during the platoon move to the Pick-up
Zone (PZ) following the raid.
3.2
Function Flow Diagrams
Task and activity functions for the soldier and commander roles are depicted in function flow
charts for each operational scenario in Appendix 2 in each of Annexes B (Attack), C (Defend),
and D (Patrolling).
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Critical tasks, those with significant information handling attributes, were downselected from
these function flow diagrams for inclusion in the cognitive task analysis process. These critical
tasks are indicated by a thick black border around the function box and annotated by an
alphanumeric code outside the box.
3.3
CTA Data Tables
The results of the cognitive task analysis of each critical task function are summarized in tabular
form in Appendix 3 in each of Annexes B (Attack), C (Defend), and D (Patrolling). For each
scenario separate tables are provided for the rifleman and the section commander roles.
For each task the cognitive task analysis data is summarized in the following columns (see Table
3).
Table 3: Cognitive Task Analyses Descriptors
CTA Table Columns:
Fnc Flow
Each critical task is identified with an alphanumeric code in the function flow
diagrams. The first letter of the code denotes the scenario: A for Attack, D for
Defend, and P for Patrolling. The second letter denotes the role: R for rifleman
and S for section commander. The number denotes the chronological ordering
of tasks. For example, PS3 represents the third critical task of the section
commander during the patrolling scenario.
Task Name
A descriptive name is given to each task.
What
A general description of the task is provided.
Who
The role responsible for performing the task is indicated. In the case of an
exchange of information both parties are indicated in their respective
sender/receiver roles.
How
The current in-service method for performing the task is described.
Why
Provides the rationale, usually in the context of information, for why the task is
important to the mission.
Cues
Indicates any perceptual cues necessary for task performance.
Volume
Estimates the amount of information involved in the task, where applicable.
Cognitive Issues: Awareness
Outlines local and global situation awareness needs for the task.
Cognitive Issues: Decisions
Identifies any decisions required in the task.
Cognitive Issues: Comms
Indicates how communications is achieved.
Cognitive Issues: Workload
Estimates the level and focus of the mental workload associated with the
performance of the task.
Cognitive Issues: Training
Task issues are compared between novice and experienced performers.
Information Technology Goals
Outlines information goals and technology suggestions by SMEs.
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3.4
Rating Analyses
Task ratings data for the information indices and the VACP data are summarized in Appendix 4
of Annexes B (Attack), C (Defend), and D (Patrolling).
3.4.1
Information Indices
SME ratings are summarized and consolidated in Appendix 4 of each Annex. Where a rating is
not provided for a given indice the SMEs judged that the indice was not applicable to the task.
Generally, the indice ratings provide useful insights into the information demands of each task
and highlight patterns between roles and scenarios. The tables below further summarize the
indice results for critical information tasks for the rifleman and section commander roles in each
of the three operational scenarios. For these tables only tasks judged to be important to mission
or task success (i.e. <= a rating of 3 for the importance indice) were selected. These tasks
were further filtered against the remaining indices by using a rating of 3 or lower as the cut-off.
For example, an important task, where the associated information demands have medium to high
complexity (i.e. <= to a rating of 3), is denoted by an “x” in the tables below to signify that the
task might be improved by reducing information complexity.
The tables are also sub-divided into prescriptive indices (i.e. reduce complexity, improve
timeliness, improve usability, reduce memory demand, and improve accuracy) and performance
shaping indices (i.e. updated frequently, used frequently, and high time pressure). While each
“x” warrants detailed consideration in it’s own right, and should each be addressed in the design
of any future infantry soldier system, we have only summarized the evident patterns in the tables
for each role and scenario in this report. The data contained in the Annexes to this report are
sufficiently detailed as to support further investigation of these demanding indices by the reader
on a case-by-case basis.
For riflemen in the attack (Table 4), the tasks that evidenced the most concerns tended to be
associated with reacting to fire, locating the enemy, and actions in the assault. Most of these
concerns were related to a need to acquire timely and accurate situation awareness knowledge of
friendly and enemy forces when time pressures were high. There was also a need to be able to
improve orders comprehension by reducing the complexity of orders briefings and to find ways
of reducing the memory demands associated with remembering key orders information.
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Fnc Flow
AR1
AR3
AR4
AR5
AR7
AR8
AR9
AR10
AR11
AR12
AR13
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
e
r
re
l
du ove ine
ce
us ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
pr ory
ov
de
up e a
m
an
da
c
d
te cur
ac
d
fre
y
us
qu
ed
fre ent
hi
ly
gh
qu
tim en
t
ly
e
pr
es
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re
Table 4: Rifleman Tasks in the Attack
Tasks
Initial Wng O (Section)
Receive Orders Verbal
Receive Orders - Map Briefing
Receive Orders - Sand Box
Seaching for Targets
Locate Enemy
Win the Fire Fight
Adopt Assault Formation
Assault (fire and movement control)
Consolidation, Redistribute Ammo
Consolidation, Casualty
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
In the Attack scenario almost all of the section commander tasks (Table 5) involved high time
pressure and the frequent use of information. Demanding tasks included accurate and timely
knowledge of location information (e.g. own location, enemy location, and objective location).
Developing the assault plan and controlling the assault formation also resulted in significant
information demands on the section commander.
Fnc Flow
AS1
AS3
AS4
AS7
AS8
AS9
AS10
AS11
AS12
AS13
AS14
Tasks
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Wng O
Receive Orders
Give Orders
Navigate - Determine Own Position
Navigate - Determine Distance Travelled
Control Field Formation
React to En Fire
Locate the Enemy
Develop Plan
Adopt Asslt Formation/Confirm Obj Loc
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
e
r
re
l
du ove ine
ce
us ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
o
pr
r
ov y d
up e a em
an
da
c
d
te cur
ac
d
fre
y
us
qu
ed
fre ent
hi
ly
gh
qu
tim en
tly
e
pr
es
su
re
Table 5: Section Commander Tasks in the Attack
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
In the defensive scenario, rifleman tasks (Table 6) evidencing the greatest information demands
included the identification of friend/foe, and receiving fire control orders and providing effective
fire during the defensive battle when time pressure is highest. Opportunities exist for reducing
information complexity in preparing and siting the defensive position and in occupying the
observation posts. Similarly, memory demands could be reduced in orders briefings and hand
overs.
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Fnc Flow
DR1
DR2
DR3
DR4
DR5
DR6
DR7
DR8
DR9
DR10
Tasks
Receive Wng O (from Pl WO)
Siting Trenches
Create Range Card
Confirmatory Orders
OP Briefing/Hand Over
Observe in OP
IFF - Returning OP Patrol
Stand to
Fire Control O During Defence
Provide Effective Fire, Under Fire
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
el
r
re
du ove ine
ce
us ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
o
pr
r
ov y d
up e a em
an
da
c
d
te cur
ac
d
fre
y
us
qu
ed
fre ent
hi
ly
gh
qu
tim en
tly
e
pr
es
su
re
Table 6: Rifleman Tasks in the Defence
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Frequent updating and use of information, often under high time pressure conditions during all
three phases of the defence (i.e. preparation, occupation, and fighting the defensive battle)
characterized section commander tasks in the defensive scenario (Table 7). Tasks with the most
information demands seemed to stem from activities in support of preparing the defensive
position (e.g. reconnaissance, plans, range cards, orders, and briefings). Section commanders
would benefit most by reducing information complexity, reducing memory demands, and
improving the timeliness of individual tasks and information needs to support these tasks.
Fnc Flow
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
DS5
DS6
DS7
DS8
DS9
DS12
DS13
DS14
Tasks
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Sect Wng O
Recce defensive site
Section Range Cards
Liaison with Other Commanders
Create Track Plan
Occupation Orders
Receive Confirmatory Orders
Pass on Confirmatory Orders
Pl Stand to Order
Fight Main Battle - Control Fire
Fight Main Battle - Know Strength
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
el
r
re
du ove ine
ce
u s ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
o
pr
r
ov y d
up e a em
an
da
c
d
te cur
ac
d
y
us fre
qu
ed
en
fr
hi
gh equ tly
tim en
tly
e
pr
es
su
re
Table 7: Section Commander Tasks in the Defence
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
In the patrol scenario, rifleman tasks (Table 8) evidenced opportunities to improve the timeliness
and accuracy of terrain navigation, conducting and collecting information in the reconnaissance
task, and for briefing the details of reconnaissance information to the patrol and the raid
commanders. Most of these tasks required the frequent use of information and this information
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was updated frequently. Time pressure was a factor in several patrolling tasks (e.g. navigation,
terrain traverse, the detailed recce, and the urban assault).
Fnc Flow
PR1
PR2
PR3
PR4
PR5
PR6
PR7
PR8
PR9
PR10
PR11
PR12
PR14
PR15
PR16
Tasks
Initial Wng O
Receive Detailed Wng O
Receive Operation O
Navigate - Determine own loc
Navigate - Determine dist traveled
Control of Ptl Movement
Establish ORV
Conduct Detailed Recce
Activities from sniper eyes on posn
Return to ORV De-brief Ptl with recce info
Brief raid ptl comd
FIBUA control of movement
Pl Comd Signals Hasty Ambush
Pl Comd give O for Hasty Ambush
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
el
r
re
du ove ine
ce
us ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
o
pr
r
ov y d
up e a em
an
da
c
d
te cur
a
d
us fre cy
qu
ed
fre ent
hi
ly
gh
qu
tim en
tly
e
pr
es
su
re
Table 8: Rifleman Tasks in the Patrol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Similar to the other scenarios, high time pressure characterized many of the section commander’s
tasks in the patrol (Table 9). Apart from preparing patrol orders, tasks associated with
navigation proved most demanding, particularly with respect to timeliness and accuracy of
information. The planning and reconnaissance aspects of the patrol scenario also evidenced high
memory demands as section commanders attempted to collect, record, transfer, and brief the
details of the reconnaissance objective.
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Fnc Flow
PS1
PS2
PS3
PS4
PS5
PS6
PS7
PS8
PS9
PS10
PS11
PS12
PS13
PS14
PS16
PS17
PS18
PS19
PS20
PS21
PS22
PS23
PS24
PS25
PS26
3.4.2
Tasks
Initial Wng O
Receive O
Prepare detailed Wng O
Time appreciation
Prepare Orders
Give Orders
Route planning
Prepare route card
Navigate - Det own loc (no GPS)
Navigate - Det own loc (with GPS)
Navigate - Det direction of travel
Navigate - Det distance traveled
Control Movement of Ptl
Liaison - general & ferry crossing
Conduct Detailed Recce
Recce - Determine en equip
Recce - Determine en stre
Record Recce Info
Brief raid ptl comd
Liaison - Heli-borne
Est Rear Link (Ptl Base) Comms
Control Move on Appr to LD
Adjust fire base prior to assault
FIBUA in Assault
Control Fire Base During Assault
re
du
ce
im
c
pr om
pl
ov
e
e
tim xity
im
p
e
r
re
l
du ove ine
ce
us ss
a
m
em bili
ty
im
pr ory
ov
de
up e a
m
an
da
c
d
te cur
ac
d
fre
y
us
qu
ed
fre ent
hi
ly
gh
qu
tim en
t
ly
e
pr
es
su
re
Table 9: Section Commander Tasks in the Patrol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
VACP Ratings
Infantry SME ratings of the attentional demands (i.e. Vision, Auditory, Cognitive, and
Psychomotor) associated with each of the critical information tasks are summarized below for
each of the rifleman and section commander roles in each of the three operational scenarios.
These ratings are discussed in terms of the typical levels of attentional resources required in each
task and the resulting resource capacity available for future soldier system display modalities
(e.g. visual, auditory, tactual).
Rifleman tasks in the attack scenario (Figure 1) emphasized the use of the visual modality and
included moderately high cognitive demands for tasks involving orders briefings, target detection
and engagement, manoeuvre, and assault activities. While the auditory modality was rated
highly in tasks associated with locating and suppressing the enemy, the auditory demands were
not as prominent as the visual. Psychomotor demands were generally low except for tasks
involving writing (e.g. receiving orders) and weapons handling activities.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Initial Wng O (Section)
Prepare for Battle
Receive Orders Verbal
Receive Orders - Map Briefing
Receive Orders - Sand Box
Control Sect Movement
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Seaching for Targets
Locate Enemy
Win the Fire Fight
Adopt Assault Formation
Assault (fire and movement
control)
Consolidation, Redistribute
Ammo
Consolidation, Casualty
Figure 1: Rifleman VACP in the Attack
Section commander tasks in the attack (Figure 2) also evidenced high levels of visual and
cognitive demands, and average levels clearly exceeded those of the rifleman in the attack.
Many of the section commander tasks required careful, considered decisions that were often
dependent on visual information (e.g. observing terrain, locating the enemy, developing the plan
of attack, and co-ordinating the assault). Both the psychomotor and auditory demands were
relatively low. Psychomotor demands were most evident during the receipt and preparation of
orders. Auditory demands were highest when locating the enemy but generally tended to be
lower than those of the rifleman during the attack.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Wng O
Receive Orders
Detailed Map Recce
Visual Recce of the Ground
Give Orders
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Navigate - Determine Own
Position
Navigate - Determine Distance
Travelled
Control Field Formation
React to En Fire
Locate the Enemy
Develop Plan
Adopt Asslt Formation/Confirm
Obj Loc
Figure 2: Section Commander VACP in the Attack
In the defensive scenario rifleman tasks evidenced high attentional demand ratings in the visual
modality and moderately high cognitive demands for tasks involving receipt of orders,
surveillance, and target detection and engagement activities in the defensive battle (see Figure 3).
While the auditory modality was rated highly in tasks associated with surveillance and receipt of
orders, the auditory demands were only moderate. Psychomotor demands were generally low
except for tasks involving writing (e.g. receiving orders) and weapons handling activities.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Receive Wng O (from Pl WO)
Siting Trenches
Create Range Card
Confirmatory Orders
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
OP Briefing/Hand Over
Observe in OP
IFF - Returning OP Patrol
Stand to
Fire Control O During Defence
Provide Effective Fire, Under
Fire
Figure 3: Rifleman VACP in the Defence
Section commander tasks in the defence (Figure 4) also evidenced high levels of visual and
cognitive demands. Cognitive demands tended to be noticeably higher than those of the rifleman
in the defence. Many of the section commander tasks required considerable visual and cognitive
demands during planning and laying out the defensive position, receipt and briefing of orders,
and in the control and awareness of own forces during the defensive battle. Both the
psychomotor and auditory demands were relatively low. Psychomotor demands were most
evident during the receipt and preparation of orders. Auditory demands were generally low
except when receiving orders and fighting the main defensive battle.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Sect Wng O
Recce defensive site
Section Range Cards
Liaison with Other Commanders
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Create Track Plan
Occupation Orders
Receive Confirmatory Orders
Pass on Confirmatory Orders
Pl Stand to Order
Fight Main Battle - Control Fire
Fight Main Battle - Know
Strength
Figure 4: Section Commander VACP in the Defence
In the patrolling scenario the rifleman ratings (Figure 5) also emphasized the use of moderately
high visual and cognitive resources for tasks involving receipt of orders, navigation,
reconnaissance surveillance and recording, and both urban and ambush assault activities. The
auditory modality was rated moderately highly in tasks associated with reconnaissance
surveillance and urban assault tasks but generally the auditory demands were not as high as the
visual ratings. Psychomotor demands were generally low except for tasks involving writing (e.g.
receiving orders) and weapons handling activities.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Initial Wng O
Receive Detailed Wng O
Receive Operation O
Navigate - Determine own loc
Navigate - Determine dist traveled
Control of Ptl Movement
Establish ORV
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Conduct Detailed Recce
Activities from sniper eyes on posn
Return to ORV De-brief Ptl with recce info
Brief raid ptl comd
FIBUA control of movement
Pl Comd Signals Hasty Ambush
Pl Comd give O for Hasty Ambush
Figure 5: Rifleman VACP in the Patrol
Section commander tasks in the patrol (Figure 6) evidenced moderately high levels of visual
demands and quite high cognitive demands. While visual demands were high across some tasks
(e.g. orders receipt and planning, and reconnaissance tasks), cognitive tasks were rated very
highly for many tasks throughout the course of the patrol scenario (i.e. orders receipt, planning,
patrol orders, route planning, navigation, conduct of the reconnaissance, reporting, hasty
planning, and the control of fire and movement during the assault and ambush). Both the
psychomotor and auditory demands were relatively low. Psychomotor demands were most
evident during the receipt and preparation of orders, and some reconnaissance tasks. Auditory
demands were highest during receipt of orders, reconnaissance, and during the assault but
generally tended to be much lower than those of the rifleman during the patrol.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Initial Wng O
Receive O
Prepare detailed Wng O
Time appreciation
Prepare Orders
Give Orders
Route planning
Prepare route card
Navigate - Det own loc (no GPS)
Navigate - Det own loc (with GPS)
Navigate - Det direction of travel
Navigate - Det distance traveled
Visual
Auditory
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Control Movement of Ptl
Liaison - general & ferry crossing
Conduct Detailed Recce
Recce - Determine en equip
Recce - Determine en stre
Record Recce Info
Brief raid ptl comd
Liaison - Heli-borne
Est Rear Link (Ptl Base) Comms
Control Move on Appr to LD
Adjust fire base prior to assault
FIBUA in Assault
Control Fire Base During Assault
Initial Ptl (raid) de-briefing
Figure 6: Section Commander VACP in the Patrol
3.5
Information Elements
Based on the cognitive task analyses, the analyses of information indices, and VACP ratings, an
information elements review was undertaken on only those tasks judged by SMEs to be important
to mission success (i.e. an importance rating of <= 3 or without the information necessary to
perform this task the mission could only be completed with difficulty). The results of the
information elements review are tabulated in Appendix 5 of Annexes B (Attack), C (Defend), and
D (Patrolling). These tables indicate the information elements associated with each of the critical
tasks in each of the operational scenarios. These results are summarized below in Table 10.
Information elements are rank ordered by their percentage representation in all of the critical
tasks for both roles combined and then separately for the rifleman and section commander tasks
alone.
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Table 10: Summary Information Element Percentages
All Positions Combined
%
Rifleman
%
Section Comd
%
Info Transfer (intra-section)
76
Info Transfer (intra-section)
87
Visualize Gnd
78
Visualize Gnd
70
Fr Status Local
66
Info Transfer (intra-section)
69
Fr Status Local
58
En Status Local
61
Msn Execution
64
Msn Execution
55
Visualize Gnd
58
Det. Loc.
62
Det. Loc.
54
Detect Trgts/Threats
55
Msn Intent
60
En Status Local
54
ID Trgts/Threats
47
Msn Timing
60
Msn Intent
53
Det. Loc.
42
Access Recorded/Ref. Info
55
Msn Timing
53
Msn Intent
42
Record Info.
55
Detect Trgts/Threats
49
Msn Execution
42
Fr Status Local
53
Record Info.
49
Msn Timing
42
En Status Local
49
Access Recorded/Ref. Info
45
Record Info.
42
Det. Range
47
Det. Range
44
Det. Range
39
Info Transfer (extra-section)
45
ID Trgts/Threats
42
Det. Bearing
34
Fr Status Global
45
Det. Bearing
39
Access Recorded/Ref. Info
32
Detect Trgts/Threats
45
Info Transfer (extra-section)
38
Indiv. Movement Control
29
En Status Global
44
Fr Status Global
37
Identify Resource Needs
29
Det. Bearing
42
En Status Global
35
Info Transfer (extra-section)
26
ID Trgts/Threats
38
Identify Resource Needs
27
En Status Global
24
Plan Movement
31
Indiv. Movement Control
26
Fr Status Global
24
Plan Coverage
27
Plan Movement
20
Indiv. Fire Control
24
Plan Timings
25
Plan Coverage
19
Team Fire Control
13
Identify Resource Needs
25
Plan Timings
17
Team Movement Control
11
Indiv. Movement Control
24
Team Movement Control
15
Plan Coverage
8
Team Movement Control
18
Indiv. Fire Control
14
Plan Fire
8
Plan Fire
16
Plan Fire
Team Fire Control
13
10
Plan Timings
Plan Movement
5
5
Team Fire Control
Indiv. Fire Control
7
7
Clearly these percentages are only indicative of the type and mix of tasks associated with the
three scenarios used in this analysis but they do serve to illustrate the general patterns of
information needs and uses at the section level.
Generally, the capabilities to exchange information within a section and to visualize ground were
seen to be the most common information requirements for both the section commander and the
riflemen. However, visualizing ground took on different meanings for riflemen and section
commanders. Riflemen tasks were focussed on terrain visualization in their local or immediate
terrain area and on actions or tasks within their current phase of the mission. Commander tasks
were more focussed on visualizing the terrain, and the locations and actions of both friendly and
enemy units, for the purpose of planning and executing their mission, and for comprehending the
local and global mission situation.
Riflemen's information needs emphasized local situation awareness issues (friendly and enemy
status, own location, and detecting/identifying targets or threats). Beyond situation awareness
information, riflemen needed information to comprehend their mission (intent, timings, and
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execution) and tended to use information to support their individual needs (i.e. identifying their
personal resource needs for a mission and to support their mobility and personal weapon use).
Section commander's information needs emphasized command execution issues (mission intent,
timings, and execution), awareness of the Section location and the status of local friendly and
enemy forces, and the ability to record information and access recorded and reference
information to support the planning or execution of a mission. Section commander tasks used
information for planning the mission prior to execution (i.e. routes, timings, taskings, actions on
the objective, etc.) and for ad hoc decision-making during the execution of the mission (i.e.
command and co-ordinate the mission execution, and to adapt to unexpected changes).
3.6
Summary Task Groupings
Summary task groupings, which organize the CTA tasks from all three scenarios into common
task groups, are provided in Annex E. The summary task groupings are provided in the
following Appendices.
Appendix 1
Mission Planning
Appendix 2
Orders / Briefings
Appendix 3
Visualize Ground
Appendix 4
Information Exchange
Appendix 5
Control of Movement
Appendix 6
Control of Fire
Appendix 7
Information Collection
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4
Discussion
The results of the CTA analyses suggest that there is considerable scope for improving
information-related tasks at both the individual and group levels for both the rifleman and section
commander roles. In the following section the results of the modified CTA analyses are
discussed and a possible framework for approaching the SIREQ TD experimentation programme
is outlined.
4.1
CTA Insights
Both rifleman and section commander information-related tasks are varied, extensive, and
complex, and are applied in a wide range of mission contexts, conditions, and environments.
The analyses employed in this modified CTA method have endeavoured to gain a better
comprehension of rifleman and section commander tasks, and the associated cognitive and
perceptual issues and demands, in representative missions. General insights gained from these
analyses are discussed in the following sections.
4.1.1
Information Indices
Infantry SMEs were required to rate the information requirements of each task according to a
series of information indices designed to aid in further prioritizing and characterizing information
requirements. As well, the indice analysis method provides a somewhat prescriptive approach
for identifying areas for information enhancement in both the rifleman and section commander
roles. These summary prescriptive findings are discussed below.
– Reduce information complexity for 50% of rifleman and section commander
information tasks known to be critical to mission success. Many of these information
tasks require soldiers to perform multiple processing steps including interpreting,
transforming, calculating, analyzing, and integrating information before it can be
used. Solutions should be sought that minimize these demands.
– Reduce memory demands in riflemen (44% of information tasks) and section
commander (59%) tasks. While section commander memory requirements were
greater than those of the rifleman, both roles evidenced a significant need for storing
information. Solutions might include digital orders, digital aide memoires, readily
accessible reference databases, language interpretation aides, and context-sensitive
data recording and storage methods.
– Improve timeliness of information for about 43% of information tasks for both
riflemen and section commanders. Receipt of orders was the most commonly cited
concern with information timeliness. Generally, by the time that orders are received
at the section level there is little time remaining to perform battle procedure tasks,
section planning, and section orders. Mechanisms should be sought for distributing
orders from higher command more widely and quickly to lower elements.
Information enhancements should also be sought to improve the time to determine
one’s own location and the location of other tactically relevant entities (e.g. friendly
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and enemy forces, mission features), the time required to control movement and fire,
and the time necessary to prepare route cards, range cards, plans, and orders.
– Improve accuracy of information in 40% of tasks for both riflemen and section
commanders. Conventional means of navigation (i.e. map and compass) and geolocating friendly and enemy forces was cited as having very poor accuracy and is an
idiosyncratic skill that can have profound effects on mission performance, especially
at night. Inaccurate situation awareness information also contributed to difficulties in
the control of fire, awareness of friendly force status, the risk of fratricide, and the
development of accurate plans.
– Both riflemen and section commanders reported that they use information frequently
in at least 60% of all critical information tasks. This need for frequent access and
use of information provides compelling support for investigating human-computer
interface methods for inputting, storing, accessing, and displaying critical task
information using means suitable for the dismounted infantry environment and
conditions of use.
– Both riflemen (46% of information tasks) and section commanders (54%) need to
update their information frequently to remain effective on the battlefield. Access to
up-to-date information in the field requires a networked voice and data
communication system with sufficient bandwidth and range to provide the section
with seamless information updates. Any future information system should also seek
to “push” critical information to the dismounted soldier in a timely manner to avoid
the need for riflemen and section commanders to perform time-consuming
information requests and updates.
– High time pressure was reported in 78% of all critical information tasks among
section commanders and 50% of rifleman tasks. The differences between riflemen
and section commanders is not surprising given the greater command, control, and
planning responsibilities of commanders, although the time pressure demands on
riflemen were still significant. While there is clearly considerable scope for
providing information enhancements in both roles to reduce the processing time of
many information tasks, a number of tasks will remain highly time pressured due to
the time, space, and pace of actions on the battlefield. For these tasks, emphasis
should be placed on providing information in the most effective, efficient, and usable
interface modality possible to minimize the processing time demands on both
riflemen and section commanders.
4.1.2
Information Elements
With the exception of intra-Section information exchange (including voice communication),
information needs and uses appear distinctly different between section commanders and riflemen.
Section commanders’ information needs and uses emphasized command execution, planning, coordination of section members, and decision-making based on higher orders and their awareness
of the local and global battlefield situation. Riflemen information needs and uses are more
focussed on their local situation and tasks. In the context of our current TTPs, the section
commander can be viewed as a command-centric manager while the rifleman can be viewed as a
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“sensors/weapons” platform in support of the intentions of their commander. While this analogy
is oversimplistic it does serve to illustrate the differences between the two roles.
These results support the notion that future soldier systems should consider both a commander’s
variant and a rifleman variant to best satisfy the needs of both roles.
4.1.3
Attentional Demands
The attentional demands analyses provided a useful overview of the current task demands on
riflemen and section commanders. However, these demands are dependent on the current means
of information handling and on the limitations of existing technology. TTPs are often shaped by
the time and space implications of existing technologies on the battlefield, which is typically
reflected in the resulting attentional demands. These relationships are necessarily circular and
inter-dependent. Therefore, any interpretation of the attentional demands analyses of this CTA
should be viewed as indicative of current dismounted infantry demands, which may not
necessarily be prescriptive for a future battlespace.
Accepting these limitations, however, there were a number of interesting patterns in the
attentional demands results.
Both riflemen and section commanders employed a high level of visual attentional demands most
commonly in most tasks. Visual demands were so prolific as to suggest that it is likely a poor
modality for presenting both alerts and alarms, and for any continuous monitoring tasks.
Cognitive attentional demands were also rated as somewhat high among riflemen and noticeably
high among section commanders. The higher demands among section commanders over riflemen
are also consistent with the results of the information indices, which characterized the section
commander role as having considerably higher time pressures. In either case, it would appear
that there is considerable scope for employing information enhancements in any future soldier
system to reduce cognitive demands.
Auditory demands were quite different between the riflemen and section commander roles.
Riflemen rated significantly more tasks with having higher auditory attentional demands than
section commander ratings. This higher auditory demand is likely explained by the greater
rifleman role in tactical surveillance, and in attending verbal commands from the section
commander and the passage of verbal information from other section members. Since the levels
in both roles suggest only moderate auditory demands there would appear to be sufficient
attentional capacity available to support an intra-section radio, as long as their ability to attend to
the local auditory environment is not impaired.
Psychomotor demands were rated lowest by a sizeable margin for both riflemen and section
commanders. In both roles, the majority of psychomotor attention was employed in writing and
weapons handling tasks. As an attentional pathway for display information to the soldier, the
psychomotor pathway would seem to be most available. While there has been some research into
the use of tactual displays in the literature it tends to be limited to aviation applications, which
may or may not be relevant to dismounted infantry. Psychomotor pathways are likely best suited
to the display of alarming, alerting, and cueing information. Given the potential attentional
capacity available in the psychomotor modality SIREQ TD should investigate this opportunity
further.
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4.2
Experimentation Framework
Due to the considerable scope for improving soldier information handling tasks, SIREQ TD
needs to establish a structured framework of experimentation that systematically investigates and
exploits only select areas of greatest opportunity. To meet these goals, the SIREQ TD
programme will need to follow an R&D paradigm, which, by its very nature, must remain
flexible and adaptable. The results of early experiments will necessarily guide and shape
subsequent studies. Some lines of testing will prove unfruitful and cease, new lines could start
up, others will combine, and still others will continue on to the end of the programme. In order
to support the R&D model, the SIREQ TD programme will need to assess the effectiveness of
each investigation area on an ongoing basis to ensure that resources and funds are deployed most
effectively to meet the aims of the programme.
4.2.1
Capability Assessment Approach
The principle aim of SIREQ TD is to investigate the effects of enhancing information capabilities
in dismounted operations. Central to the investigation focus of the SIREQ TD programme is the
assessment of a wide range (up to and exceeding current technologies) of possible information
enhancements for any given capability. To this end, SIREQ TD will need to investigate the
sensitivity of dismounted infantry effectiveness to different existing and future information
capabilities for each investigation area and relate these to the operational impact of these
capabilities in each representative mission scenario.
An example of this capability assessment approach is provided in Figure 8 below. This example
study is investigating the operational impact of providing a continuum of night vision capability
enhancements in two mission scenarios (A and B). The night vision capabilities under
investigation might range from the unaided eye, to passive image intensification (I2), to thermal
sensors (IR), to active range-gated laser systems, etc. Mission A involves detecting enemy
soldiers at night to a range of 250m. At the lowest capability in the range (i.e. aided eye at
night) mission performance is poor. Adding an I2 capability greatly improves performance.
Adding IR capabilities improves performance further up to a plateau where greater enhancement
provides no measurable improvement. Mission B involves observing a village at night, at a
distance of 1.5 km. In this instance, little is gained over the unaided eye by adding passive I2 or
IR capabilities alone until an active range-gated laser technology is employed. In this way, the
capability range of information enhancement can be evaluated to best characterize the resulting
utility and usability in the context of mission conditions and goals.
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Mission A
100%
Operational
Impact
Mission B
Capability Range
Figure 7: SIREQ TD Capability Assessment Approach
The key result of this assessment approach is the derivation of operational impact sensitivity to
changes in information capabilities. To put it in terms of a research question, what effect does a
range of information capability enhancements have on individual and group performance over
and above our current in-service baseline capability? In the case of this graphical example the
performance curves for Missions A and B denote this impact sensitivity. Armed with this type of
data the specific requirements for information enhancement and the best potential technology
solutions can be better matched to the mission needs of the operator. Referencing our graphical
example, if the needs of Canada’s future ISSP programme were to focus on meeting only the
demands of “Mission A” then the higher (more costly) levels of the technology capability
spectrum may not be necessary to optimize the operational impact goals of information
enhancement.
4.2.2
Experimentation Conditions
The human factors studies in the SIREQ TD programme will also need to consider a wide range
of experimental conditions to adequately evaluate information enhancement across the breadth of
dismounted infantry operations. The most predominant conditions include:
Day / Night: Conditions at night place vastly different demands on the soldier, their task
performance, team interaction, and system interface issues than during daylight conditions.
Since conventional warfare is moving more towards night fighting, both day and night
conditions will need to be reflected in the experimental testing.
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Terrain: Both peacekeeping missions and conventional warfare are expected to involve a
higher proportion of urban terrain in the future. Therefore, both urban (in-building and
urban streets) and open country terrain will need to be considered in the programme.
Roles within a dismounted section: The cognitive task analyses of the dismounted section
clearly identified different information needs between the rifleman and the Section Comd.
Both of these organizational roles will need to be considered.
4.2.3
SIREQ TD Programme Plan Outline
Based on the results of this modified CTA analyses the SIREQ TD programme plan could be
divided into four consecutive phases: start-up, core capabilities, individual & group tasks, and
current & alternative tactics and organizational structure (see Figure 8).
Utility Evaluations
Start-Up
Core
Capabilities
Operational Impact
Individual and
Group Tasks
Current and Alt.
Tactics / Org.
Structure
Usability Assessments
Figure 8: Programme Plan Stages
During the Start-up phase detailed experimental plans will be produced for each SIREQ
investigation area, HF measures and methods will be established for these experiments, and the
associated experimental equipment and testing environments will be developed.
Once the detailed experimentation plans and the necessary testing capabilities have been
established experimentation can begin in the Core Capability areas. These Core areas include the
empirical, functional capabilities common to many dismounted infantry tasks. Based on the
results of these Core experiments, experimentation would migrate to Individual & Group Tasks.
These tasks combine the preceding Core capabilities in different ways to achieve the required
functional performance of key tasks critical to dismounted missions. Based on the results of taskbased experiments, alternative tactics and organizational section structures can be evaluated in a
mission context and compared with current tactics and section organization.
Utility will be assessed for Core capabilities and migrate to operational impact assessments in the
task and mission experiments. Usability testing of various interface designs and modalities will
be ongoing throughout the programme. Utility is strongly influenced by usability. As something
becomes easier to use it often becomes more useful. Therefore, to truly understand the utility
afforded by a particular information capability, it is necessary to evaluate each capability using a
range of modalities and possible interface designs. Since utility is directly linked to task
performance and the operational context and conditions of use, these utility/usability assessments
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will need to be performed across a range of operational tasks and conditions. This requirement
will result in an iterative testing cycle between utility evaluations and the most appropriate
modalities and interface designs.
These four phases are described in more detail below.
4.2.4
Start-up Phase
The Start-up phase would comprise two work areas: Human Factors (HF) Measures and
Preparation. HF Measures would involve the development and derivation of human factors
methods and measures for use in experimental studies throughout SIREQ TD. Tasks would
include the identification and validation of methods, protocols, test procedures, and measures of
effectiveness/performance for a range of human factors criteria (e.g. situation awareness, team
decision-making, operational performance measures, usability and workload measures).
Preparation tasks would include the assessment, development, and production of experimental
equipment, testing capabilities, and test environments to support the subsequent experiments.
Testing environments should include constructive, virtual, and instrumented live simulation
methods to provide a balance between realism, repeatability, and the ability to simulate novel,
currently unavailable technological capabilities. Such a range of testing environments also
provides an ideal opportunity to test for convergent validation across the different methods.
4.2.5
Core Capability Investigations
The modified CTA analyses have identified a number of core capabilities that serve as the
foundation for many of the individual and group tasks investigated in the three operational
scenarios.
Example Core capability investigations (see Figure 11) would include experimentation in the
following areas:
– Sensor capabilities for the purposes of surveillance, target acquisition, individual
mobility including personal night vision, visual and weapon surveillance and target
acquisition, non-visual surveillance and target acquisition through auditory and other
means, fusion of sensor information, and distributed sensor networks.
– Information Exchange capabilities for inputting, sending/receiving, and displaying
information including verbal communications, non-verbal information exchange (e.g.
visual, tactual, and auditory modalities), discrete and natural language interface and
controls, verbal and non-verbal input interfaces, multi-modal exchange modalities,
and the information management on the battlefield.
– Visualization capabilities using terrain modeling, information visualization, and
situation awareness enhancements (local and global) for the purposes of mission
planning, rehearsal, briefings, and execution. In each case, and throughout the
SIREQ TD programme, terrain conditions for experimentation should include inbuilding, urban streets, and open country.
To support the flexibility and adaptability goals of the SIREQ TD research and development
paradigm, experimentation would follow a progression of testing that builds from an empirical
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foundation of knowledge about singular capabilities to the more complex integration of multiple
capabilities. For example, sensor experimentation would start with personal night vision in
image intensification (I2) technologies and then progress to infrared technologies. In each case
SIREQ TD experimentation would seek to understand the utility, usability, and operation impact
of these sensor capabilities across a broad range of technologies. Based on the knowledge gained
from these investigations, experimentation would progress to include the integration of I2 and IR
technologies, sensor fusion, and the distributed employment of these sensor technologies.
Table 11: Core Capability Investigation Areas
CORE CAPABILITIES
Sensor
Capabilities
Personal Night Vision:
•
I2
•
IR
•
I2/IR Fusion
Information Exchange Capabilities
Verbal Communications:
•
Visual STA:
Simple/Complex
Non-Verbal Communications:
•
Simple/Complex
•
Individual STA
•
Tactual
•
Weapon STA
•
Visual
•
Visual Surveillance
•
Auditory
•
Remote/UAV/UGV
Non-Visual STA:
•
Auditory
•
Motion/Radar/Other
•
Vibration
Multi-modal:
•
Natural Language Input
•
Synthetic Voice Display
Visualization
Capabilities
Terrain Modelling:
•
In-building
•
Urban Streets
•
Open Country
•
Terrain Visualization
Local and Global Situation
Awareness:
•
Tactical Fusion
•
Info. Visualization
•
Augmented Reality
Inter-visibility Tool
Mission Planning
Distributed Sensors
Non-Verbal Input Devices
Mission Briefing/Rehearsal
Sensor Fusion
Battlefield Info. Management
Mission Execution
4.2.6
Individual and Group Task Investigations
Beyond these core capabilities, and their associated individual soldier activities, the summary
task grouping exercise identified a number of critical individual and group tasks as essential to
mission success in the three operational scenarios evaluated in this modified CTA.
Individual & Group Tasks investigations would include experimentation in the areas of:
– Siting including siting of enemy positions, the planning and siting of OPs, and
trenches, and the development of range cards and STA plans.
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– Orders including the preparation, planning, briefing, receiving, recording and
passage of orders both vertically and laterally, and centrally and distributed.
– Control of Movement including the planning and control of formations and tactical
movement.
– Control of Fire including the planning and control of individual and group fire,
netted fires, fire decision aids, battlefield identification, and section ammunition and
casualty status.
– Navigation including the planning, recording, and navigation wayfinding in
buildings, urban streets, and open country.
Table 12: Individual and Group Task Investigation Areas
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TASKS
Siting
Orders
Control of
Movement
Control of
Fire
Navigation
Site Enemy
Planning
Plan Movement
Plan Fire
Route Planning
Siting Fusion
Preparation
Field Formations
Fire Control
Route Card
Obs. Posts
Briefing
Tactical Mobility
Section Status
Route Navigation
STA Plan
Aide Memoires
Survivability
Netted Fires
In-building
Defensive
Position Siting
Distributed Orders
Separation
/Coverage
Fire Decision Aids
Urban Streets
BCID
Open Country
Site Planning
Range Cards
Wayfinding
Again experimentation should follow a progression of testing from individual tasks and activities
up to section-level group tasks that integrate a number of roles and individual tasks in the
performance of a goal-oriented mission.
4.2.7
Alternative Tactics and Organizational Structures
The relationship and dependencies between infantry tactics, small unit organization, and
technological capabilities have a long historical association. Enhancements that provide some
benefit under our current tactics and Section organizational structure may prove considerably
more beneficial when employed in concert with alternative tactics and structures. For these
reasons, the SIREQ TD programme will need to assess the utility and operational impact of
information enhancement for individual tasks, group tasks within current doctrine, and finally
group tasks employing alternative tactics and small unit organizational structures which strive to
take advantage of the capability enhancements.
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At this point in the programme, the utility/usability implications of various information
capabilities on dismounted section effectiveness will be well known for both individual and group
tasks. However, the operational impact of these information capabilities will still be in the
context of the current, in-service tactics and section organization.
While we expect that considerable enhancements to performance will be realized using the
current tactics and organization, the true “force multiplier” effects of enhancing information
capabilities will likely be realized through the adoption of alternative tactics and the employment
of alternative small-unit structures.
This final phase of SIREQ TD will need to assess the opportunities afforded by changes to tactics
and organization through the advantages offered by enhanced information capabilities. These
changes would be assessed in a range of possible missions (see Table 13) and mission
environments, comparing the operational effectiveness of current and alternative options.
Table 13: Alternative Tactics and Organizational Structures
MISSION OPTIONS
•
Recce Patrol
•
Deliberate Attack (urban)
•
Fighting Patrol
•
House Clearing
•
Peacekeeping Patrol
•
React to Sniper
•
Hasty Attack / Ambush
•
Hasty Defence
•
Advance to Contact
•
Deliberate Defence (wooded)
•
Deliberate Attack (woods)
•
Deliberate Defence (urban)
Humansystems ®
CTA Report
34
ANNEX A:
Data Sheets and Scales
Humansystems Incorporated®
A-1
Appendix 1:
Probe Questionnaire
Humansystems Incorporated®
A-1-1
Soldier Information Requirements: Participant Map
Task ID:
1. Task Description:
2. Timings:
What - What is the information?
Day ‰ Night ‰
Duration (Range):
How - How do you acquire, send or receive this information?
Why - Why do you acquire, send or receive this information?
Who - Who do you communicate with to acquire, send or receive this information?
Cues - What cues do you use to acquire the info or to know you have to acquire this information?
Volume/Amount/Size - How much info is there?
3. Cognitive Issues
Awareness? What things are you paying attention to?
Decisions? Does this information help you make decisions, are these critical decisions?
Communications? Is this information critical for communications, to or from who?
Workload Issues? Does this information increase or decrease you mental effort?
This Section As
Required Only
Training (Novice/Experienced)? What are the differences between novices and experienced soldiers? What mistakes are commonly made by
novices.
4. Information Indices
Index
1. Importance
1-5
VACP Indices
Index
6. Update Frequency
2. Complexity
7. Frequency of Use
3. Timeliness
8. Accuracy
4. Difficulty
9. Time Pressure
1-5
Index
1. Visual
No.
Units
No.
Units
No.
Units
1-5
2. Auditory
3. Cognitive
4. Physical
5. Retention
5. Measures Of Effectiveness
Situation Awareness
Communication Effect.
Decisions Support
Mental Workload
This Section As Required Only
Memory Demand
6. Information Technology Goals
Wish List –
What is the ideal amount, type and accuracy etc. of the information?
How would you improve the current system?
What would be the best possible way to acquire, use, send, receive or display this information?
Humansystems Incorporated
Soldier Information Requirements (Participant map v4)
CFB Gagetown
Appendix 2:
Information Indice Scales
Humansystems Incorporated®
A-1-2
Soldier Information Requirements: Indice Definitions
1. Importance
Without this
information I can
complete this task:
2. Complexity
How complex is the
information?
N/A
1
2
3
4
5
N/A
1
2
3
4
5
3. Timeliness
How acceptable is
the timeliness of this
information for the
task?
4. Difficulty
How difficult is it to
use the information
to complete the
task?
5. Retention
For how long is this
information useful?
Not at all
Can complete with difficulty
Can complete easily
High - Requires integration
with other information or
calculations, interpretation
Medium - May need to
make an ID or write down
or do simple integration
with other information
Low - Simple signal word or
sign
NA
1
2
3
4
5
Completely Unacceptable
Unacceptable
Borderline
Acceptable
Completely Acceptable
NA
1
2
3
4
5
Very Difficult
Somewhat Difficult
Borderline
Somewhat Easy
Very Easy
NA
1
2
3
4
5
A few weeks or more
A few days
A few hours
A few minutes
A few seconds
6. Update
Frequency
How frequently do
you update this
information?
7. Frequency of
Use
How often do you
use this information?
8. Accuracy
How acceptable is
the accuracy of this
information for the
task?
9. Time Pressure
What time pressure
do you feel when
acquiring, sending or
receiving this
information?
NA
1
2
3
4
5
NA
1
2
3
4
5
NA
1
2
3
4
5
NA
1
2
3
4
5
Humansystems Incorporated
Soldier Information Requirements (indice definitions_report definitions)
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
No.___ Units___
(Never or now only)
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
No.___ Units___
Completely Unacceptable
Unacceptable
Borderline
Acceptable
Completely Acceptable
No.___ Units___
Extremely busy, very
difficult
Very busy, barely enough
time
Busy, challenging but
manageable
Moderate activity, spare
time
Light activity, minimum
demands
CFB Gagetown
Appendix 3:
VACP Scales
Humansystems Incorporated®
A-1-3
VACP Values and Descriptors
Scale Value
0.0
1.0
3.7
4.0
5.0
5.4
5.9
7.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
4.2
4.3
4.9
6.6
7.0
0.0
1.0
1.2
3.7
4.6
5.3
6.8
7.0
0.0
1.0
2.2
2.6
4.6
5.8
6.5
7.0
Scale Descriptor
Visual
No Visual Activity
Visually Register/Detect (detect occurrence of image)
Visually Discriminate (detect visual differences)
Visually Inspect/Check (discrete inspection/static condition)
Visually Locate/Align (selective orientation)
Visually Track/Follow (maintain orientation)
Visually Read (symbol)
Visually Scan/Search/Monitor (continuous/serial inspection, multiple
conditions)
Auditory
No Auditory Activity
Detect/Register Sound (detect occurrence of sound)
Orient to Sound (general orientation/attention)
Orient to Sound (selective orientation/attention)
Verify Auditory Feedback (detect occurrence of anticipated sound)
Interpret Semantic Content (speech)
Discriminate Sound Characteristics (detect auditory differences)
Interpret Sound Patterns (pulse rates, etc.)
Cognitive
No Cognitive Activity
Automatic (simple association)
Alternative Selection
Sign/Signal Recognition
Evaluation/Judgment (consider single aspect)
Encoding/Decoding, Recall
Evaluation/Judgment (consider several aspects)
Estimation, Calculation, Conversion
Psychomotor
No Psychomotor Activity
Speech
Discrete Actuation (button, toggle, trigger)
Continuous Adjustive (flight control, sensor control)
Manipulative
Discrete Adjustive (rotary, vertical thumbwheel, lever position)
Symbolic Production (writing)
Serial Discrete Manipulation (keyboard entries)
ANNEX B:
Attack Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1
Appendix 1:
Attack Scenario
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1-1
®
MISSION SCENARIO:
The Section Attack
Introduction
This vignette will follow a section performing a hasty attack during an advance to contact.
Experience has shown that when rapid action is essential for success, it is an advantage to
have set methods of tackling minor tactical problems which are known and understood.
Section battle drills were developed to provide an instinctive reaction to enemy encounters.
The seven drills described in this presentation are designed to teach the soldiers learned
reaction to combat stimuli during offensive operations at the section level. The sequential
execution of the drills is a logical progression of action that enables a section to overcome
minor opposition using fire and movement. The seven section battle drills are:
•Battle Drill One - Prepare for battle,
•Battle Drill Two - Reaction to effective enemy fire,
•Battle Drill Three - Locating the enemy,
•Battle Drill Four - Winning the fire fight,
•Battle Drill Five - The Approach,
•Battle Drill Six - The Assault,
•Battle Drill Seven - Consolidation.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-1
®
Scenario Overview
This scenario includes a section-level advance to
contact, fire and movement once in contact with the
enemy, and consolidation of the section following a
successful trench clearing assault. Although this
scenario will focus on the actions of 2 Section, it is
described in the context of a battalion operation.
In this scenario, 2 CMBG (Canadian Mechanized
Brigade Group) has secured the Mattawa Airstrip and
two plains (Gust and Jorgens) through a combined
water and air assault. Defence of the airfield is being
provided by 3 RCR (Royal Canadian Regiment) with
elements of the RCD (Royal Canadian Dragoons).
The armoured sqn Cbt team is acting as Brigade
reserve. Clearing the remainder of the Mattawa Plain
has been tasked to 1 RCR Battle Group.
Mattawa Plain
Mattawa Airstrip
Gust
Jorgens
Scenario Overview
The CO (Commanding Officer) of 1 RCR has
given his orders based on the information from the
attached RECCE Sqn. D Company of 1 RCR has
been tasked with the dismounted clearing of the
open section of the Mattawa plain. The OC
(Officer Commanding) D Coy 1 RCR has in turn
given his orders. D Coy will first conduct a
forward passage of lines through 3 RCR to phase
line IRON. Then D Coy will clear the open section
of the Mattawa plain dismounted, with 10 Platoon
left and 11 Platoon right and 12 Platoon in reserve.
In the third phase, D Coy will participate in the
Brigade assault on objective PEACH by securing
the Brigade Line of Departure (LD). Intelligence
has indicated only light enemy pockets on the
Mattawa Plain of Observation Post (OP) or section
size. The Pl Comds carry out their mission
analyses, combat estimates, and develop their
plans. Comd 11 Platoon has in turn given his
orders. 11 Platoon will clear the right flank with
two sections up (1 left, 2 right) and 3 Section in
reserve.
Humansystems Incorporated®
PEACH
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
AD
TIN
?
STEEL
IRON
LD
Page BI-2
®
Scenario Overview
Concurrently, D company is carrying out
preparation for battle (1) in the assembly area,
under the direction of the platoon warrants.
The OC D Coy’s Recce party has moved
forward to look beyond phase line IRON. As
per orders, D Coy 1 RCR links up with 3 RCR
to guide the company as they move to the
Attack Position (AP). In the Attack Position,
11 Platoon shakes out into its advance to
contact formation (i.e. 2 up). 1 Section (LEFT
forward) and 2 Section (RIGHT forward)
shake out into extended line formation.
A
D
?
10 11
2
IRON
LD
The company crosses the line of departure at H
hour and advances to contact. 2 Section uses
tactical formations (i.e. arrowhead and
extended line formations). Positive control is
maintained by Coy HQ to ensure that 10
Platoon and 11 Platoon advance together.
Control measures include report lines and
boundaries. Upon encountering effective
enemy fire, all members of the rifle section
react to effective enemy fire (2). No. 2
Section Comd reports “CONTACT WAIT
OUT!”.
AP
1
Assy
Scenario Overview
Speculative fire and changing fire positions
are used to locate the enemy (3). The Sect
5
Comd sends a contact report to the Pl Comd
6
advising position and strength being two
7
riflemen with automatic rifles. A fire control
4
order is given by the Sect Comd to ensure a
sufficient weight of fire is applied to the
3
enemy to neutralize him and win the fire
fight (4). Based on a combat appreciation,
the Sect Comd has been directed to destroy
the isolated enemy with his section alone,
allowing the Coy advance to continue. After
giving brief orders to his section, the section
2IC and Assault Group 2 will act as the fire
base while the remainder (Assault Group 1)
moves off to the right flank to begin their
approach.
The Pl Comd adds his medium machine gun (C6) to support the Section fire base. The Section Comd
who commands Assault Group 1, approach (5) to within grenade range of the enemy using a covered
approach as well as fire and movement techniques. Once the section is within grenade range of the
objective, an assault (6) of the enemy trench is conducted. One casualty is suffered. The soldiers clear
the trench and fight through the objective. Following the assault, the section performs consolidation
(7), including ammo re-distribution, PW (Prisoner of War) handling and administering first aid to the
casualty. Once the position is secure, the Pl Comd rejoins the advance and leap-frogs the third section
to take the right forward position. 2 Section now becomes depth.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-3
®
1. Preparation for Battle
2 Section prepares for battle, under the control of the
section 2IC, in an assembly area: a secure wooded area
south east of the airbase (Assy). The Sect Comd , having
issued his warning order to his section members, receives
his orders from the Pl Comd. If time is available, the Sect
Comd undertakes a reconnaissance of the map and ground
to determine the best approach and sources of natural
cover for the first bound. The Sect Comd prepares the
attached Op Order
NOTE: this order is provided in much greater detail than
is typical. Each level of the chain of command must
distill the orders from higher in order to provide the
essential details in his own orders to his subordinates.
?
Assy
Continued...
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
NOTE: These orders are provided in much greater detailed than is usual in order to assist nonmilitary users in comprehending the scope and context of the mission.
1. SITUATION:
.
A. ENEMY FORCES:
(1) STR: ISOLATED POCKETS OF EN UP TO SECTION STRENGTH THROUGHOUT
MATTAWA PLAN AND UP TO COY STRENGTH ALONG TRANSCANADA HIGHWAY
(2) LOC: KNOWN EN CONCENTRATIONS CENTERED AT GR 181951, POSSIBLE EN OP
AT GR 197933
(3) OBS: POSSIBLE AT AND APERS NUISANCE MINE FIELDS LOC AT GR 194923, 206919
(4) MORALE:
POOR
(5) NUC CAPABILITY: NONE
(6) CHEM CAPABILITY: EN KNOWN TO HAVE A PERSISTANT AND NON-PERSISTANT
CAPABILITY
(7) AIR CAPABILITY:
AIR PARITY EXISTS
B. FRIENDLY FORCES:
(1) GENERAL: 1RCR IS TASKED WITH CLEARING THE MAJORITY OF THE MATTAWA
PLAIN IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE BRIGADE ASSAULT ON OBJECTIVE PEACH. 1
RCR TO ADVANCE TWO COMPANIES UP, A COY LEFT FORWARD, D COY RIGHT
FORWARD. D COY TO ADVANCE TWO PLATOONS UP, 10 PLATOON LEFT
FORWARD, 11 PLATOON RIGHT FORWARD, 12 PLATOON RESERVE.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-4
®
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
(2) OUTLINE OF 1 RCR BG PLAN:
PHASE ONE - PASS THROUGH 3 RCR.
PHASE TWO -DISMOUNTED ADVANCE TO CONTACT.
.
PHASE
3 - SUPPORT BRIGADE DELIBERATE ATTACK ON OBJ PEACH.
RECCE PL TO GUIDE BG IN PHASE ONE. AA PL TO SECURE LD IRON DURING
PHASE ONE AND TWO. A SQN RCD CBT TM WILL BE IN RES. A COY WILL CLEAR
WEST SECTION OF MATTAWA PLAIN. D COY WILL CLEAR THE EAST HALF OF
MATTAWA PLAIN. C COY WILL REMAIN IN RESERVE
(3) OUTLINE OF D COY PLAN: D COY WILL CLEAR DISMTD EAST HALF OF MATTAWA
PLAIN WITH 2 PLS UP AND 1 IN RESERVE. 10 PL LEFT, 11 PL RIGHT, 12 PL IN
RESERVE. D COY WILL THEN SECURE LD FOR BRIGADE ATTACK ON OBJ PEACH
(4) OUTLINE OF 11 PL PLAN: 11 PLATOON TO ADVANCE TWO SECTIONS UP, 1
SECTION LEFT, 2 SECTION RIGHT, 3 SECTION DEPTH.
(5) AIR PLAN: TWO SORTIES FAST AIR ON CALL TO BG
D. ATTS AND DETS:
NO CHANGE TO SECTION
(1) UNDER COMD TO 1 RCR: A SQN RCD
(2) OP CON TO 1 RCR: A BTY 2 RCHA G19
(3) WITH:
(4) AIR SORTIES ALLOC TO 1 RCR: H21, FAC IN LOH, ON CALL FOR AIR SORTIES
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
2. MISSION: 2 SECT WILL CLEAR EAST HALF OF PL TRACE WITHIN BOUNDARIES
3. EXECUTION:
.
A. CONCEPT OF OPS - GENERAL OUTLINE:
(1) PHASE 1:
PARTICIPATE IN FORWARD PASSAGE OF LINES
(2) PHASE 2:
ADVANCE TO CONTACT
(3) PHASE 3:
SECURE LD AS PART OF D COY PLAN
B. GROUPINGS AND TASKS:
SOP: SECTION COMD COMMANDS #1 ASSAULT
GROUP, SECTION 2IC COMMANDS #2 ASSAULT GROUP
C. COORD INSTRS:
(1) TIMINGS:
(a) DEP ASSY AREA: XXXX HRS
(b) OCCUPY ATTACK POSITION: NO LATER THAN XXXX HRS
(c) MOVE TO LD: NOT BEFORE XXXX HRS
(d) H HR PHASE 2: XXXX HRS
(e) H HR PHASE 3: NOT BEFORE XXXX HRS
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-5
®
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
(2) MOVES:
(a) COY ORDER OF MARCH: 10 PL, COY HQ, 11 PL, 12 PL
(b) PL ORDER OF MARCH TO ATTACK POSITION: 1 SECT, PL HQ, 2 SECT, 3 SECT
(c) ADVANCE
IN SINGLE FILE IN CLOSE COUNTRY AND ARROWHEAD FORMATION IN
.
OPEN COUNTRY
(d) ROUTES: AS PER TRACE
(e) MARKINGS: NIL
(3) ASSY AREA:
(a) LOC: GR XXXXXX
(b) GUIDES: PROVIDED BY 3 RCR, RV - GR XXXXXX
(c) MARKINGS: 3 RCR TO MARK ROUTE FROM ASSY AREA TO ATTACK POSITION
(d) ACTION THERIN: PREP FOR BATTLE (COMMS CHECK, WEAPONS CHECK, CAM)
(4) ATTACK POSITION:
(a) LOC: GRXXXXXX
(b) GUIDES: 3 RCR TO PROVIDE GUIDE TO RELEASE POINT – GR XXXXXX
(c) SECURITY: 3 RCR TO PROVIDE
(d) ACTION THERIN: FINAL BP, SHAKE OUT INTO EXTENDED LINE, 1 ASSAULT
GROUP LEFT, 2 ASSAULT GROUP RIGHT
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
(5) LD:
(a) LOC: FROM GR XXXXX TO GR XXXXXX
(b) GUIDES: 3 RCR TO PROVIDE GUIDE
(c) MARKINGS:
MINETAPE
.
(d) SECURITY: 3 RCR
(6) ACTION ON CONTACT: SOP
(7) BDRY’S:
AS PER TRACE
(8) PHASE LINES:
NA
(9) REPORT LINES:
AS PER TRACE
(10) HIDE AND WAITING AREAS: AS PER TRACE
(11) FIRE PLAN – CFSP: AS PER TRACE
(12) NBC: TOPP LOW
(13) OPEN FIRE POLICY: DOUBLE TAP ON CONTACT
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-6
®
ORDERS: #2 SECTION, 11 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
4. SERVICE SUPPORT
A. DRESS: FIGHTING ORDER AND CARRY IPE (TOPP LOW)
B. EQPT:
AS PER UNIT SOP
C. WPNS:
AS PER UNIT SOP
.
D. AMMO: FULL COMBAT LOAD AND 4 EXTRA DRUMS OF C9
E. TPT: DISMOUNTED TO OBJ PEACH
F. POL: NA
G. RATS AND WATER: ONE IMP, ENSURE WATER BOTTLES ARE FULL
H. MED: AS PER UNIT SOP, SELF AID, BATTLE AID, FIRST AID, LEAVE CAS ON AXIS
OF ADVANCE FOR EVAC
I. PW: AS PER UNIT SOP, DISARM, SEARCH, SECURE, LEAVE ON AXIS OF ADVANCE
5. COMMAND AND SIGS
A. COMD LOC/RTES
B. SIGS
(1) CALL SIGNS
(2) RADIO SILENCE: BREAK ON CONTACT ONLY
(3) FREQ
(4) ALTN FREQ
(5) CODE WORDS
(6) NICK NAMES:
(7) CAS EVAC: BLUE SMOKE
(8) PASS WORD: BBZZ
1. Preparation for Battle
After the platoon warning orders are received,
the section, under the direction of the section
.
2IC, prepares
for battle. The soldiers apply
personal camouflage, check their weapons and
sights, check ammunition and load magazines,
prepare grenades, check communication
equipment, secure equipment, load the selected
webbing configuration (including NBC IPE),
and eat a hot meal. Section members undertake
forced rest whenever possible.
?
Assy
The section is ordered to fall-in for battle and
numbers-off from the right as per the drill. The
Sect Comd then inspects the section and gives
his orders to the section verbally, facilitated by
a map and sand model. After orders, the
section conducts rehearsals (i.e. reaction on
contact, obstacle crossing drills). Prior to
moving to the Attack Position with the platoon,
the Sect Comd receives authorization and test
fires the weapons and performs communication
checks.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-7
®
Move to Attack Position
1 RCR links up with a guide at a rendezvous
point (RV). The guide provides a brief on the
status of the area, locations of minefields,
locations of tripwires, and known locations of
the enemy. The guide escorts D Company on
their dismounted move to the Attack Position
(AP). 2 Section, as part of 11 Pl, has taken
their place in the Coy order of march.
In the AP, the 11 Pl shakes out. The platoon
assumes the advance formation “2 up” with 1
Section on the left, 2 Section on the right, 3
Section at depth (i.e. back and center). The Pl
Comd is located centrally behind the lead
sections.
?
IRON
LD
AP
RV
2 Section shakes out into the extended line
formation: 1 Aslt Gp left, 2 Aslt Gp right. At H
hour the section, along with the other leading
sections of the COY, cross the Line of
Departure IRON.
Assy
Continued...
Advance to Contact
A
D
10
At H hour, the section encounters the road at
LD IRON. As per orders, and as rehearsed
in preparation for battle, the section uses an
extended line to cross the road and then
adopts the arrowhead formation.
During the advance, the Sect Comd christens
the ground to indicate reference points (“lone
tree, burnt out vehicle, berm). He also
verbally identifies possible enemy positions
(“2IC keep an eye on the wood line to the
east”) using these visual points of reference
to orient section members to possible enemy
threats or to control section fire during an
enemy attack.
?
11
IRON
LD
AP
The Sect Comd uses hand signals to control
the section advance and to adopt an
arrowhead formation, thereby enabling good
fire support to the front and to the flanks.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-8
®
2. Reaction to Effective
Enemy Fire
The section is “bumped” by coming under
effective enemy fire. This drill relies on team
effort, reaction to anticipatory orders, clear
target indication, passage of information,
occupation of good fire positions, self
discipline and aggressive determined
behavior. All members of the rifle section
take immediate action by taking aimed shots,
dashing to cover, and using individual field
movements to avoid enemy fire. Section
members leopard crawl to a location where
they can spot the enemy position and return
fire. Using his section radio, the Sect Comd
reports “CONTACT WAIT OUT! to his Pl
Comd. The section members continue to
observe the enemy, return fire, and move to
new fire positions. They avoid bunching up
and pass information quickly and accurately,
using either voice or hand signals.
3. Locating the Enemy
The aim is now to locate and determine the
size and composition of the enemy
position. Given a determined enemy this
drill can be quite difficult.
The Sect Comd verbally requests his
section members to indicate the enemy
position. Speculative fire is used to try to
force the enemy to reveal their location.
The enemy can still not be located. The
section moves forward using fire and
movement covered by smoke.
An isolated enemy trench is located and
the enemy strength is estimated.. Holding
his rifle above his head, the Sect Comd
points out the general direction of the
enemy to the other members of the section.
The Section Comd then radios a detailed
CONTACT REPORT to the Pl Comd.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-9
®
4. Winning the Fire Fight
The Sect Comd verbally gives a fire control orders
to section members to bring maximum effective
fire onto the enemy position. The order (GRIT)
includes; Group (i.e. C9, #1 rifleman), Range,
Indication of the target (e.g. clock ray, tracer fire,
verbal description), and Type of fire (i.e. slow,
rapid fire). The Sect Comd performs a hasty
combat estimate and develops a plan. The Sect
Comd radios a SITREP to the Pl Comd indicating
that he plans to destroy the enemy. Upon approval
from the Pl Comd, the Sect Comd verbally issues
his orders. The plan is for a right flanking with
fire support from the 2IC and #2 Assault Group.
The brief orders inform all section members of
their roles and the objectives of the impending
approach and assault phases. The Pl Comd
provides the platoon machine gun (C6)
augmenting the section fire base.
The Coy Comd will continue on the advance in
order to maintain momentum, while this section
attack is ongoing. 12 Pl has moved to the right
forward position.
5. Approach
The aim of this drill is to approach to within
assault or grenade throwing range of the enemy
while continuing to suppress him, using battle
craft and available cover (i.e. fire and
movement). Using suppressive fire from the
support base, the Sect Comd and Assault Group
1, using smoke and cover, approach the enemy
flank on the double. Once in the assault position
the assault group shakes out into an extended
line formation, changes magazines and fixes
bayonets. Ideally, the assault group approaches
the objective at an angle of 90 degrees to
covering fire from the fire support base, so as
not to mask the covering fire. The ground will
dictate the approach.
The Sect Comd remains constantly alert,
watching the members of his own section, the
enemy position, while listening for information
over the radio. This is a critical maneuver
which can expose the assault group to flanking
fire. Momentum during the approach is
important and crucial during the transition to the
assault phase.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-10
®
6. Assault
The aim of this drill is to destroy or capture the
enemy. The section pauses only long enough for the
assault group objectives to be designated.
Momentum must be maintained. Maximum fire is
brought on the enemy position by the fire base while
the assault group prepares fragmentation grenades or
M72s. The final dash to the enemy should be as
short as possible. On grenade detonation, the assault
group attacks.
Fire teams rush the objective, one member assaults
under the covering fire of his partner. Once the fire
teams initiate their assault, the fire support base shifts
fire to the rear of the enemy position, cutting off any
enemy retreat. The trench is cleared. One fire team
suffers a casualty, requiring the remaining rifleman
to join the other fire team. The assault force fights
through the objective in case the enemy is positioned
in depth. A prisoner is disarmed and kept under
guard.
As the attack is progressing, the 11 Pl Comd is
positioning his platoon in order to maintain
momentum and continuing the larger task by
rejoining the Coy advance.
7. Consolidation
The enemy has been destroyed and the assault group
reorganizes beyond the enemy trench, in line with the axis of
advance. The Sect Comd orders the 2IC and Assault Group 2
to move forward and re-join the section. During the
consolidation, the section adopts an all-round hasty defensive
position. Each section member adopts a fire position in a
different compass direction, generally facing the threat.
The Sect Comd consults each section member for a status
report and assigns each an arc of fire. Section members
alternately refill magazines and report the number of
magazines, grenades and SRAAW (Short Range Anti-Armour
Weapons) still in their possession. The Sect Comd verifies
each soldier’s stock and the 2IC redistributes the load
between section members.
The Sect Comd remains in contact with the Pl Comd and
reports objective secure. For security purposes, the section
remains vigilant while preparing for likely enemy counterattack. If time, terrain, and enemy activity permit, the section
may carry out detailed drills. First aid is rendered
immediately to the section casualty to keep him alive until he
can be evacuated. Prisoners are searched and secured. The
Sect Comd provides a casualty and ammo report to the Pl
Comd. The Pl Comd then moves the third section to the right
forward position and rejoins the advance as the depth Pl in
the Coy.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-11
®
Continue the Advance
With the position now taken, service support
activities can be carried out. The infantry
company sergeant major has established a
casualty and a PW collecting point near the
objective. An air evacuation helicopter now
moves forward to pick up the casualties. The
point also receives PWs who have been
escorted to the rear.
D COY has continued with its mission of
advance to contact with 10 Platoon left and 12
Platoon right.
11 Pl Comd has moved his depth section to the
right forward position and rejoins the advance.
The Coy Comd gives the following order:
“42A; 49er, well done, CC4 move now, Out!”
Conclusion
In this Company advance to contact we have seen the mounting of a section attack to
engage an enemy on the flank. The critical points include:
•maintenance of momentum
•speed and violence of executing a hasty attack
•use of battle drills
•the command, control and communications (C3) between higher and lower levels
•the use of the combat estimate
These activities are carried out at every level and explain why the section attack is a
fundamental tool in Canadian leadership training. Higher level attacks will use the
section battle drills in one form or another.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Appendix B: SIREQ Attack Scenario
Page BI-12
Appendix 2:
Attack Function Flow Diagrams
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1-2
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Section Members
Coy Comd
Issue Written
Wng O
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Issue Verbal
Op O
Listen to Verbal
Op O
Read Text
Wng O
Prepare Verbal
Wng O
AS4
Record Pointform notes of
Op O
Issue Verbal
Wng O
Listen to Verbal
Wng O
Begin to
Prepare
Op O
Record Pointform notes of
Wng O
Calculate Time
Appreciation
Issue Verbal
Wng O to Prep
for Battle
AS1
Perform Time
Check
AS2-3
Extract pertinant
points
Listen to Verbal
Wng O
AR1
Issue Orders
Begin to
Prepare
Op O
Visually Perform
Map Recce of
ground
Calculate Time
Appreciation
Receive Orders
Visually Perform
Map Recce of
Ground
Plan Visual
Recce of
Ground
Perform Visual
Recce of Ground
Apply
Camouflage
AR2
Write Op O
Plan Visual
Recce of
Ground
Verbal (face to
face) Co-ord with
Section Comds and
PL WO, etc.
Formulate
Advance to
Contact Plan
Verbal (face to
face) Co-ord with
Local Units
Perform Visual
Recce of Ground
Check weapons,
ammo, comms
Page 1
AS5
AS6
Page 2
Formulate
Advance to
Contact Plan
Issue Verbal
Order to Fall in
AS7
Plt Comd
Verbally
Authorize
Weapons Test
Fire
Receive
Authorization for
Weapons Test
Fire
Fall in for Battle
Visually Inspect
Equip. and Sect.
Phys/Mental Status
Verbally Number
off from the right
Issue Verbal
Op O
Listen to Verbal
Op O
Detail Plan
using Visual
Map
Observe Map
Demonstrate
Concept using
Sandbox Model
Observe Sandbox Model
Verbally
Authorize
Weapons Test
Fire
Section Comd
Receive
Authorization for
Weapons Test
Fire
Verbally
Authorize
Weapons Test
Fire
Verbal Radio
Check
Listen for
Radio Check
Listen to Verbal
Response
Verbally
Acknowledge
Radio Check
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Listen to
Authorization
Test fire
weapons
AR3
AR4
AR5
MOVE TO ATTACK
POSITION
Issue Verbal
Move Command
Listen to Verbal
Move Command
Issue Verbal
Move Command
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Section Members
Listen to Verbal
Move Order
Verbally Confirm
Plan
Issue Hand Signals to
Assume Advance
Formations
Verbally Confirm
Concept
Listen to
Formation Order
Move
Dismounted to
Attack Position
Receive verbal
request to test
fire
Receive verbal
request to test
fire
Verbally request
authority to test
fire
Rehearse Drills
Assume
Advance
formation
Verbally request
authority to test
fire
Issue Verbal/Hand
Signal Formations
Orders
Page 3
Observe Hand
Signal
Command
Page 4
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
Coy Comd
ADVANCE TO CONTACT
Plt Comd
AS10
Pass Signal down
line to other
section members
Issue Hand
Signal Arrowhead
Formation
H-hour?
No
Yes
Visually Confirm
Formation
Pass Signal down
line to other
section members
Assume
extended line
formation
Wait
Issue Hand
Signal to Move
Out
see hand Signal
to Move Out
Observe Hand
Signal
Command
Visually Confirm
Formation
Adopt
Arrowhead
Formation
Verbally Identify
Visual Reference
Points and Possible
En. Posn.
Listen to Verbal
Description
AR7
Wait
Pass Description
down line to other
section members
Hand Signal
Move Order
Observe Hand
Signal
Command
Visually Search
for References
and Enemy
AR7
Pass Signal down
line to other
section members
Visually Confirm
Line Crossing
Use Hand Signals
to Control
Movement
Cross Line of
Departure
Monitor Coy
Comd hand
Signals and
Monitor Combat
Radio Net
Issue Verbal
Commands to
Control
Movement
Page 5
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Verbally Confirm
Sightings
Listen to Verbal
Movement
Orders
Page 6
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
Listen to Verbal
Contact Wng
Listen to Verbal
Contact Wng
Issue Hand
Signal Movement
Order
Observe Hand
Signal Order
Pass signal down
line to other
section members
Visually Confirm
Formation
Section Comd
Section Comd
Visually Confirm
Formation
AS12
Verbally Radio
Contact Wng
Issue Verbal
Order to Locate
En Position
Return Fire if
Enemy is Seen
AR8
Listen to Locate
Order
Adjust Advance
Accordingly
Visually Search
for En Position
REACT TO EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE
Section Comes Under Fire
AS11
Use Speculative
Fire and Smoke
Fire Two Round
Burst
Run 5 meters to
Cover
Listen to Verbal
Position Report
Verbally Report
En Position
(1 soldier)
Raise Rifle to
Point to En
Position
Observe Rifle
Direction
(whole section)
Radio Verbal
Contact Report
Visual Search
and Observe En
Position
Issue Verbal
GRIT Orders
Listen to Verbal
GRIT Orders
Visually Recce
Ground
Visually Identify
Targets
Drop to Prone
Position
Listen to Verbal
Contact Report
Listen to Verbal
Contact Report
Crawl to
Observation
Position
WINNING THE FIRE FIGHT
Sight Weapon
AR9
Page 7
Page 8
Coy Comd
Section Comd
Plt Comd
AS13
Coy Comd
Section Members
AR9
Perform Hasty
Combat Estimate
Develop Plan
Orient Weapons
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
APPROACH
Verbally Confirm
Orders
Assault Team
Estimate Range
and Adjust Sight
Order MG Det
forward to Sect
Issue Verbal
Move/Fire Order
Listen to Move
Order
Fire Support Team
Listen to Fire
Order
Sight on Target
Withdraw to
Cover
Run to En Flank
Position
Fire weapons
Listen to Verbal
Sitrep and
Attack Plan
Listen to Verbal
Sitrep and
Attack Plan
Verbally
Authorize Plan
Receive
authority to
attack as
planned
Verbally
Authorize Plan
Radio Verbal
Sitrep and
Attack Plan
AS14
Visually Detect
Fall of Shot
Issue Hand
Signal for
Extended Line
Adjust Aim
2I/C Verbally
Controls Rate of
Fire
Listen to Verbal
Authorization
Issue Verbal
Attack Order
Observe Hand
Signal Order
Pass
Signal down line
to other section
members
Link up with MG
Det
COORD with
MG DET MCPL
Provide
Suppressive
Fire
Adopt Extended
Line Formation
Fire Weapons
Issue Verbal
Order to Prepare
Weapons
Listen to Verbal
Attack Order
Listen to Verbal
Order
Change Mags
and Prep
Grenades
Page 9
Page 10
Fire Support Team
Assault Team
Section Comd
Assault Team
ASSAULT
AS14
Observe Hand
Signal Order
Issue Hand
Signal to
Approach Assault
Line
AR10
AR11
Fatality
Yes
Crawl to Assault
Line
Verbally
Designate
Objectives
Partner Provides
Covering Fire for
Team Member
Moving
Is team member dead?
No
No
Listen to
Objectives
Perform self-aid
Yes
Alternate Partner
Verbally Reports
"MOVING"
Team member moves?
Can team member
perform self-aid?
Yes
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Verbally Confirm
Objectives
Verbally Order
Grenades to
begin Attack
Listen to
Grenade Order
No
Is trench reached?
No
Wait for Help
Yes
Throw Grenades
and Assault
Observe
Grenades and
Section Assault
Yes
Is an enemy soldier
captured?
Assault Team
Clears Trench
No
Fire Base Shifts
Fire to Rear of
En Position
Assault Team
Assault Team
Fights Through
Objective
Fire
Base Observes
FightingThrough
AR11
Fire team
Assaults Under
Covering Fire of
Partner
Partner joins
other fire team
Yes
Is team member
incapacitated?
No
Partner verbally reports
"COVERING"
One Section
Member Guards
Prisoner of War
(PW)
Fire Base Holds
Fire
Alternate Partner
Moving
Yes
Page 11
Page 12
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
CONSOLIDATION
Sect Comd
Assault Team
Verbally Order to
Reorg
Listen to Verbal
Order for Reorg
Verbally indicate
Reorg. Site
Move to Reorg
Site
Verbally Order
Fire Support
Group Forward
Coy Comd
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Issue Verbal Order to Check En
Trenches
Listen to Verbal
Order to Check
En Trench
Listen to Verbal
Radio SITREP
Check Status of
Injured Soldier
Perform First Aid
as Necessary
Move to Reorg
Site
Return to Reorg
Position with
Prisoner and
Captured Papers
Adopt All-round
Hast Defence
(facing arcs)
Listen to Verbal
Status Report
Listen to Verbal
Radio AMMO-CAS
Report
Verbally Report
Casualty Status
Verbally Radio
SITREP
Verbally Request
AMMO-CAS
Report
Listen to Verbal
Radio AMMO-CAS
Report
Search for
Missing Section
Member
Physically
Search Trench
and Secure
Enemy
Listen to Verbal
Casualty report
Listen to Verbal
Radio SITREP
AR13
Section Members
Move to Trench
Listen to Verbal
Order for Reorg
Arrive at Reorg
Site
Issue Hand
Signal to Assign
Arcs of Fire
Fire Support Team
Report Status
"#1 rifleman OK 3 mags", etc.
Verbally Radio
AMMO-CAS
Report
Issue Verbal Order to Check for
Wounded Section Member
Listen to Verbal
Search Results
Verbally Report
Search Results
2I/C Verbally
Orders
Redistribution of
Ammo
Listen to Verbal
Order to
Redistribute
Ammo
Prepare SITREP
and AMMO-CAS
Report
Redistribute
Ammo
Verbally Radio
SITREP
Alternately Refill
Magazines
Listen to Verbal
Order to Provide
Report Status
Listen to Verbal
Order to Check
for the Missing
Section Member
Page 13
Listen to Verbal
Radio SITREP
Listen to Verbal
Radio SITREP
AR12
Page 14
Coy Comd
Listen to
Response
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Listen to Verbal
PW and CAS
Order
Listen to Verbal
PW and CAS
Orders
Listen to
Response
Verbally
Acknowledge Cas
and PW Points
Section Members
Plt Comd
Section Comd
Issue Verbal
Commands to
Control
Movement
Listen to Verbal
Movement
Orders
Section Members
Issue Verbal
Movement Order
Listen to Verbal
Order to Move
Adopt Advance
Formation
Issue Verbal
Indentification of
Cas and PW
Points
Listen to Verbal
Indication of
CAS and PW
Points
Issue Verbal
Order to Escort
PW to PW
Collection Point
Listen to Order
to Escort POW
Issue Verbal
Order to Assist
First Aider in
Carrying
Wounded Pers
to CAS point
Issue Verbal/ Hand
Signal Orders to
Control Formation
Listen to/
Observe Orders
Pass Orders
down line to other
section members
Listen to Order
to Assist First
Aider
Escort PW to
Collection Point
Carry
Casualty to
Collection Point
Guard PW until
Relieved
Adjust Formation
Accordingly
Visually Confirm
Formation
Continue the
Advance
Rejoin Section
Rejoin Section
Alternately refill
magazines as
required
Page 15
Page 16
Appendix 3:
Attack CTA Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1-3
Soldier Information Requirements
ATTACK: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
AR1
Task Description
Receive Initial
Warning Orders
(Section)
What
Concept of mission task,
geographical area, no movement,
before (timings), enemy information.
Who
Section Comd or 2IC
briefing to Section
members.
How
Why
A verbal briefing from Section Comd or 2IC to Section
Gives rifleman information to allow them to do own time
members. If the Wng Order is written then Section members appreciation for preparation for specific mission. Given overview
may be required to sign a distribution list to acknowledge
of mission (distance to objective and likely enemy) soldier can
receipt.
integrate any knowledge of the ground (may borrow map) and
weather to estimate needs and prepare rations, ammunition and
appropriate clothing.
Cues
Rough idea of mission, distance, likely
routes and terrain, enemy, weather auditory and visual cues.
Volume
About 1-minute verbal or
equivalent text.
AR2
Prepare for Battle
Preparation activities based on the
details of Warning Orders mission,
objective, special weapons, likely
enemy locations, status, and
intentions. No movement before
(timings), and orders, location and
timings provide the framework for
preparation for battle.
2IC (supervises) and
Select, organize, and maintain equipment and weapons
fire team partner will
systems using mental checklist and buddy system.
help each individual to
prepare.
AR3
Receive Orders
Verbal
Verbal orders contain much more
Section Comd briefing
detail than the Warning Order.
to Section members.
Additional information includes
timings, locations, routes,
communication equipment operating
instructions (CEOI), frequencies,
nicknames, passwords, Line of
Departure, and instructions on how
the mission will be conducted.
AR4
Receive Orders Map Briefing
Verbal and visual concept of mission Section Comd provides Section Comd will orient map to ground (indicating north),
tasks using the map with critical
briefing, 2IC will usually noting key reference features, and give an overview of the
information such as routes,
write down details,
mission.
objectives, own location, objective riflemen receive
rendezvous, obstacles (trace
briefing.
information).
Section Comd gives intent and mission information so that
Listen to orders and view map.
Section members can take over and execute the mission if
required due to loss of contact or casualty. Can use information
to predict enemy intent or likely location. Develops mental model
of mission and situation for entire Section.
AR5
Receive Orders Sand Box
Section Comd gives detailed review of mission execution at
Similar to Map Briefing but with more A rifleman builds the
detailed rehearsal of mission
model and the Section the objective by referring to the sand model.
execution using a notional 3D model. Comd gives the
briefing.
Sand box provides a more effective means of visualizing the
Section Comd and model for verbal and Supplementary to the map
ground and associated reference points, when compared to a
visual indications of the mission.
briefing.
map. It provides a better indication of the topography and routes
and also helps to teach people how to read the ground on a map.
The map is still required to refresh the mental model of the
sandbox when on the move. This terrain/task representation
further develops the Section's common mental model of the
mission.
AR6
Control Section
Movement
(Rifleman
perspective)
Control the movement and
Section Comd to
configuration of the Section in a field Section Members
formation.
Must prepare kit to meet specific needs of mission and weather. Personalized mental checklist and actions
E.g. weather, geography and distance determines clothing such of other Section members based on
as extra socks and water load, and mission factors can affect the SOP. Consult details of Warning Orders,
selection of weapons (possibly special weapons, sights, and
available map information, and any
equipment), ammunition, rations, camouflage etc.
meteorological report (weather forecast)
for the mission timeframe.
A detailed verbal briefing from Section Comd. If the briefing Gives riflemen detailed instruction on the mission and indicates Verbal information from Section Comd.
is given at night, and light discipline must be maintained, the differences from Standard Operating Procedures for any specific
section orders briefing will be held under a hastily constructedactions e.g. sniper, trip flares.
cover of ground sheets with limited lighting.
Section Comd uses verbal commands and visual hand
It is necessary to adopt the most effective formation type and
signals to tactically move and configure Section in field
control the pace and configuration of the formation, when
formation (arrowhead, extended line). In advance to contract searching for the enemy, to better improve survivability, prevent
not necessarily trying to be stealthy. Section Comd gives
fratricide, and provide the maximum available fire power when
verbal order and is heard or is passed “down the line” or the and where it will most likely be required.
hand signal is seen by Section members (they look at Comd
when they can't hear him). More difficult at night (need to
move more closely together) and for C6, C9 or 84mm as they
can be 2-300 m away. If required to be stealthy and Section
members cannot see the commands then control is lost. Due
to this limitation, Canadian forces do not advance to contact
at night.
Detailed and extensive
amounts of mission
information. Extent of the
review of Standard
Operating Procedures will
depend on experience and
training of the Section
members.
Lots of information in the
order is key to success. Will
write down information when
differing from Standard
Operating Procedure.
Visual and auditory commands from
Signal.
Section Comd. Field formation choices
tend to be SOP as dictated by the ground
and the tactical situation.
Soldier Information Require
ATTACK: Rifleman
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Sets the situational context for
awareness focus and
preparation. Rely heavily on
knowledge of previous events to
augment current situation.
Fnc Flow
AR1
Task Description
Receive Initial
Warning Orders
(Section)
Decisions
Comms
Riflemen will be told the
Verbal briefing.
basic requirements for
ammo load and rations to
carry etc. However
information is key for
preparation of these items
and other more
discretionary items such as
appropriate clothing and
water.
Workload
Generally, workload
levels are low for the
riflemen at this stage.
Training
Some preparation is
Standard Operating
Procedure but
novices will follow
lead of others to
ensure they are
aware of any extra
situation specific
equipment.
Information Technology Goals
All members of Section should
have a map or equivalent
representation of the ground
between the current location and
the objective. The timeliness of this
information is key to allow proper
preparation for battle.
AR2
Prepare for Battle
Need to be aware of mission
reqirements and conditions
which might affect the selection
and preparation of clothing,
equipment, and disposables
(e.g. rations, ammo).
Section Comd and
rifleman will be told basic
requirements for
ammunition load and
rations to carry etc. but any
amount of Warning Order
information is key for
preparation of these items
and other more
discretionary items such as
appropriate clothing and
water. Map
reconnaissance will detail
camouflage requirements.
Generally, workload More experienced
levels are low for the are more accurate,
riflemen at this stage. have better mental
checklists and are
better at predicting
and estimating the
situation. Less
experienced will get
help from fire team
partner, 2IC or from
Sect. Comd. at the
inspection.
a) Memory aid for long term
mission information, e.g. Comd's
guide, may be useful at the Section
Comd and rifleman level. b)
Environmental data such as 12
hour meteorological forecast.
Geographical information.
AR3
Receive Orders
Verbal
Key information for awareness
and understanding of mission
intent and execution. Need to
know relevant mine field and
artillery and air locations and
resources, timings, CEOIs and
passwords etc.
Listen to verbal
briefing. Questions
are used for
clarification.
High cognitive and
proprioceptive
(writing). Moderate
auditory demands. A
number of critical
mission details must
be understood, and
related to the ground
and mission timings.
Experienced
a) Aide memoire for timings,
riflemen are better CEOI, nicknames, frequencies etc.
able to focus on the Everyone should have orders and
key briefing
geographical representation in
information, and
advance of and during briefing.
record these items in
an aide memoire.
Less experienced
riflemen will write
everything down and
refer to all the details
frequently.
AR4
Receive Orders Map Briefing
Orders information is key, routes
obstacles, ground, streams etc.
Listen to verbal
briefing. Questions
are used for
clarification.
High visual,
proprioceptive, and
cognitive demands.
Moderate auditory
demands.
Experienced
a) Provide an annotated map and
riflemen are better trace for each rifleman to enhance
able to focus on the information transfer and
key briefing
comprehension. b) Geographical
information, and
information (in 3D) integrated with
record these items in mission information.
an aide memoire.
Less experienced
riflemen will write
everything down and
refer to all the details
frequently.
AR5
Receive Orders Sand Box
Key to supplement the verbal
orders.
Listen to verbal
briefing. Questions
are used for
clarification.
High visual and
cognitive demands.
Moderate auditory
demands.
Building the sandbox a) Geographical information (in
helps to teach
3D) integrated with key mission
people how to relate information.
the map to the
ground.
AR6
Control Section
Movement
(Rifleman
perspective)
Need to be aware of Section
Comd location at all times for
visual cues and be able to hear
orders. Need awareness of
location of other Section
members and fire team partner
relative to own position to
maintain formation shape.
Awareness of the tactical
implications of the ground and
the status and likely locations of
enemy forces is useful for
anticipating and adapting
movement and formations.
Cues other than overt Moderate workload
signals from Section levels.
Comd are important
for field formation and
movement control.
The actions of your
Section neighbor and
the commands
"passed down the line"
from member to
member are key to
signalling movement
and formation
changes.
Novices can miss
a) Night Vision Goggles to aid with
subtle tactical and night movement. b) Intra Section
terrain cues which communication system.
would signal a more
experienced rifleman
to anticipate a
command or signal
from their Section
Comd.
Fnc Flow
AR7
Task Description
Searching for
Targets
What
Who
How
Why
Cues
Volume
Each Section member searches their All Section members
Section Comd christens the ground, while controlling Section Require tactical movement while looking for enemy. Need to
Visual cues from unnatural objects and Signals.
arcs for targets, possible enemy fire are looking and listeningmovement and formation, by indicating possible enemy
anticipate and detect possible enemy locations and positions of sounds from tracks, vehicle doors or
positions, cover and concealment
for targets.
locations, features to observe, and key areas of vulnerability. cover to improve Section survivability and to increase the odds of engines. Verbal commands from Section
while responding to Section Comd
All Section members use their eyes, optical sight, binoculars winning the fire fight.
Comd using reference position and clock
movement and formation orders.
and ears to search for signs of the enemy. Area of interest is
reference system or "follow tracer"
well beyond 300m but area of influence and likely area of
rounds.
target engagement is out to approximately 300m.
AR8
Locate Enemy
Determine location of enemy and
communicate to Section.
All Section members.
AR9
Win the Fire Fight
Reduce or eliminate the
effectiveness of enemy fire by
engaging the enemy with
suppressive fire.
Second in command
2IC controls fire teams by watching fall of shot, adjusting aim The enemy must be suppressed with fire to reduce or eliminate
supervises fire teams in and rate of fire, and by selecting alternative weapon systems effective enemy fire, and to allow for the preparation and
the Section.
At night, tracer fire can be used for target designation and to execution of an assault (allowing Section to maneuver) on the
indicate fall of shot. Individual riflemen employ targetting drill enemy.
to detect, identify, and engage targets based on estimations
of distance and your own weapons effectiveness.
Visual cues for distance estimation, fall of
shot, tracer fire, effectiveness of enemy
fire and actions. Auditory cues for weight
of enemy fire, coordination of friendly fire,
verbal commands by 2IC, and fire team
"neighbor" actions.
AR10
Adopt Assault
Formation
Fire teams adopt tactical positions
prior to engaging in the assault.
Section comd to assault Secton Comd maneuvers the assault group to a covered
Assault group must come out of hidden position at shortest
team.
position, typically perpendicular to the enemy position, prior topossible distance from objective (planned position) to minimize
lauching the assault. If the Section is maneuvering in cover t exposure time to enemy fire.
a position of cover, locating the assault group perpendicular
to the Section's covering fire is extremely difficult. Often the
Section Comd will stop the assault group short of the assault
line and move stealthily to a position of observation to confirm
position relative to enemy. Difficult to come out perpendicula
to enemy position. It takes a long time to find a perpendicula
position and therefore exposes Section/rifleman to delays and
enemy fire.
Map. Hand signals to control movement
on approach. Also listen for Secton
covering fire and watch for smoke, both
of which can be used as signals to start
the assault.
AR11
Assault (fire and
Assault team approaches and
movement control) attacks objective.
Section comd to assault Section comd gives order to assault and then relies on
Control assault group to effectively attack and respond to enemy
group and fire teams. coordinating fire and movement within each fire team.
reaction.
Although most fire and movement is executed as a drill, the
Section comd may invoke fire team control to better control
and direct the engagement, especially if the assault is
suppressed by the enemy.
Hand signals and verbal commands
Signals
during assault. E.g. "Group, group, group
shift left" or "Team, team, team shift
right". Signals from Section comd, team
partner, group leader etc.
AR12
Consolidation,
Adopt all around defense and check Section Comd to
Redistribute Ammo ammunition and equipment.
Platoon Commander
(situation report),
Section Comd to
Section, Section to 2nd
in command to Platoon
Warrant Officer.
AR13
Consolidation,
Casualty
Assess casualty status while in the
consolidation, all-round defence.
Search for enemy by seeking visual and auditory cues.
Section works collectively to support individual movement to
different observation positions to try and detect enemy
location. If passive observation is unsuccessful then the
Section Comd will select one or more riflemen to try and
draw fire by engaging the enemy with speculative fire and by
employing skirmishing bounds towards the likely direction of
the enemy. Once sited, the position of the enemy is
communicated to other members of the Section by providing
distance/bearing estimates, references to visual features,
tracer fire, etc.
To reduce the effectiveness of enemy fire, the enemy location
Visual cues include weapons flash and Simple signal for detecting,
must first be determined to enable the Section to identify the mos smoke, enemy silouette and movement, and GRIT (group range
effective positions of cover from which to apply suppressive fire toprepared positions (wire, trenches,
indication type of fire) order
win the fire fight. Once the enemy is located, the Section Comd disturbed dirt, sandbags), etc. Auditory for location.
can begin preparing a tactical plan to close with and destroy the cues include enemy weapons noise at
enemy.
source, round impacts at Section, crackthump of rounds. Note: It is often very
difficult to locate the enemy since
prepared enemy positions are generally
well camouflaged, low to the ground, and
ambushes are launched when the Section
is in disadvantaged ground. Also, there is
considerable noise and panic in the
Section during exposure to effective
enemy fire, delaying ease and speed of
the search for the enemy, Section control
and coordination.
Generally performed with Standard Operating Procedure
To hastily prepare and adopt an all-round defensive position
Verbal, visual and tactile.
however Section Comd will often adjust arcs of fire for each against counter attack while consolidating and preparing for next
fire team. Each fire team assesses (1 at a time using buddy task.
system) requirement for ammunition to bring them back up to
first line levels and checks the status of other equipment (e.g.
magazines, gas mask, and bayonet). Status and
requirements are communicated to 2IC who then
consolidates the Section's resupply needs and communicates
these to the Platoon Warrant Officer.
Section Comd inspects The Section Comd performs a head count and enquires into To identify, treat, and evacuate casualties as quickly as possible Verbal and visual.
the casualty status of each Section member. If their fire teamfollowing an assault. Casualty management during consolidation
and interacts with
must be performed quickly and systematically from a tactically
Section members and partner is missing or they witnessed a casualty during the
provides casualty report assault, the Section member will inform the Section Comd secure position.
to Platoon Comd
and receive order to leave defensive position to search for,
assist, and retrieve the casualty. The Section Comd will then
inform the Platoon Warrant Officer who will move up from the
firebase to collect any casualties (in minutes).
Fnc Flow
AR7
Task Description
Searching for
Targets
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Decisions
Need to be aware of enemy
ambush and sniper tactics to
better anticipate enemy locations
and be aware of own tactical
response when in contact with
the enemy. Need to be
continually aware of possible
positions of cover from enemy
fire so that they be immediately
adopted if the Section comes
under fire.
Comms
Workload
High attentional
demand on vision
and moderate
demands on
proprioception.
AR8
Locate Enemy
Need to be aware of location
and status of fire team partner,
Section Comd, and other
Section members. Terrain
conditions for cover, lines of
sight, and arcs of fire. Friendly
flanking Unit locations.
Tactically most effective ground
in vicinity which could be
occuppied by enemy force.
Fire team partner, 2nd High stress situation
in command, adjacent and very difficult to
fire team, 2nd in
locate concealed
command - 1 assault enemy. Visual,
group and Section
cognitive, and
comd, 2 assault group. auditory attentional
demands are
extremely high.
AR9
Win the Fire Fight
Need to be aware of 2IC
location and status, enemy
effectiveness and strength, fire
team member status, status of
adjacent fire teams, and
effectiveness of own and
Section fire.
2IC yells commands High workload
and Section members demands.
yell verbal coordination
instructions
AR10
Adopt Assault
Formation
Status of Section covering fire,
status of enemy position,
activities of flanking enemy
Units, location of enemy
position, timings.
AR11
Assault (fire and
Enemy position/status/actions,
movement control) location and actions of fire team
partner, location and commands
of Section comd, actions of fire
base, own ammunition count,
own fire position and cover,
terrain conditions and cover.
Yelled to be heard
High visual, auditory,
over battlefield noise to cognitive demands.
control movement and
fire. Often difficult to
hear. Yelled orders
can also be overheard
and understood by
enemy.
AR12
Consolidation,
State of individual and fire team
Redistribute Ammo ammunition and equipment.
Status and strength of Section
members, status and position of
other friendly Units, location and
likely intentions of other enemy
Units, likely enemy counterattack routes, arcs of
observation, cover, and fire
afforded by Section positions.
Face-to-Face
interactions with fire
team member and
2IC.
Moderate workload
levels.
AR13
Consolidation,
Casualty
Verbal.
Moderate workload
levels.
Status of own condition and that
of your immediate fire team
member. Status of other
Section members. Location of
Section Comd and 2IC.
Assault group location in Hand signals to control Moderate workload
relation to enemy position movement. Smoke, levels.
and axis of covering fire. fire, etc. to signal
initiation of the assault.
Both visual and
auditory signals can be
difficult to observe on
the battlefield.
Information content is
limited to signals only.
Training
Information Technology Goals
a) Improve night surveillance with
thermal imaging and image
intensification capabilities. b)
Improve ability to identify enemy
position once detected. c) Digital
map with known locations of
enemy, current own location and
flanking friendly Units.
Less experienced
rifleman may be
more anxious, less
controllable, and
more likely to
expend more ammo
ineffectively.
a) Periscope or off-bore sighting
capability. b) Image enhancement
(eg. binoculars, night vision,
thermal sights). c) Bearing
indiciation and range indication in
sighting system. d) Intra (within)
Section communication system to
improve control and reduce
perceptions of isolation. e)
auditory sound localization system
(e.g. sniper detection system)
a) NVG (night vision goggles) and
TI (thermal imagery). b) Range
indication and corresponding
weapon sighting capability to +/2m. c) Intra Section
communications
a) Digital Map with own location
and enemy objective indicated as
accurate as possible. (Navigational
aides). b) Intra-section
communications. c) IR (infrared)
designator.
More training and
a) Intra (within) Section
experience among communication. b) Round counter
fire teams, assault (I.e. signal when <5 rds remaining).
groups, and the
Section requires less
overt control and
communications.
a) Casualty status monitor. b)
Method of identifying a soldier's
position so that they can be found if
unconscious.
Soldier Information Requirements
ATTACK: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
AS1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon)
What
Probable mission, timings, direction
and special instructions.
Who
Platoon comd to
Section comd.
How
A verbal briefing from Platoon Comd or signaler using radio
orders, or a textual order delivered by a runner. (Note:
Section comd usually brings runner to Warning Orders to be
able to send early information and special instructions back
to the Section 2nd in command.)
Why
Provides Section comd with information that allows them to do
time appreciation in preparation of specific mission. Once given
the overview of mission (e.g. distance to objective and likely
enemy) Section comd can integrate with map reconnaissance
and weather to estimate rations, ammo and appropriate clothing
etc.
AS2
Quick Map
Reconnaissance to
Prepare Warning
Orders
Use map info (in conjunction with
mission and weather) to create
Warning Order for own section. Key
is obstacles, terrain, boundaries,
objective and likely route.
Section Comd does
map reconnaissance
and prepares Warning
Orders.
Review map and relate to available mission info and special
instructions.
Must prepare equipment, any special briefings, and any rehearsal Paper map for terrain, obstacles,
training to meet specific needs of mission, terrain, and weather.
boundaries, likely enemy locations and
Often weather, geography and distances involved determines
approaches.
clothing such as extra socks and water load, weapons (possibly
special weapons or kit [e.g. climbing ropes]) ammo, rations,
camouflage etc.
AS3
Prepare Warning
Orders
Integrate available information and
procedural knowledge to identify
obstacles, terrain, boundaries,
routes, woods, likely fire base
locations, objective (enemy), snow
and ice, rivers, swamp etc.
Section comd for
Section.
Review all information, including maps, mission information
and special instructions. Estimate timings and required kit.
Detail Warning Order information and have 2nd in command
assemble Section.
Providing information about the nature of an upcoming mission is Communicate critical mission details
critical for the preparation for battle within the section. Even
(e.g. timings, tasks, conditions, terrain,
general information is sufficient for the section to determine and
weather, distances, etc.)
prepare equipment, plan meals and rest, and to undertake critical
task rehearsal and review. Early information, disseminated early,
can also provide more time for thorough planning and the
construction of mission map models.
AS4
Receive Orders
Detailed operations orders are
briefed to the Section comds
regarding the mission, execution,
changes from Warning Orders,
routes, ground, objective, etc.
Platoon comd to
Section comd.
Platoon comd will orient the map to the ground and christen
the ground (i.e. orientate observers to direction and critical
map features). He may use a sand model. He will give
instructions regarding direction (where going), what to do at
objective, where to meet guides, the consolidation location,
casualty and POW instructions, ammo, and pogo points.
Section comd writes down all key information specific to
Section tasks and can use the runner to update Section 2IC.
Platoon comd relays intent and mission information so that
Sections can take over and execute the mission independantly if
required due to loss of contact or casualty. This information can
also be used to predict enemy intent or likely location.
AS5
Detailed Map
Reconnaissance
Update map reconnaissance done
for Warning Orders with new
information from orders.
Section Comd inspects Review boundaries and obstacles (50 m frontage for Section)
map and assigns a
and likely enemy positions, likely positions of cover, and
rifleman to build a sand alternative routes (I.e. fastest, safest, etc.).
model for the Section
briefing.
AS6
Visual
Visual inspection of the actual
Reconnaissance of ground where the mission will be
the Ground
executed.
Platoon Comd and
Section Comds.
Accompany Platoon Comd on reconnaissance of ground.
Platoon and Section Comds are better able to visualize the
Usually a visual recce is not possible, but if it can be
terrain features and conditions affecting the planning and
performed it can be very helpful for preparation and planning. execution of the mission. A visual recce also provides the most
up-to-date information of the terrain and provides a dimensional
richness not found in 2D maps.
AS7
Give Orders
Section comd to
Section.
Section comd will orient map to the ground and christen
ground (map or model if used). He will give the big picture
followed by detailed instructions for Section tasks, i.e. the
Platoon Comd’s intent and Section comd’s execution plan
(i.e. directions, what to do at objective, where to meet guide,
consolidation location, casualty and POW instructions,
ammo, actions etc.). 2IC writes down key information
(frequencies, passwords, codes) and will later destroy it. The
riflemen may write down information for a memory aide.
Sectio Comd may then ask the Section riflemen to confirm
orders (i.e. quiz).
Give orders to Section members
using map, sand box and verbal
briefing.
Cues
Auditory and visual cues that relate to a
rough idea of mission, distance, likely
routes and terrain, enemy, weather.
Listen to orders (trace, boundaries,
objective, routes, mission execution
details, timings) and view map and trace
details.
Sect Comd is building a mental model of the terrain to support the Obstacles (man made and others), fire
development of a more effective plan. To prepare effectively, he positions.
must anticipate likely enemy positions, the best use of ground for
the advance, and the most effective fire positions to adopt when
they come into contact with the enemy.
Terrain, obstacles, cover and
concealment etc.
Critical for Section to know tasks and intent of the mission in case Listen to orders (trace, boundaries,
Section comd has to be replaced or a Section member loses
objective, routes, mission exec detail,
contact with the Section.
timings) and view map details.
Soldier Information Require
ATTACK: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
AS1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon)
Volume
Can be very short, and the
Section comd may write
down key info (e.g. Orders
Group time and place, 1 hr
between Warning Orders
and Order group) and no
movement before date/time
group.
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Sets the situational context for
awareness focus and
preparation. Rely heavily on
knowledge of previous events to
augment current situation.
Decisions
Equipment required and
preparation time available
based on direction (where
going), probable mission
and weather.
AS2
Quick Map
Reconnaissance to
Prepare Warning
Orders
AS3
Prepare Warning
Orders
Typically brief and succinct,
focussing on the details and
giving direction for early
preparation.
Key to successful preparation is At this stage of Orders,
an understanding of the
with only general
impending needs of the mission. information available,
decisions about
preparation are very
standardized.
AS4
Receive Orders
Orders tend to include
considerable content detail.
Key information are the map,
the tasks and Standing
Operating Procedures, and
any procedural deviations.
Need to be aware of own
Sections plan (i.e. route, tasks,
terrain, enemy enroute,
conditions, etc), actions and
plans of other friendly Sections,
enemy intentions, global location
and intentions of larger friendly
and enemy formations.
AS5
Detailed Map
Reconnaissance
More extensive but
supplementary to the initial
map recce.
AS6
AS7
Comms
Platoon comd to
Section comd. Section
comd to 2IC using
runner.
Need to be aware of mission
intent, likely routes, timings.
Workload
Generally, high
cognitive workload
levels at time of Wng
Orders receipt as
Section comd have
little time available to
develop their plan.
Training
Not too difficult for
either novice or
experienced.
Reasonably high
workload levels to
interpret terrain.
Must inform Section
High cognitive and
members as much as proprioceptive
possible and don’t
(writing) demands.
make assumptions
about what they will do
with it.
Need to identify gaps in
Verbal, usually face-tostate of knowledge and
face
awareness during briefing
so that questions can be
asked of the Platoon comd
for clarification.
Information Technology Goals
a) Electronic or text format would
be useful with Platoon Comd's
intent and key information listed
(i.e. filtered to 1 level up, not to
Company or Battalion). b) Faster
Warning Order delivery (quicker
relay by Platoon Comd and quicker
coming down to Platoon Comd)
would give more time for Section to
prepare. Platoon Comd sometimes
filters out necessary information.
a) Aerial photographs to provide a
more up-to-date view of the
battlefield and local terrain. More
up-to-date and detailed maps. b)
3D digital terrain maps with
decision aides (e.g. intervisibility)
Novices
underestimate time
for preparation tasks
in their estimates.
Rest and feeding
time tends to suffer
in the end.
Busy time for Section
comd since he is
preparing his own
plan at this point.
High workload levels.
Novice Comds tend
to capture all
information being
provided in Orders
since they lack the
experience
necessary to identify
the critical or nonSOP aspects.
Experienced Comds
only tend to record
critical details.
Printed orders would reduce the
need for Section Comds to record
their own notes at the risk of
missing a critical detail. Printed
map and trace or electronic version
of map and trace (from Platoon
Comd not Battalion). These
improvements would provide the
Section Comd more time to
prepare their Section orders.
Apart from terrain awareness
Route selection.
issues, the Section Comd needs
to be aware of the status of the
enemy, enemy tactics and
doctrine to be better able to
anticipate locations and actions
on contact.
High cognitive and
visual demands.
Experienced Comds
tend to be better
able to interpret the
terrain implications
for mission success
(I.e. speed of
traverse, cover, etc).
a) Up-to-date maps (maps in
theatre are often outdated and may
not reflect current terrain and
urbanization. b) 3D maps to
represent terrain and urban
features. c) Terrain analysis tool
(e.g. intervisibility).
Visual
Reconnaissance of
the Ground
Need to be aware of likely
routes, enemy and friendly
positions, and mission intent.
High cognitive and
visual demands.
Give Orders
Section Comd needs to be
aware of the degree of Section
comprehension of his orders,
the capabiliites and limitations of
his Section, the physiological
and psychological readiness of
his Section for the preparation
and execution of the mission.
Whether to expand further
on the details of the orders
or to question Section
members on their
comprehension.
Section Comd must
Moderately high
thoroughly convey the visual, auditory, and
Comd's intent and
cognitive demands.
leadership.
a) Better observation devices to
examine ground. b) Aerial
photographs to match to visual
inspection of ground. c) Live video
feed from a Remotely Piloted
Vehicle for the intended axis of
advance. d) 3D map to relate to
ground.
Every Section member should have
a map and the textual details of the
orders for reference.
Fnc Flow
AS8
Task Description
Navigate Determine Own
Position
What
Determine own position in the
battlespace.
Who
Section comd or
appointed Section
member.
How
Why
Section comd uses map, compass and features (terrain and The Section must know its own position in order to navigate to
man-made) to locate own position, ie. triangulation. Timing is the objective.
10-15 minutes to establish and confirm finding “next” terrain.
Use features when moving. Platoon comd has a GPS but
does not rely on it.
Cues
Major features, terrain and bearing from
compass. A map is essential, whereas a
compass is nice to have. Extraordinarily
difficult at night, low light, and obscured
vision.
Section comd will
appoint two pacers.
Judge the distance travelled by counting paces or use a
GPS, if available.
Navigation, from waypoint to waypoint, requires the Section to
maintain a given bearing for a set distance. A compass can be
used to establish the bearing but some method of tracking
distance travelled is necessary to navigate and estimate your
position. Distance travelled is essential to estimating waypoint
locations.
A Section member is designated to count
paces. For example, the pacer will use a
method of counting to record the number
of steps (e.g. using counter, beads, knots
etc.) and then multiply the number of
steps by their step length to establish
distance travelled. At night or in indistinct
terrain (e.g. desert or arctic), two or three
pacers will be used and an average or
consensus taken. To minimize the error
associated with each leg, the distance
between waypoints is less than 1km.
Errors in bearing and distance combine to
introduce an offset error at each waypoint
which becomes additive over a multi-leg
route.
AS9
Navigate –
Determine the distance traveled
Determine Distance while navigating a tactical route.
Traveled
AS10
Control Field
Formation
Manage movement of Section in field Section Comd and 2IC
formation.
to Section members.
Hand signals and verbal commands. Changes to formation
and movement is dictated by ground conditions, tactical
situation, and Standard Operating Procedures. Commander
will tend to control movement and formation from a position
on the wing or rear of the formation; an experienced rifleman
is typically employed at the "point" of a formation.
To move Section tactically (detect enemy cover arcs and maintain Visual and auditory commands.
security) during the advance.
Individual riflemen can also adjust their
formation position somewhat to
accommodate or take better advantage of
the ground conditions.
AS11
React to Enemy
Fire
Gain control over Section after
receiving effective enemy fire.
2IC supervises fire
teams in the Section.
Double tap and dash down, then determine general direction
(if not location) and strength of enemy to align Section
against the enemy.
Minimize Section losses during first reaction to enemy fire, gain
control of the Section, and then develop tactical plan to engage
and suppress enemy.
Visual and auditory cues from enemy fire
positions and the impact of rounds in the
area occupied by the Section.
AS12
Locate the Enemy
Determine the location (range and
bearing) and strength of the enemy.
Section comd must
control and employ a
systematic use of
Section members for
locating enemy.
The enemy is located using visual and auditory cues and the
information is relayed to the Section Comd and other
members using a verbal description (e.g. GRIT (group, range,
indication, type of fire)), a clock ray indication, or a visual
indication using weapons tracer fire.
Must locate enemy first before the Section can suppress the
enemy's fire and begin to win the fire fight. The longer the
Section is suppressed the more vulnerable their position
becomes.
Verbal orders. Locate flash, smoke, heat
shimmer and hear noise of enemy fire.
Fnc Flow
AS8
Task Description
Navigate Determine Own
Position
AS9
Navigate –
Determine Distance
Traveled
AS10
Control Field
Formation
AS11
React to Enemy
Fire
AS12
Locate the Enemy
Volume
Simple signals
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Decisions
Need to have a good mental
model of the terrain to be able to
orient the map to the visible
features.
Comms
Workload
High when visual
cues are obscurred
or terrain cues are
minimal.
Training
More experienced
are likely to be faster
and more accurate
with navigation.
Information Technology Goals
Never accurate enough. Better
map e.g. 1:25,000. At least an
accurate 8 figure grid. Accurate,
reliable, portable GPS device.
Digital map display.
Broken ground and
route deviations
make the pacing task
more difficult. High
cognitive and
memory demands.
More experienced
are likely to be faster
and more accurate
with navigation.
Some individuals
can never acquire
the skill.
a) An improved GPS; the current
GPS is unable to establish a
bearing due to the slower ground
speeds associated with walking. b)
Provide an automatic Section
position plot on a digital map.
Pacers need to be aware of
pace count and route bearing.
In the event of a deviation from
the intended route, the pacer
needs to be cognizant of the
bearing and distance offset from
the route plan and adjust
accordingly. Pacers must
typically "box" a right-angled
pattern around an obstacle,
retaining and adjusting for the
box distance to regain the
original route.
May need to adjust count
in relation to terrain effects
on stride length (e.g. steep
inclines or declines,
restrictive ground cover,
etc.)
Visual and auditory inspection of
formation and ground is ongoing
during the advance. The
Section Comd is constantly
assessing the suitability of the
Section formation, the position
of Section members, status and
future potential of enemy
threats, terrain conditions and
obstacles, the status of flanking
units, etc.
Changes to the Section
formation based on the
tactical situation, mission
timeline, enemy threat,
terrain formations,
vegetation and terrain
cover, etc.
2nd in command and
Section command to
Section.
Moderate attentional Less experienced
demands.
Comds yell all
commands, making
themselves an
easier target for
enemy snipers.
More experienced
Section Comd rely
on the experience of
riflemen to know
drills and to pass
formation adjustment
orders through hand
signals or verbally
from member to
member.
Experienced
riflemen will also
actively perform
confirmatory visual
checks of own
position and Section
comd.
a) Intra Section communication
system with means of controlling
sender/receiver protocols. b)
Better night vision capability e.g. to
better coordinate Section position
and formation at night.
Key to survivability for all
Section members is an
awareness of likely enemy fire
positions, and therefore the
direction of fire, and the
suitability of cover afforded by
the ground in their immediate
vicinity. Sect Comd must try to
gain a quick awareness of the
dispersion and locations of his
Section members as he seeks
cover.
Section Comd needs to be
aware of potential enemy
positions, the locations of own
Section members, the Section
strength, the terrain conditions
between the Section and the
enemy, and the local status of
other enemy and friendly Units.
In most cases, reaction to
enemy fire triggers a
procedural drill to seek
cover.
Yelled verbal. Key to
regaining control over
Section.
Moderate demands Experienced soldiers
since the response is will seek effective
a practiced drill.
cover more quickly
and will be less likely
to commit procedural
errors (e.g. no
movement before
winning fire fight or
before smoke
grenades).
Intra Section communications
valuable for maintaining control of
Section and for determining
Section strength, casualties, etc.
Extremely high
workload and
attentional demands.
Range estimator; TI sight (Thermal
Imagery) for each fire team.
Grenade launcher; Intra Section
communications;Tracer fire
Section Comd will need to Commands and
decide how best to locate Section observations
the enemy by moving
are yelled.
Section members to better
view the enemy or to draw
fire, based on estimates of
likely enemy positions and
the intervisibility to the
Section.
Fnc Flow
AS13
Task Description
Develop Plan
What
Assess the situation, send contact
report and use the map to develop
and communicate assault plan.
AS14
Adopt Assault
Formation &
Confirm Objective
Location
AS15
AS16
Who
Section comd,
confirmed by Platoon
comd, and then to
Section.
How
Once the fire fight has been won and the enemy is
suppressed, the 2IC continues to control Section fire while
the Section comd develops a plan of assault. The plan is
sketched on a map (trace) and verbally given to the Platoon
comd for approval with times of contact, enemy grid, assault
route and fire base as well as Section actions. Once
approved, the plan is communicated to the Section verbally
and by passing through the Section from member to member.
(Note, described here as Section task – must allow capability
for Platoon task). Passing the plan often involves face-toface contact with each Section member thereby greatly
increasing exposure to enemy fire and risks giving friendly
positions away.
Why
From their covered positions, the engagement with the enemy will
remain a stalemate unless the Section can mount an effective
enemy assault.
Cues
Communicate Plan: Map trace, Verbal
orders using GETM (group, enemy, type
of fire, movement)
Assaulting fire teams must maneuver Section comd to assault Section comd estimates position perpendicular to enemy
in covered ground to line up for
team.
trench in order to begin assault. Owing to difficulties in
assault from covert position.
knowing own position relative to the enemy objective, the
Section Comd may have Section form all around defence
while he confirms their position prior to assault.
Assault group must come out of hidden position at shortest
possible distance from objective (planned position) to minimize
exposure to enemy fire and maximize surprise.
Visual scan of the assault ground and the
objective. Hand signals to control
movement on approach. Listen for C6
fire base cease fire and watch for smoke,
which are both used as signals to start
the assault. Count paces.
Assault (fire and
movement control)
Assault team approaches and
attacks objective.
Section comd to assault Section comd gives order to assault and then relys on
group and fire teams.
coordinating fire and movement within each fire team.
Section comd can control movement. Try to be as tactical as
much as possible until seen by enemy. Conducted as a drill.
While the initial assault comprises a drill, the Section Comd
needs to maintain both the control of movement and control of
fire to best coordinate the assault team fire power and to react to
adjustments by the enemy.
Hand signals and verbal commands
during assault. E.g. "Group, group, group
shift left" or "Team, team, team shift right"
Consolidation
Adopt all around defense and check
ammo and casualty status.
Section Comd to
Platoon Commander
(situation report),
Section Comd to
Section, Section to 2IC
to Platoon Warrant
Officer.
To defend against counter attack while consolidating and
preparing for next task.
Verbal, visual and tactile.
Standard Operating Procedure to adopt all-around defensive
posture following assault. Section Comd positions and
adjusts arcs of fire for each fire team. Section Comd does
situation report and checks the status of ammunition,
casualties, POWs, etc. Section Comd then provides
instruction to 2IC to coordinate replenishment, POWs, and
casualties with Platoon Warrant.
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
To develop plan, need to be
aware of enemy position and
strength at objective and in
depth, own strength and location
of own troops, friendly support
options, terrain and covered
approaches, enemy lines of
sight and fire, etc.
Fnc Flow
AS13
Task Description
Develop Plan
AS14
Adopt Assault
Formation &
Confirm Objective
Location
Enemy objective position and
strength, fire base status,
location of assault team
members and status, terrain
conditions and cover, enemy
lines of sight and fire.
AS15
Assault (fire and
movement control)
Enemy reaction to assault,
enemy effectiveness, assault
team positions and effectiveness
of fire and cover, status of fire
base, effectiveness of terrain
cover and fire positions on
assault ground.
AS16
Consolidation
Status and strength of Section
members, status and position of
other friendly Units, location and
likely intentions of other enemy
Units, likely enemy counterattack routes, arcs of
observation, cover, and fire
afforded by Section positions.
Volume
The plan itself is short and
concise, typically consisting
of a map sketch detailing fire
positions, fire base, and
assault route.
Decisions
Fire base location,
weapons selection,
selection of fire team
deployments, assault
route, timings, signals,
coordinated actions,
support requirements.
Comms
Difficult to
communicate details
and timings of plan
when its important to
be exact and
coordinated.
Workload
Very high visual and
cognitive demands.
Confirm that Section
Assault group leader High visual and
position, relative to enemy to assault team, Fire
cognitive demands.
objective, is suitable for
base to assault group.
assault. Adjust positions
of assault team members
to provide best support fire
and offer best cover.
Training
Information Technology Goals
a) Intra Section communications.
b) Method of disseminating tactical
map plan.
Novice Comds have
more difficulty
estimating ideal
assault position
when maneuvering
in cover.
a) Need a means of knowing own
location and enemy objective
location as accurately and timely as
possible. b) Night Vision for
maneuvering and assaulting at
night.
Yelled commands to
Round count, enemy, More training and
a) Intra Section communications.
control movement and friendly.
experience results in b) Round counter (<5rounds left).
fire.
less overt
communications.
Balancing of ammunition
and equipment within
Section, requirements for
resupply, selection and
orientation of Section
positions to achieve best
defensive posture.
Verbal, usually face-toface
Intra Section communications.
Appendix 4:
Attack Ratings
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1-4
Im
po
rt
an
C
om ce
pl
ex
Ti
it y
m
el
in
es
D
s
iff
ic
ul
ty
R
et
en
U
pd
tio
at
n
e
F
Fr
r
eq
eq
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
of
A
cc
U
s
ur
Ti
ac e
m
y
e
Pr
es
su
re
ATTACK - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
RIFLEMAN
No.
Task
AR1
Initial Wng O (Section)
AR2
Prepare for Battle
AR3
Receive Orders Verbal
AR4
Receive Orders - Map Briefing
AR5
Receive Orders - Sand Box
AR6
Control Sect Movement
AR7
Seaching for Targets
AR8
Locate Enemy
AR9
Win the Fire Fight
AR10 Adopt Assault Formation
AR11 Assault (fire and movement control)
AR12 Consolidation, Redistribute Ammo
AR13 Consolidation, Casualty
1
2
4
2
3
3
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
4
3
2
3
3
5
5
2
2
1
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
5
2
4
2
5
5
5
1
5
1
2
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
5
7
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
1
5
5
8
4
5
4
4
4
4
2
3
2
3
4
4
9
4
3
5
5
5
4
4
1
1
1
1
5
5
C
1
3
x
2
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
Im
SECTION COMMANDER
No.
Task
AS1
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
AS2
ID Quick Map Recce to Prepare Wng O
AS3
Prepare Wng O
AS4
Receive Orders
AS5
Detailed Map Recce
AS6
Visual Recce of the Ground
AS7
Give Orders
AS8
Navigate - Determine Own Position
AS9
Navigate - Determine Distance Travelled
AS10 Control Field Formation
AS11 React to En Fire
AS12 Locate the Enemy
AS13 Develop Plan
AS14 Adopt Asslt Formation/Confirm Obj Loc
AS15 Assault (fire and movement control)
AS16 Consolidation
po
rt
an
om ce
pl
ex
Ti
it y
m
el
in
es
D
s
iff
ic
ul
ty
R
et
en
U
pd
tio
at
n
e
F
Fr
eq req
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
of
A
cc
U
s
ur
Ti
ac e
m
y
e
Pr
es
su
re
ATTACK - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
2
4
x
2
2
4
4
3
1
4
4
4
2
3
2
3
2
x
4
3
5
4
5
4
2
3
3
4
4
x
4
4
5
5
5
2
5
4
3
3
4
1
5
3
x
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
5
x
3
5
5
1
1
1
1
5
1
7
3
x
5
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
8
4
x
5
5
3
5
5
3
3
4
3
2
9
3
x
2
3
4
2
2
1
4
3
1
1
1
ATTACK SCENARIO - VACP RATINGS
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
1) Initial Wng O (Section)
5) Receive Orders Verbal
3) Receive Orders - Map Briefing
4) Receive Orders - Sand Box
7) Seaching for Targets
8) Locate Enemy
9) Win the Fire Fight
10) Adopt Assault Formation
11) Assault (fire and movement control)
12) Consolidation, Redistribute Ammo
13) Consolidation, Casualty
A
Fnc Flow
AR1
AR3
AR4
AR5
AR7
AR8
AR9
AR10
AR11
AR12
AR13
VI
SU
A
L
RIFLEMAN
3.7
1
7
7
7
7
7
3.7
7
3.7
3.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
2
6.6
6.6
4.2
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
3.7
6.8
6.8
3.7
6.8
4.6
4.6
1
6.5
6.5
1
4.6
4.6
4.6
2.2
4.6
2.2
2.2
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
1) Receive Wng O (from Pl)
ID Quick Map Recce to Prepare Wng O
2) Prepare Wng O
3) Receive Orders
6) Give Orders
7) Navigate - Determine Own Position
8) Navigate - Determine Distance Travelled
9) Control Field Formation
10) React to En Fire
11) Locate the Enemy
12) Develop Plan
13) Adopt Assault Formation/Confirm Obj Loc
A
Fnc Flow
AS1
AS2
AS3
AS4
AS7
AS8
AS9
AS10
AS11
AS12
AS13
AS14
VI
SU
A
L
SECTION COMMANDER
5.9
4.9
7
2.2
5.9
7
5.9
5
5
4
5.4
7
7
6.8
0
4.9
4.9
0
4.9
4.3
4.9
6.6
4.9
4.3
6.8
7
5.3
6.8
6.8
4.6
4.6
6.8
7
6.8
6.5
6.5
1
2.2
1
1
4.6
4.6
4.6
2.2
Appendix 5:
Attack Information Elements
Humansystems Incorporated®
B-1-5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Team Movement Control
1
Team Fire Control
1
Indiv. Fire Control
1
1
ID Trgts/Threats
1
1
Detect Trgts/Threats
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Indiv. Movement Control
Access Recorded/Ref. Info
Record Info.
Fr Status Local
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Coverage
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Fire
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Movement
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Timings
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Identify Resource Needs
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
En Status Local
1
1
1
1
1
Fr Status Global
Initial Wng O
Prepare for Battle
Receive Orders - Verbal
Receive Orders - Map Briefing
Receive Orders - Sand Box
Control Section Movement
Search for Targets
Locate Enemy
Win the Fire Fight
Adopt Assault Formation
Asssault (fire and movement control)
Consolidation - Redistribute Ammo
Consolidation - Casualties
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
En Status Global
AR1
AR2
AR3
AR4
AR5
AR6
AR7
AR8
AR9
AR10
AR11
AR12
AR13
1
1
1
1
Msn Timing
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
1
1
1
Msn Execution
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Msn Intent
1
Det. Bearing
Info Transfer (extra-section)
1
Det. Range
Info Transfer (intra-section)
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Quick Map Recce to Prepare Wng O
Prepare Wng O
Receive Orders
Detailed Map Recce
Visual Recce of Ground
Give Orders
Navigate - Determine Own Position
Navigate - Determine Distance Travelled
Control Field Formation
React to En Fire
Locate the Enemy
Develop Plan
Adopt Assault Formation/Confirm Obj Loc
Det. Loc.
Fnc Flow No.
AS1
AS2
AS3
AS4
AS5
AS6
AS7
AS8
AS9
AS10
AS11
AS12
AS13
AS14
Visualize Gnd
Position
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
Task ID
Scenario
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
attack
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ANNEX C:
Defend Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1
Appendix 1:
Defend Scenario
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1-1
®
MISSION SCENARIO:
The Defence
Scenario Overview
(-)
(-)
(-)
Humansystems Incorporated®
(+)
Previously, 2 CMBG (Canadian Mechanized Brigade
Group) had secured the Mattawa Airstrip and exploited to
the area of Chalk River. The enemy screen has reacted and
conducted a violent counter attack. The enemy has attacked
from the south and west with a regimental sized force. This
attack was stopped by 3 RCR (Royal Canadian Regiment)
with elements of the RCD (Royal Canadian Dragoons). 1st
Cdn Div recce elements are conducting delaying operations.
The enemy main body is 48-72 hours away and is not
expecting a water crossing in this area. The enemy is
expected to attack from the North down the TransCanada
Highway.
)
(+
This scenario includes participation in defensive operations.
The deliberate defence is an operation that is conducted
when time for planning and execution is available. In this
scenario a section participates in a company sized defensive
position. It includes dismounted movement to a reverse
slope defensive position, occupation and preparation of the
defensive position, routine in the defence, and conduct of
the defence. Although this vignette will focus on a section,
it is being conducted within the context of a Brigade
operation.
(+)
(-)
Defence - General Information
Page 1
®
Scenario Overview
The enemy attack from the North is expected on a
primary axis down the TransCanada Hwy with a
secondary axis down the Mattawa Plain. The Brigade
plan tasks 1RCR with defending the secondary axis.
After a Recce of the area and a battle appreciation, the
CO plans to channel the enemy into the Mattawa Plain
kill zone. A and D Companies will destroy the enemy
from deliberate defensive positions and the remnants
will be destroyed by a counter attack by C Coy Combat
Team from the west flank.
D COY
M
A COY
C COY
Currently, the 1RCR Battle Group is deployed in
Waiting Areas (WA) south-east of the village of
Petawawa.
Defensive Operations
in Cold Weather
Defence - General Information
Preparation D-3
At first light on D-3, the CO (Commanding Officer) of 1
RCR gave his warning order for the defence and the
company commanders began their battle procedure. The
CO has attended the Brigade Commander orders and has
distilled tasks to his sub-units. D Company 1 RCR will
be tasked with defending the north-eastern half of the
Mattawa Plain in the area just north of the Mattawa
airstrip. After Battle Group (BG) Orders, the company
commander has set off with the platoon commanders to
conduct a recce of the defensive position. Successful
defence requires detailed planning and close co-ordination
at all levels; this includes plans such as the obstacle plan,
anti-armour plan, counter-moves plan, surveillance plan,
and fire plan. As much as possible, traces of the various
plans are issued during the Warning Order at all levels to
accelerate battle procedure.
KZ Bear
11
M
M
10
Phony
12
M
M
2
D COY
1
3
A COY
Liaison is carried out from left to right, front to rear,
higher to lower levels of command, supporting to
supported, and moving to static units.
Battle Procedure
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 2
®
Preparation D-3
Siting the Position
The company commander conducts his estimate and prepares his defensive plan according to the
principles and fundamentals of defence. Some adjustment of the broad location is allowed and is
refined in accordance with the commanders intent and the ground. All commanders site two levels
down; the company commander indicates the location of section positions. He prepares the support
plans for the defence (i.e. anti-armour plan, etc.) and establishes the general platoon (Pl) positions and
assigns arcs of responsibility. The platoon commander in turn sites platoon weapons (if not sited by the
company commander), and if there is time, sites each trench.
In general, infantry in defence is sited to block the enemy advance, to hold vital ground, or to protect
anti-armour weapons.
The recce of the company position has indicated that a reverse slope defence is possible. The platoon
commander verifies that section weapon arcs overlap in the kill zone. The trenches are sited by lying on
the ground to ensure that soldiers can see and engage the target area from their trench positions.
Kill Zone Bear
KZ B
KZ D
KZ
C
2
3
1
Siting the Position
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 3
®
Siting the Position
Due to time and space constraints the Coy Commander will issue only occupation orders and will follow
with confirmatory orders at the appropriate time. This may include as many co-ordination conferences
as is required or time permits. D Company will defend with 2 platoons up: 10 Platoon left and 11
Platoon right and 12 Platoon in depth. Presently, D Company is conducting battle procedure in the
waiting area, under the direction of the Company Sergeant Major. The Coy 2IC and Platoon Warrant
Officers are conducting the hide recce.
The Coy R Gp, consisting of the Company and Platoon Commanders, are completing their battle
procedure and will deliver their orders to the section commanders who have been waiting at a
predetermined RV. The Coy, Pl and Section commanders will co-ordinate with adjacent forces to tie in
all arcs and ensure that all avenues of approach are covered. The Section commander indicates the front
edges of section trenches with either mine tape or other suitable methods
Siting the Position
Mounted Move to Hide
Hide
As per the Battle Group move order, D Coy 1
RCR moves forward by vehicle to the BG
release point. At the hide, the platoon
commander quickly briefs the entire platoon on
the outline of the defensive plan and on the open
fire policy. Since time is available the section
commanders distill the Platoon Commanders
orders and brief their own troops.
RP
Note: The attached occupation orders (see next
slide) are provided in greater detail than is
typical and is intended for non-military use only.
The platoon commander informs the platoon that
2 CER (combat engineers) will be working
forward of the main defensive position laying
barrier minefields across the Mattawa plain on
the high speed approaches.
SP
BG Start Point
~10K to East
Occupation
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 4
®
OCCUPATION ORDERS: #1 SECTION, 10 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
1. SITUATION:
A. GENERAL: 3RCR AND ELEMENTS OF RCD HAVE STOPPED EN ATTACK FROM THE SOUTH AND
WEST . THE EN OBJ IS THE VILLAGE OF PETAWAWA.
B. ENEMY FORCES:
(1) STR:
THE EN IS EXPECTED IN REGIMENT(+) STRENGTH, ATTACKING FROM THE NORTH WEST
ALONG TRANSCANADA HIGHWAY. WITH AN INTERMEDIATE OBJECTIVE AS THE
VILLAGE OF PETAWAWA. THE MATTAWA PLAIN IS VIEWED AS A SECONDARY
APPROACH TO BOTH THE AIRPORT AND THE VILLAGE.
(2) LOC: FORWARD EN ELEMENTS AT GR XXXXXX. REMNANTS OF THE DEFEATED EN REMAIN TO
THE SOUTH AND WEST.
(3) RATE OF ADV:
NA
(4) TIME INITIAL CONTACT IS EXPECTED: AT LEAST 72HRS
(5) NUC CAPABILITY: NONE
(6) CHEM CAPABILITY: HAVE USED PERSISTANT AND NON-PERSISTANT AGENTS
(7) AIR CAPABILITY: AIR PARITY
C. FRIENDLY:
(1) OUTLINE OF 1 RCR BG PLAN: I RCR SHALL DEFEND THE MATTAWA AIRFIELD. A COY WILL
DEFEND NORTH EAST SECTION OF MATTAWA PLAIN. D COY WILL DEFEND
NORTHWESTSECTION OF MATTAWA PLAIN. C COY CBT TEAM WILL ACT AS RESERVE .
(2) OUTLINE OF D COY PLAN: D COY WILL DEFEND ALONG A REVERSE SLOPE. 2 PLS UP AND 1 IN
RESERVE. 10 PL LEFT, 1 1 PL RIGHT, 12 PL IN RESERVE. ONE LAV PER PL AUTH ON DEF
POSN. REMAINING LAV U/C COY 2IC FOR COY COUNTER ATTACK FORCE FROM HIDE LOC.
(3) OUTLINE OF 10 PL PLAN: 10 PL WILL DEFEND WITH 2 SECT UP. 1 SECT LEFT, 2 SECT RIGHT, AND
3 SECT DEPTH (WITH LAV DUG IN). 3 SECTION TO ESTB 1 OP FWD AT GRXXXXXX.
(4) AIR PLAN: ON CALL
OCCUPATION ORDERS: #1 SECTION, 10 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
D. ATTS AND DETS:
(1) UND COMD:
(2) AT PRI CALL:
(3) IN DS:
(4) IN SP:
(5) WITH:
(6) AIR SORTIES:
2. MISSION: 1 SECT WILL DEFEND WITHIN BOUNDARIES
3. EXECUTION:
A. GENERAL OUTLINE:
(1) MOVE TO DEF POSN, ERYX IN OUTER LEFT TRENCH
(2) DIG IN TRENCHES TO STAGE 2
(3) LAY WIRE OBSTACLES, EARLY WNG DEVICES, PROTECTIVE MINE FD
(4) DIG IN TRENCHES TO STAGE 6
(5) DEF ROUTINE
B. GROUPINGS AND TASKS:
(1) GROUPING NO CHG
(2) SECTION DEFENCE AS ORDERED.
(3) SENTRY POSITION AT LANE EXIT OF MINE FIELD.
C. COORD INSTRS:
(1) TIMINGS:
(a) MOVE TO ASSY AREA: NA
(b) MOVE FROM ASSY AREA: NOT BEFORE HRS
(c) POSN OCCUPIED BY HRS
(d) POSN DEFENSIBLE BY: HRS
(e) TRENCHES TO STAGE 5 NOT LATER THAN HRS 4: NOT BEFORE HRS
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 5
®
OCCUPATION ORDERS: #1 SECTION, 10 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
(2) MOVES:
(a) ORDER OF MARCH TO ASSY AREA: 1, 2, 3 SECT
(b) ORDER OF MARCH TO DEF POSN AREA: 1, 2, 3 SECT
(c) ROUTES: AS PER TRACE
(d) MARKINGS: NIL
(3) ASSY AREA:
(a) LOC: GR
(4) DEFENSIVE STORES - ALLOTMENT:
(10) PRI OF WORK:
(a) DEPTH
(b) CAM
(c) OHC
(5) DECEPTION AND CONCEALMENT:
NA
(6) AIR OBSN AND DRILLS:
AS PER TRACE
(7) FIRE PLAN - CFSP:
(8) NBC DRILLS:
(9) NI VIS PLAN:
(10) ORDERS FOR OPENING FIRE;
(11) ROUTINE:
(a) STAND TO
(b) SENTRIES AND ALARMS
(c) TRACK PLAN
(12) SENTRY ROSTER:
OCCUPATION ORDERS: #1 SECTION, 10 PL, D COY, 1 RCR
4. SERVICE SUPPORT
A. DRESS:
FIGHTING ORDER AND CARRY IPE
B. EQPT:
AS PER UNIT SOP
C. WPNS:
AS PER UNIT SOP, ALSO
D. AMMO: FULL COMBAT LOAD, CLAYMORE MINES X3, ADDITIONAL AMMO TO BE POSITIONED IN
TRENCHES AS ALLOCATED.
E. FORCED REST:
NA
F. RATS AND WATER: 24 HRS RATS , ENSURE WATER BOTTLES ARE FULL
G. MED: AS PER UNIT SOP, SELF AID, BATTLE AID, COY TO CONDUCT CAS EVAC. COY CAS
COLLECTION PT AT GR XXXXXX.
H. PW:
AS PER UNIT SOP, DISARM, SEARCH, SECURE. COY PW COLLECTION PT AT GRXXXXXX.
I. DEF STORES: WILL BE BROUGHT FORWARD AND DROPPED OFF 100 METERS BEHIND DEF
POSN
J. TN:
5. COMMAND AND SIGS
A. LOC AND RTE TO PL COMD
B. LOC AND RTE TO COY COMD
C. SIGS
(1) STAND TO
(2) DF
(3) FPF FIRE
(4) RUNNERS
(5) FREQ
(6) ALTN FREQ
(7) CODE WORDS/NICKNAMES
(8) LAND LINE
(9) PASS WORDS AND NIGHT RECOGNITION SIGNALS
D. PATROL PLAN. NONE EXPECTED THROUGH OUR SECTOR.
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Last Light Occupation (D-2)
The platoon moves forward to the defensive position
by foot carrying all weapons and equipment,
observing strict track discipline in order to learn the
rate to and from the position. The move forward
occurs some hours before first light on D-2.
Approximately 100 meters behind the position
additional stores and equipment are off-loaded using
the platoon LAVs. Once the vehicles are off-loaded,
three of the four Pl LAVs return to the hide under
the direction of the platoon second-in command.
The section commander indicates the section track
plan and sites the section personnel at their trench
location.
2
HIDE
3
1
Once in position the section and platoon commander
confirm that position is "tight" and all arcs of fire
overlap. On arrival at their position each soldier is
assigned an immediate stand-to position next to their
trench. Until shell scrapes and trenches are prepared
the stand-to positions are the positions where the
section will defend from. Weapons are sited in the
middle of each soldier's arc of fire.
Occupation
Priority of Work
The priority of work for all defensive positions is
done in stages; establish sentries, site weapons
and trenches, draw range cards, clear fields of
fire, dig shell scrapes, lay land line for field
telephones to Platoon HQ, dig the trenches to
stage 2, set out trip flares, claymores and antitank mines, dig trenches to stage 5, construct
wire obstacles, prepare alternate positions and
prepare crawl and communication trenches.
2
HIDE
3
1
Initial Preparation
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Priority of Work
Discipline must be maintained in the defence
in the following areas: track plan, noise and
light, cam and concealment, excessive
movement and weapons manning. Coordination continues through-out at all levels.
2
HIDE
3
1
As the sections, platoons and companies are finalizing their positions, commanders and their FOOs
continue building the artillery defensive fire plan. As a general rule, one company in the defence could
have up to three DF (defensive fire) targets and one FPF ( Final Protective Fire) target.
DFs and FPFs, and any other reference points or features will be recorded on the trench, section and
platoon or most certainly the company range cards. The company range card translates directly into a
company STA trace, which forms part of the battalion STA trace. As the traces consolidate at battalion
level, some adjustment of positions may be required in order to fill in any gaps.
Sentries
The Brigade Barrier Plan calls for a number of
dismounted lanes to be created through the barrier
minefields. The platoon commander has assigned 1
Section with providing a ground sentry for this lane. The
sentry is relieved every 30 minutes so that he can take his
turn digging the trench. On this reverse slope position an
OP manned by 3 Section is forward of the defensive
position on the next hill .
Sentries are sited to provide all round observation and communicate by landline with the section and platoon
commander. As contact with the enemy is not imminent, there is only one sentry by day and two sentries by
night for the platoon. Sentries must be aware that friendly Engineers will be working to their front on the
obstacle plan.
Sentries and OPs are the eyes and ears of the section providing early warning to the entire platoon and
company. Along with listening for vehicles and foot movement, sentries visually search their assigned arcs.
During the day, the ground is divided into far, middle and foreground distances. Each range band is
systematically scanned from left to right, first with the naked eye and then with binoculars. Careful
attention is paid to areas likely to contain enemy positions, the direction of enemy approach, and ground of
tactical value.
At night or during periods of minimal conditions, scanning of the ground is slower. Off-centre vision and
“move and stop” methods are used to maximise detection probabilities. Sentry teams use both binoculars
and NVGs at night.
Sentries
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Prepare Defensive Position
Shell Scrapes : The shell scrape is the first stage of the
battle trench. It is approximately 2 meters long and 0.75
meters wide. Since further development is planned, the
shell scrape side is oriented toward the enemy. The shell
scrape is dug down until it can provide cover for a prone
soldier.
Drawing Range Cards: Range cards are developed for
each position. These reference cards register reference
points, arcs of fire (primary and secondary), ranges to
known points, lanes in the obstacle, friendly positions,
tank run-up positions, possible targets, and the kill zone.
Clearing Fields of Fire : Brush and trees are discretely
thinned-out such that the trench occupants can see the
kill-zone.
Digging Trenches : Further development of the trenches
is conducted to make the trench deeper and stronger.
Laying Land Line : The sentry position must be able to alert the section commander silently by
day and by night. Typically signal cable (sig wire) is used to connect field telephones to the OP, the
Section commander's trench, the Pl Comd’s trench, the Coy HQ, and higher.
Field Fortifications
Prepare Defensive Position
Setting Out Trip Flares, Claymores, and Anti-tank Mines : Trip flares are set out forward of the
defensive position to provide early warning and to illuminate the enemy in a kill zone. Care is taken to
notify all members of the section and platoon commander as to the location of the trip wires to prevent
accidental discharge. Trip wires are armed at last light and disarmed at first light. Claymore mines are
also placed in front of the section trenches and sited on the kill-zone. Claymore mines can be detonated
by command or trip wire. Claymores are good for protecting OPs and standing patrols, for guarding
positions against surprise attack, and for covering dead ground and En dismount areas. To prevent the
infiltration and the deliberate re-aiming of Claymore mines, they are always kept under direct
observation. Anti-tank mines are also surface laid across high speed avenues of approach. All mines are
required to be recorded in the authorized format as part of the minefield record.
Wire Obstacles : Wire obstacles are laid to slow an enemy
down, limit their freedom of movement and to canalize them
into a killing zone. Obstacles are covered by fire and are
located to achieve surprise. Low wire entanglements are laid
in brush and long grass and are used to slow down enemy
infantry. Concertina wire fences are effective in blocking
enemy movement and are used to canalize the enemy into
killing zones. Wire fences are laid beyond grenade throwing
distance.
Field Fortifications
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
.
Routine in the Defence (D-1)
The ground in this area is mostly sand and the stages of the
defence go quickly. As the stages of the defence are
completed, a defensive routine is established. The routine
will include sentry duty, rehearsing stand-to's and local
counter attack plans, and cleaning weapons. This has been
completed by first light on D-1.
HIDE
OP
The hide for the company vehicles is located behind the depth
platoon at GR206930. As the enemy situation permits, 75%
of the platoon is allowed off the main defensive position.
Using proper track discipline they return to the company hide
for rest, a hot meal and personal administration.
Routine in the Defence
.
Stand To
?
At approximately 2330 the platoon is stood-to, as the
forward OP has reported movement to the platoon
front. NVGs have detected a four-man patrol
moving slowly towards the centre of the platoon
position. While the sentries were briefed on the
recce patrols that were being sent-out that evening,
none of them were either four man nor were they to
return via this route.
.
HIDE
OP
While one member of the sentry position covered the
unknown visitors, his partner challenged the lead
member. The proper password response was given
and the sentry was informed that this recce patrol had
silently snatched a soldier from an enemy recce
patrol. The platoon commander was informed by
landline and the patrol was escorted back through the
defensive position to the hide. The platoon returned
to 25% manning on the position.
Stand-To
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Conduct of the Defence (D - Day)
After a successful delaying action, the
1 Cdn Div Recce breaks clean from the
forward enemy elements at Deep River.
Lead enemy combat recce patrols (1 X
T72, 1 X BMP2, 1 X BRDM2) have
continued to advance and have bumped
the main defensive position at GR
154941. While two of the combat recce
patrols have been destroyed, a BRDM2
piquets the defensive position.
Additionally, a BMP2 & T72 have
bypassed the position and moved to the
east to the Mattawa plain.
...
D COY
A COY
C Coy
Conduct of the Defence
Conduct of the Defence (D - Day)
At 0630 Hrs D- Day, the company is stood-to in
anticipation that the remaining enemy combat recce
patrol will be moving towards the company
position. Although ground fog and intervening
terrain have prevented visual detection, ground
based radar and motion detector sensors have
detected vehicle movement to the company front.
Thermal imaging devices from the TOW antiarmour platoon have identified the vehicles as one
T72 and one BMP2. Rather than give away the
main defensive position or TOW positions, the BG
commander has given the order to hold fire.
.
11
M
M
10
Phony
12
M
M
2
D COY
1
3
A COY
The enemy recce vehicles worked south along the Mattawa Plain. Once they encountered an
anti-tank minefield they maneuvered east towards the centre of the D Coy defensive position.
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Stand-to Engagement ERYX
The BG Comd wants to limit the enemy recce of his position
and has given permission for D Coy to destroy the enemy
vehicles when in range. The order has been passed from
Company HQ to Pl HQ and 1 Section prepares its ERYX
team to destroy the T72. As the T72 crosses the skyline, the
ERYX team engages and destroys the tank. As the crew
bails out, the section engages with small arms fire, cutting
down the crewmen. While the T72 was being destroyed the
BMP2 was observing and reporting from the low ground.
Just as the section is cheering their first tank kill, the
enemy artillery bombards the Coy defensive position
in harassing fire. The company quickly drops into
their trenches as the BMP2 withdraws to cover. After
ten minutes the artillery barrage lifts. Each section
recovers and inspects the damage to their positions. A
bigger enemy attack is anticipated.
Stand-To
Routine in the Defence
.
After approximately 30 minutes with no further enemy
contact, the Coy Comd has ordered a section from the
depth platoon to sweep forward and check for prisoners
(clearance patrol). As the depth section sweeps forward,
the forward platoons remain at stand-to to provide fire
support if required. Once the forward slope & crest have
been swept and the vehicle examined, the OPs are reestablished. The BMP2 has been reported moving to the
north-east. The company adopts 50% manning on the
position. The routine in the defence begins again, and
gaps in the wire obstacles and damage to the trenches are
repaired. The section commander ensures that alternating
section members clean their weapons and a replacement
ERYX missile is brought forward. Brigade Intelligence
has indicated that the enemy recce patrol was the lead
element of an enemy Motor Rifle (MR) Battalion and that
the forward security element may reach the main
defensive position by 1000 Z (D-day).
HIDE
OP
Routine in the Defence
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Conduct of the Defence
.
At approximately 0900 Hrs the section is
stood-to as the enemy Forward Security
Element (FSE), a MR Company(-) consisting
of two MR platoons, a tank platoon and an
artillery battery, has engaged the defensive
position on the TransCanada Hwy. At 0945
Hrs, OPs at the northern edge of the Mattawa
Plain report a MR Battalion(-) spreading out
into company column formation.
HIDE
...
11
OP
10
It appears that the enemy is going to conduct a
hasty attack from the line of march. As the
enemy is spreading–out into the northern
Mattawa Plain they begin a short artillery
barrage on the D Coy defensive position. As
hoped, the enemy hasn't located the entire
main defensive position.
Conduct of the Defence
Conduct of the Defence
During the artillery bombardment the enemy advances
and shakes-out into a platoon echelon right attack
formation. Rather than give away the main defensive
position or TOW positions, the Battle-Group Commander
has given the order to hold fire until the enemy is in the
middle of the BG kill zone. The BG kill zone is very
large. All of the weapon systems in the BG are coordinated in terms of their destruction of the enemy.
The further out the enemy, the larger the weapon system
(i.e. TOW at 3000 metres, tanks at 2000 metres,
dismounted infantry at < 1000 metres). The execution
for this kill zone battle is very detailed and the section
prepares their M72s and ERYX for firing as part of the
last elements in this kill zone battle.
Humansystems Incorporated®
KZ Bear
11
M
M
10
Phony
12
M
M
2
D COY
1
3
A COY
Page 13
®
Conduct Close Combat in the Defence
To survive a bombardment and continue fighting
requires good leadership and training. The section
commander provides aggressive yet calm leadership.
During lulls in the artillery attack the section
commander ensures that his men are under OHP and
that casualties are treated and evacuated as soon as
possible. Communication is vital for leadership
purposes, morale, and efficient conduct of the defence.
KZ Bear
11
M
M
12
10
Phony
M
M
D COY
2
1
3
A COY
Once the enemy is in the BG kill-zone, the BattleGroup Commander gives the order to fire. To achieve
maximum shock, a count down is used and then all the
long-range anti-armour weapon systems open fire.
Adjacent to the platoon and section positions
supporting tanks are jockeying and firing over the heads
of the dug-in sections. The section soldiers keep their
heads down and hold their fire. Enemy smoke and
artillery fire gradually suppresses the anti-armour
defence as the enemy reaches the forward position.
Conduct Close Combat in the Defence
The platoon kill zone has been established at the
rear edge of the BG kill zone. As per his battle
plan the company commander plans to engage the
enemy as he reaches the wire obstacles. Platoons
and sections are to hold their fire until the enemy
is in the platoon kill zone. Strict fire discipline is
enforced to insure that a premature shot does not
give away the defensive position. Silhouettes of
enemy are seen coming across the hill to the
section front and when the lead dismounted
enemy reach the wire the platoon commander
blows his whistle giving the signal to fire.
KZ D
KZ
C
KZ B
1
2
3
KZ A
Soldiers engage enemy within their arcs of fire
and those without enemy targets continue to
observe their arcs in case the enemy attacks from
a different direction. M72s are fired in volley at
the BMPs, which follow the dismounted enemy
soldiers, while the ERYX is used against a T72.
The depth section LAV also engages the BMPs.
Humansystems Incorporated®
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®
Conduct Close Combat in the Defence
An anti-tank mine from the protective minefield knocks a
track off of another T72 and it is subsequently destroyed by
both tank and ERYX fire.
In front of 1 Section the dismounted enemy is first canalized
by the concertina wire fence and slowed down by the low
wire entanglement. Strict fire discipline is followed to
ensure that the section does not run-out of ammunition, only
aimed fire is used. Gradually the enemy fire and movement
to the section front dies down while 2 Section to the...east is
heavily engaged. Two whistle blasts and shouts from the
platoon commander order the section C9s to switch to their
alternate arcs of fire. The section C9s soon join in 2
Section's defence. A SITREP from 2 Section has informed
the platoon commander that two trenches have been overrun. An immediate platoon counter-attack is ordered.
.
...
...
...
...
11
OP
10
HIDE
..
.12
(-)
The company commander prepares to counter-attack with
elements from the depth platoon and LAVs in the hide. 1
Section supports the successful counter-attacks and all
enemy fire and movement in the company kill zone ceases.
Administration in the Defence
Once a lull in the battle develops the section
commander visits all his trenches. The soldiers in the
eastern most trench are both wounded. They are given
first aid and a soldier from another trench is brought
over to fill in the gap. He quickly reviews the trench
range card. While one member in each trench keeps
watch his partner refills C7 magazines from the loose
bandoleers in their trenches. Once the Section Comd
has seen all his men, he forwards an AMMO/CAS
report to the Platoon Commander.
Humansystems Incorporated®
.
HIDE
OP
Page 15
®
Administration in the Defence
The company commander has ordered the depth platoon to sweep forward and check for prisoners
(clearance patrol). The forward platoons remain at stand-to to provide fire support if required.
Carefully the forward slope & crest are swept and the two-man OP is re-established on the forward
crest. Knocked-out vehicles and the injured and dead enemy are examined. Once the prisoners are
escorted back to the PW collection point, the company returns to 50% manning on the position.
Platoon commanders come forward for verbal SITREPs from the section commanders. The Company
Sergeant Major has also brought forward some additional 5.56mm linked and ball ammo for the
sections, as well as a stretcher party to evacuate the two seriously wounded soldiers.
The lull in this battle may last 4-6 hours before further enemy echelons attack the Brigade.
.
HIDE
OP
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 16
Appendix 2:
Defend Function Flow Diagrams
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1-2
Coy Comd
Section Members
Platoon Comd
Planning the Defence
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
Section Members
Conduct detailed
Map Recce
Recieve BG Wng
O
DS2
Yes
Time for physical
recce
Develop Recce
Plan
Conduct Map
Appreciation
Forced Rest
No
Conduct Time
Appreciation
Conduct detailed
Recce
Conduct Map
Appreciation
Prepare
Plan/Estimate
Accompany Coy
Commander on
Recce
DR1
Issue
Verbal Wng O
Listen to Wng O
Conduct detailed
Recce
Prepare for battle,
check weapons,
comms, equipment
Issue written
Wng O
Move to BG
Orders Group
Meeting
Receive Verbal
Orders
Prepare Orders
Read Text
Wng O
Issue Verbal
Occupation
Orders
Conduct Time
Appreciation
Move to
defensive
position
Conduct Map
Appreciation
DS1
Confirm Verbal
Orders
Perform Verbal
Liaison with
Support (SP)
arms/flank units
Issue Written
Wng O
Issue Verbal
Move Order to
Defensive Hide
Receive verbal
order to
move -mounted
Move to RV for
Platoon Orders
Move Mounted
with Coy to Hiide
Receive Verbal
Orders
Move to Defensive
Position with Coy
Comd
Physically site
Section positions
Record Pointform Notes of
Siting Positions
Read Wng O
Physically site
Anti-armour
Wpns
DS2
Conduct Hide
Drills
Verbal Liaison
with SP
Arms/Flank units
Conduct Time
Appreciation
Conduct Detailed
Time Estimate
Conduct detailed
time estimate
Page 1
Page 2
Platoon Comd
Platoon Comd
Poor
Prepare
Plan/Estimate
Verbally and
visually
adjust trench
loctaions
Physically Verify
arcs of fire
Prepare Orders
Good
Verbally Indicate
Trench Locations
& Arcs of Fire
Deliver Verbal
Occupation
Orders
Listen to Verbal
Orders
Verbally
coordinate with
flanking platoons
and Sp
Move to
defensive
position
Verbally
Acknowledge tre
nch location &
arcs of fire
DS2
Physically
confirm trench
orientation
Move to
defensive
position
Physically Mark
trench front
Has Section position
been assigned by Coy
Commander
No
Determine
Section Positions
Verbally
Coordinate with
flanking sections
and Sp Wpns
Yes
Confirm Section
Positions
Move Mounted to
Hide
Physically Site
Support Wpns
Verbally brief
platoon
Tentatively Site
Trench Locations
DS5
Move
Mounted to Hide
Attend platoon
commander's
verbal briefing
Listen to Platoon
Comd Verbal
Orders
Prepare Section
Orders
Orient
map/model
Plan Arcs of Fire
Page 3
Page 4
Section Members
DS7
Prepare the Defensive Postion
Issue Verbal
Occupation
Orders
Listen to
Occupation
Orders
Listen to
Confirmation
Verbally
Acknowledge
Orders
Supervise
activities
Prepare for battle,
conduct pers
administration
Move to battle
position
Move to battle
position
Stop 100 m
behind defensive
position
Verbally Order
Section to Offload Stores
Listen to Orders
to Off-load
Stores
Listen to Orders
to Off-load
Stores
Off-load
Defensive Stores/
pick up shovels
Off-load
Defensive Stores
Supervise
Activities
Move to Battle
Position
No
Vehicles Return
to Hide
Time to
Occupy?
Yes
Issue Verbal
Order to Move to
Def. Position
Listen to Move
Order
Begin Dismounted
Move to Def.
Position
Issue Verbal/ Hand
Signal Orders
to Control
Movement
Listen to
Information on
Track Plan
Confirm
Acknowledgement
Verbally
Acknowledge T
rack Plan
Verbally assign
personnel to
trenches and
assign arcs
Verbally
Acknowledge
Arcs and Trench
Locations
Confirm
Acknowledgment
Verbally
Acknowledge Arcs
and Trench
Locations
Verbal Assign
Stand-to
Positions
Acknowledge
stand-to position
Platoon LAVs
Depart for
Def. Position
Listen to/ Observe
Movement Orders
Pass Orders down
line to other
Section Members
Visually Observe
Section
Formation
Verbally Indicate
track plan
Adopt Loose File
Formation
Page 5
Camoufllage
Vehicle
Move Dismounted
to Defensive
Position
1 X Driver from
each vehicle and
1x NCO stay in
hide
DR2
Page 6
Platoon Comd
Receive
Confirmation of
Section in Place
Section Comd
Verbally Inform
Platoon Comd
the Section is in
Place
All Stand For PL
Comd to See
Check Section
Positioning
Issue Verbal
Order to Dig
Section In
Are shell
scrapes
complete?
Adopt Stand-to
Position
Receive verbal
order to begin
digging in
Verbally Order
Section to draw
range cards,
clear fields of fire
and dig shell
scrapes
Visually Inspect
Range Cards and
Direct Changes if
required
Listen to Verbal
Order to Begin
Preparations
Prepare Range
Cards at each
Trench
No
Yes
Verbally order
section member
to lay line to Pl
HQ and sentry
Position
Receive verbal
order to lay line
Verbally Indicate
Sentry Location
and Detail Track
Plan
Move to stores
dump
Retrieve the field
telephone and
signal cable
DR3
Move to Section
Comd trench
Change Range
cards as required
Set-up field
telephone and
attach signal
cable
Clear fields of
fire
Visually Inspect
fields of fire and
direct changes
as required
Lay signal wire to
Pl HQ and Sentry
Position
Improve fields of
fire as directed
Connect signal
cable to Pl switch
board and Sentry
Field Telephone
Alternately begin
dig shell scrapes
Visually Inspect
shell scrapes and
recommend
changes as
required
Check and repair
circuits
Improve shell
scrapes as
directed
Return to Section
Comd trench and
test circuits
No
Circuits OK?
Page 7
Yes
Page 8
Section Comd
Section Comd
Issue Verbal
Order to Lay Trip
Flares,
Claymores and
surface mines
Verbally report to
Section Comd
that land lines
are laid and
operational
Listen to Verbal
Report that Land
Lines are Laid
Visually Inspect
trenches and
recommend
changes as
required
B
A
Section Members
Section Members
Listen to order to
set-up flares,
claymores and
mines
Move to Stores
Dump
Improve trenches
to stage 2
Retrieve Stores
Are trenches to
stage 2?
Visually indicate
Location to
Install Devices
No
Verbally
Acknowledge
Device Locations
Yes
Set-up trip-flares,
claymores,
surface lay mines
Record position
of devices on
Sect Range
Card
Go To
A
Go To
Listen to Report
of Installations
Complete
B
Following Sentry Challenge Flow Charts
Inspect set-up of tripflares,
claymores etc., and
Verbally Recommend
Improvements
Verbally Inform
Section Comd
that mines etc.
are Installed
Prepare trenches
to Stage 5
Improve set-up trip
-flares, claymores,
surface lay mines
as directed
Verbally Inform
Section of Mine
Locations
Listen to Mine
Locations
Listen to
acknowledgement
Verbally
Acknowledge Mine
Locations
Trenches to
Stage 5?
Page 9
No
Page 13
Sentry
Section Comd
Section Members
Accompany
Section
Comd to LP
Escort First
Sentry to LP
Position
Verbally indicate
track plan
Listen to Track
Plan
Walk the Track
Plan
Walk the Track
Plan
Confirm track
plan with Sentry
Verbally
acknowledges
track plan
Physically
position sentry
Occupies Sentry
Position
Verbally Issue
Sentry Orders
Listen to Sentry
Orders
Write Orders on
Field Message
Pad
Return to Battle
Position
Performs Sentry
duty until relieved
Listen for and
Visually Search
for Enemy
Monitor Field
Telephone
No
Visually detect pers
approaching?
Yes
Receive verbal
WNG from sentty
Verbally inform
Section Comd of
contacts
Page 10
Sentry
Section Comd
Section Members
Section Comd
Challenge
unknown pers
Verbally order
section to standto
Listen to Order
to Stand-to
No
Verbally respond
with correct
password?
Verbally send
WNG to Pl Comd
Sentry
Verbally inform
Section Comd that
visitor has not
responded properly
Listen to
Message from
Sentry
Verbally send
contact Wng O
Pl Comd
Move to Standto Position
Detain visitor
until escort
arrives from
section
Yes
Order one meber
to escort visitor
to Pl HQ
Verbally allow
pers to proceed
Listen to Verbal
Message from
Sentty
Send Sitrep to Pl
HQ
Verbally inform
Section Comd of
visitor
No
Issue Verbal
Order Standdown
Enemy?
Verbally send
Sitrep to Pl
Comd
Listen to Order to
Escort
Receive verbal
message from
sentty
Verbally send
contact Wng O
Pl Comd
Listen to Order
to Stand-down
Issue Verbal
Order to Standdown
Section Members
Verbally inform
Section Comd of
Contact Report
Move to Sentry
Position
Escort Visitor to
Pl HQ
Guard Visitor
until Relieved
Stand-down
Yes
Return to Section
Engage Enemy
Listen to Order
to Stand-down
Listen to
Weapons Firing
Stand-down
Verbally order
section watch
their front for
enemy
Page 11
Page 12
Section Comd
Issue Verbal
Order to laywire
obstacles
Section Members
Move to
Alternate Trench
Location
Section Comd
Platoon Comd
Listen to Order to
Lay Barbed Wire
Move to Stores
Dump
Visually Inspect
Trenches and
Verbally
Recommend
changes as
required
Alternate
Trenches to
Stage 2?
Issue Verbal Order
to Preprare
communication
trenches
Listen to Order to
Prepare
Communication
Trenches
Visually Inspect
Trenches and
Verbally
Recommend
changes as
required
Communication
Trenches complete?
No
Yes
No
Yes
Listen to Report
that Preparations
are Complete
Verbally Inform
Pl Comd that
preparations are
complete
Receive Section
Range Card
Physically Hand
Copy of Section
Range Card
Set-up Wire
Obstacles
Visually Inspect
Section
Preparations
Accompany Pl
Comd on
inspection of
position
Record Location
of Obstacles on
Section Range
Card
Verbally Indicate
any Preparation
Deficiencies
Acknowledge
deficiencies noted
by Pl Comd
Attend Coord
Conference With
OC
Verbally order
Section to Correct
Deficiencies
Listen to Order to
Correct
Deficiencies
Visually inspect
Corrections
Correct Defensi
ve Position
Deficiencies
Retrieve Stores
Visually Indicate
Location
for Obstacles
Acknowledge
Location to Setup Devices
Create Platoon
Range Card
Listen to Report of
Obstacle
Completion
Visually Inspect Wire
Obstacles and Direct
Improvements
Prepare Section
Range Card X2
Verbally Inform
Section Comd
that Obstacles
are Set
As Directed
Make Necessary
Changes
Improve Set-up
as directed
Deficient
DS4
Ok
Preprare
Alternate
trenches
Listen to Report
Verbally inform
Pl Comd that
changes are
Complete
Make additional
Corrections as
Required
Page 15
Section Members
Section Comd
Routine in the Defence
25% on Position
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
Section Members
DR6
Issue Verbal
Permission to go
to 25% Manning
DS9
Listen
to Manning
Reduction
Listen for and
Visually Search
for Enemy
Adjust Written
Manning and
Sentry Roster
Monitor Radio
and
Field Telephone
Verbally Order
Section to Fall-in
for O-Group
Meeting
Hear Fall-in
Order for OGroup
DR4
Issue Verbal
briefing on
Section SIT and
Manning Rosters
Listen to SITREP
and update on
Manning Roster
Confirm Section
Acknowledgement
Verbally
acknowledge
Roster and
Defensive Routine,
etc.
Clean weapons,
eat, sleep,
conduct personal
adm.
Receive order to
stand-to?
Yes
No
No
Position
Relieved?
Yes
DR5
Move to Section
Comd Trench
Move to
defensive hide
Adopt Defensive
Position or
Sentry Position
No
Time for duty?
Verbally brief
relief of SIT
Verbally/Visually
Review Range
Card, Duties, and
Orders
Confirm Relief
Understands
orders, duties,
etc.
Yes
Move to
Defensive
Position
Relieve Sentry or
pers Manning
Defensive
Position
Move to
Defensive
Position
Man Defensive
Position
Move to Hide
Page 16
Page 17
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
Sentry
Sentry Visually
Detects Pers
Approaching
Position
Listen to Verbal
WNG from
Sentry
Platoon Comd
Section Members
Section Comd
DR7
Sentry
Section Members
Return to Sentry
Routine
Return to
Defensive
Position
Verbally order
Section to Standdown
Listen to Order
to Stand-down
Verbally Alert
Section Comd of
Contacts
Stand-down
Verbally
Challenge
Unknown Pers. for
Password
Return to
Defensive
Routine
Verbally order
Section to Standto
Listen to Verbal
WNG from
Section Comd
Verbally send
WNG to Pl Comd
Hear Order to
Stand-to
Patrol
Verbally Respon
ds with Correct
Password
Move to Standto Position on the
Double
Issue Verbal
Contact Report
from Pl HQ using
Land Line
Listen to Contact
Report from
Pl HQ
DS12
DR8
Verbally order
section to standto
Listen to Verbal
Report from
Sentry
Verbally Report
Contact as
Friendly Recce
Party
Issue Verbal Order
for Sentry to hold
Recce Party until a
Guide comes
forward to Escort
Listen to Order
to Hold Recce
Patrol
Verbally Order
One Soldier to
Escort Recce
Party to RV
Listen to Order
for
Escort Tasking
Hold Recce
Patrol until Escort
Comes Forward
Listen to Verbal
Sitrep from
Section Comd
Verbally send
Sitrep to Pl
Comd
Visually Inspect
Section in
Trenches
Move Forward to
Sentry Position
Listen to Report
Indicating
Section in Place
Verbally Report
Section in Place
using Land Line
Issue Verbal
SITREP
Listen to SITREP
from
Pl HQ
Listen to Standto Order
ERYX Team
Move to Battle
Trench Positions
Setup Firing
Tripod and
Emplace
Occupy Fighting
Positions
Mount Launcher
Assembly on
Tripod
Mount Thermal
Sight on
Launcher
Prepare Missile
for Loading
Escort Patrol to
RV
Page 18
Page 19
Platoon Comd
Listen to Radio
for SIT
Load and Secure
Missile on
Launcher
Verbally inform
section of the SIT
Conduct Missile
System Prefire
Checks
Listen to Verbal
Update of the
SIT
No
Inspect System
for Defects
Change in SIT?
Yes
Verbally Order
Section using Land
Line to Engage
Enemy Vehicles with
ERYX
Listen to Order to
engage enemy
vehicles with
ERYX
Listen to
Acknowledgement
of Order
Acknowledge
verbal order to
engage enemy
veh with ERYX
Arm System
Review Range
Cards -Arcs and
Distances
Lay ERYX on
Black Track to
Section Front
Verbally Order
ERYX Team to
Prepare for Tank
Engagement
Listen to Wng
Order for Tank
Engagement
Verbally Order
Section to
Prepare for
Action
Listen to Order
to Prepare for
Action
Prepare
Weapons, M72s,
Grenades, etc
Call Sentry back
to Defensive
Position
Listen to Order to
Move back to
Trench
Move back to
Fighting Position
Page 20
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
ERYX Team
Section Members
ERYX Team
Platoon Comd
Monitor Radio for
SIT
Prepare
Engagement
Plan
Verbally Inform
Section of the
SIT
Monitor SIT
Listen to Update
of the SIT
No
Change in SIT
or orders?
Yes
Hear
Enemy Movem
ent to Section
Front
Hear Enemy
Movement to
Section Front
Verbally send
Contact Report
using Radio
Listen to Contact
Report
Visually Observe
Enemy Vehicle to
Section Front
Verbally
acknowledge that
ERYX team is
ready
Verbally Report
that Team is
Ready
Aim system
DR9
DS13
DS14
Issue Fire Control
Order
Listen to Fire
Control Order
Listen to Orders
and Plan of
Engagement
Listen to
Acknowledgement
of Plan
Repeat Fire
Control Order
Verbally
acknowledge
plan for defence
Visually Inspect
Status of Section
Visually Observe
Enemy Vehicle to
Section Front
Visually Identify
Vehicle as
Enemy Tank
DS13
Issue Verbal
Order to Fire
when ready
(ERYX)
Visually Identify
Vehicle as
Enemy Tank
Visually Identify
Vehicle as
Enemy Tank
Listen to
Authorization to
Fire
DR9
Review range
Card - Arcs and
Distances
Page 21
Page 22
Determine
Range to Enemy
Tank
Section Comd
Platoon Comd
ERYX Team
Platoon Comd
ERYX Team
Section Members
Conduct missile
System Prefire
Checks
Observe Enemy
Vehicle to Front
DR10
Select Targets
within Arc
Inspect system
for defects
Track Enemy
Tank
Orient Weapon
Systems
No
Arm system
Good Shot
Available?
Aim Weapon
Systems
Yes
DS13
Fire Weapon
System
Guide Missile to
Target
Verbally Control
Section Rate of
Fire and Target
List
Scan for new
targets
Fire
Observe Fall of
Shot
DR9
Observe Hit
Observe Hit
Observe Hit
Hear "TARGET
STOP" from
ERYX Team
Shout "TARGET,
TARGET STOP"
Hear "TARGET
STOP" from
ERYX Team
Observe Enemy
Dismounting
Burning Vehicle
DS13
Adjust Aim,
following Miss
All Enemy Targets
Serviced in Arc?
Yes
Prepare Next
Missile for
Loading
Any Enemy
Movement?
Observe Enemy
Dismounting
Burning Vehicle
Listen to
Authorization to
Fire
Shift to Second
Target
Visually Search
for Targets
within Arc
No
DS13
Load and Secure
Missile on
Launcher
Issue Verbal
Order to Fire
Section Weapons
Verbally Order
Adjustment
following Misses
DR9
Verbally Order
Section to
"CEASE FIRE"
Listen to Order to
Cease Firing
Verbally Pass on
Order to Cease
Fire
Make Weapons
Safe
Page 23
Page 24
Section Comd
Section Members
LIsten and Look
for Enemy
Movement
LIsten and Look
for Enemy
Movement
Hear In-Coming
Artillery
Hear In-Coming
Artillery
Verbally Order
Section to
"TAKE COVER"
Listen to Order to
Take Cover
Move Underneath
Overhead Protection
in Trench
Shout
Encouragement to
Section, Issue
Verbal Order to
keep their heads
down
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
ERYX Team
Section Members
Visually check
ammo expended
Listen to AMMOCAS Report
Verbally report
AMMO-CAS
status
Verbally Order
Section to
Alternately Refill
Magazines
Verbally Order
ERYX Team to
bring another
Miissile Forward
Move
Underneath
Overhead
Protection in
Trench
Verbally report
AMMO-CAS
status
Listen to Refill
Order
Listen to Order to
bring Miissile
Forward
Alternately Refill
Magazines
Hear
Encouragement
No
Artillery
Bombardment
Finished?
Listen to AMMO
-CAS Report
Verbally send
AMMO-CAS
Report by Radio
Yes
Shout "ALL
CLEAR"
DS14
Physically Inspect
Section Members
and Defences
Send SITREP to
PL HQ
DS14
Verbally Request
AMMO-CAS
Report from
Section Members
Issue Verbal Order
by Radio to Provide
Covering Fire as a
Depth Section
Clears Forward
Slope
Hear All Clear
Order
Move out from
Overhead
Protection
Listen
to Acknowledgem
ent and Provision
of Guide
Visually Check
Trench for
Damage
Listen to Order
for Covering Fire
Verbally Ack order by
Radio and Indicate that
Section will Provide a
Guide to Clearing
Section
(local minefielfds etc.)
Verbally Inform
Section of the
SIT
Listen to AMMOCAS Request
Page 25
Listen to Update
of the SIT
Page 26
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
Section Members
Observe Clearing
Section Moving
Forward
Verbally
Acknowledge Plan
forClearing Patrol
Listen to
Acknowledgement
Guide
Verbally Order One
Section Member to
Guide the Depth
Section
Platoon Comd
Listen to Order to
Guide Clearing
Section
Move Forward
and help Clear
Forward Slope
Observe Clearing
Section Moving
Forward
Section
Verbally Order
Section to provide
Covering Fire if
necessary
LIsten and Look
for Enemy
Movement
Listen to Order to
Provide Covering
Fire
Cover the
Clearing Patrol
Move to RV
location
No
Verbally LIaise
with Clearing
Section Comd
No
Clearing patrol
finished?
Yes
Verbally Brief
Clearing Section
Comd on Battle and
Section Defences
Verbally/Visually
Indicate Minefields,
Safe Lanes,Tripwires
etc on Section Range
Card
Escort Clearing
Section
Verbally Report by
Radio that Patrol is
Completed and give
"ALL CLEAR"
Listen to Radio
Message
Issue Verbal
Order to Standdown to 50%
Manning
Listen to
Manning
Reduction Order
Verbally Order one
Section Member to
Move to Sentry
Position
Verbally Order
Section to Repair
Ttrenches etc. as
required
Guide Rejoins
Section
Listen to Order to
adopt Sentry
Position
Move to Sentry
Position
Listen to Order to
Repair Position
Man sentry
position
Test Land Line
Circuits
Page 27
Page 28
Platoon Comd
Platoon Comd
Section Comd
Verbally Order
Section to Fall-in
for O-Group
Meeting
Yes
Listen to Report
that Land Lines
are OK
Verbally Report
that Land Lines
are Operational
Section Members
Section Comd
Circuits OK?
Listen to Fall-in
Order
Move to Section
Comd trench
No
Receive verbal
that land lines
are-down
Verbally order out
one member to
repair alnd line
Verbally Inform
Section Comd
that Land Lines
are Damaged
Repair Defences
Listen to Order to
Repair Land Line
Verbally Debrief
Section on the
Battle and an
Update of the
SIT
Listen to Debrief
and SITREP
Confirm Section
Understanding of
SIT and Duty
Roster
Verbally
acknowledge
Roster and
Defensive Routine,
etc.
50% on Position
Repair Land Line
Receive verbal
report that land
lines are OK
Listen to Repair
Report
Verbally Report
that Land Lines
are Operational
Verbally Report
that Repairs are
Complete
50% in Hide
Man Defensive
Position or
Sentry Position
Move to
Defensive Hide
Llisten for and
Visually Search
for Enemy
Clean Weapons,
Eat, Sleep,
Conduct
Personal Adm.
Monitor radio and
Field Telephone
Visually Inspect
Repairs
Receive order to
stand-to?
Yes
No
Listen to Repair
Report
Verbally Report
that Repairs are
Complete
No
Relieved?
No
Yes
Issue Verbal
Order by
Radio to go to
50% Manning
Verbally Brief
Relief of SIT and
Review Range
Card, Duties and
Orders
Listen to
Manning Order
Confirm Relief
Understands
Orders, Duties,
etc.
Adjust
Written Manning
and Sentry
Roster
Move to Hide
Page 29
Time for duty?
Yes
Move to
Defensive
Position
Move to
Defensive
Position
Relieve Sentry or
Adopt Defensive
Position
Man Defensive
Position
Page 30
Appendix 3:
Defend CTA Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1-3
Soldier Information Requirements
DEFENCE: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
DR1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon WO)
What
Probable mission, timings, situation
(enemy strength, moral, vehicles,
uniform, local activity scouts and
probes etc.). For example, 30
minutes notice to move to occupy
grid xyz, occupy by --, frequencies,
codes, and passwords.
Who
How
Platoon WO to section Varies but could be a verbal briefing from the Platoon WO
comd or by runner to
directly to section comd or to entire Section or Platoon.
section comd.
DR2
Siting Trenches
Show trench position, orientation,
Section comd and/or
key terrain and identifiable features, 2nd in command to
and arcs of fire to section members section members.
who will construct and occupy the
trench.
DR3
Create Range Card Create sketch of the view from the
trench with key tactical information
indicated such as reference points,
features, rendezvous, obstacles,
adjacent trenches, and distance and
bearing to each.
DR4
Confirmatory
Orders
DR5
Observation Post
Key information is provided to personSection comd with
Briefing/Hand Over taking over the Observation Post
other section comd in
including: arcs of fire, prominent
Platoon and adjacent
points, areas of concern, notes from forces (section comd,
previous patrol, running passwords, troop leader, TOW
location of barriers/land lines and
comd).
early Warning devices.
Face to face communication with outgoing patrol.
Standing Operating Procedures for incoming patrol so that they Auditory signals may be 3 successive
Supplementary to the map
know the current situation and areas of concern/movement, and shots; visual light signals may be 2 long briefing.
the procedures specific to the Observation Post.
and 1 short flash. Note: usual equipment
in Operation includes NVG, x60 scope,
M72 or C6 and early Warning devices.
DR6
Observe in
Observation Post
Visually scan left to right or, reverse and near/middle/far
distance in a random order. Generally detect with eyes and
ears and "interrogate" with scope, sight or binoculars.
Observe movement or activity and try to identify details of
strength, speed, and weapons. Then call in on field phone.
At night use “noisy” NODLAR (x8 and x4).
Detect and identify enemy (or friendly) force movement as a
means of early warning to the defensive position. Based on
activity, try to understand what is currently happening and what
will happen in the future.
DR7
Identification Friend Determine if approaching party is
or Foe - Returning enemy or friendly.
Observation Post
Patrol
Section members
occupying trench, to
section comd, Platoon
comd and Company
(combat team) comd.
Why
Cues
Provide general direction and warning time to enable Sections to Verbal briefing.
prepare for the task of constructing a defensive position. For
example, Standing Operating Procedures would suggest 72 hour
rations, shovels, picks, early warning devices (2nd in command
initiates preparation of special equipment).
Section members are picked up at a rendezvous and taken toWalking the defensive position is a very effective means of
the position by the Section Comd. Visually scan area and
communicating the intent of the defensive plan, identifying
mark trench with mine tape or glow sticks. Try to identify
unforeseen issues, better defining equipment and materials
dead ground, trails, and likely enemy axis of advance.
requirements, and creating a common mental model of the
Section members will then walk the rest of position (track
position and role of the Section trenches and fire positions.
plan) with 2nd in command and identify Petroleum, Oil and
Lubricant points, ammunition points, etc.
Section member in
forward trench.
Map, terrain, vegetation, key landmarks
or features.
Visual cues of key terrain features and if
Each trench (fire team) will build range card by sketching the The range card is useful to the soldier as an aide memoire
bearing and range to identifiable reference points and objectsparticularly at night or in low visibility conditions. The range card available, compass, map and binocular
within the trench arc of surveillance and fire. The sketch is also used to brief and orient new soldiers to the trench fields of information.
typically created on a Field Message Pad using the C79
surveillance and fire. Individual trench range cards are required t
weapon sight or pacing for range estimation and a compass be consolidated into the Section range card to ensure that there
(if available) for bearing estimation. Note: This must be done are no gaps or weaknesses in the Section coverage or fire.
during the day for accuracy.
Update to orders such as situation, Section comd to section Section comd jumps in trench and gives update to each fire Section trenches need the most up-to-date information for
Platoon/Company/Battalion picture members in each
team verbally with the aid of a map or sketch. At night will do preparation of defence against enemy forces. This information
on map with the layout of ground and trench.
under a gound sheet.
reminds the section of the general plan and intent, gives the
friendly forces, frequencies, open fire
layout and coordination details of all relevant forces on the
policy, code words and passwords,
ground, updates situation with any new information.
timings and priority of work.
Scan arcs in Observation Post by
Observation Post
looking and listening for any activity sentries.
in arcs.
Volume
Issue a verbal challenge when patrol is as far out as possible Must identify approaching forces to prevent infiltration.
A longer challenge distance ensures that potential enemy will
be unable to effectively use grenades and allows you to use
claymores for defence. Trade off for speaking loudly and
risking that the position is compromised.
Verbal and visual cues.
See "Why things are seen", movement,
contrast, dust, heat shimmer etc.
Verbal and visual cues, for example visua
recognition of an individual's face,
password for identification. Integrate with
knowing rules of engagement and the
patrolling schedule and roster.
Signals.
Soldier Information Require
DEFENCE: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
DR1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon WO)
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Decisions
Soldier benefits by awareness of
previous events and current
battle situation to better
comprehend the intent of the
warning order.
Comms
Workload
High cognitive and
moderate auditory
demands.
Verbal face-to-face.
Moderate visual,
cognitive, and
auditory demands.
Better NVG (night vision goggles)
to help at night with orienting to the
position. Section comd could use a
briefing tool to help ensure good
overlapping arcs for Platoon and
adjacent Platoon(s), reveal dead
ground, and weapon range fans.
Range estimation tool for accurate
defilade/enfilade range estimation
(within 10 m). Section members
would even benefit from each
having a map and compass.
Moderately high
visual and cognitive
demands.
Unable to create range card with
any accuracy at night. The NVG
(night vision goggles) are better.
LRF or range estimation tool with
integrated bearing indication.
Ability to integrate LRF device
directly into digital map system to
automate range card production
and to improve the subsequent
speed and accuracy of trench
range card consolidation into the
Section range card trace.
Computerized defence picture may
help but face to face confirmatory
orders provide big benefits. The
section comd can check on
hygiene and moral and do a
general inspection to ensure
soldiers are ready.
DR2
Siting Trenches
DR3
Create Range Card Need to be aware of trench
assigned arcs, features within
arcs that will be critical to the
defensive plan, terrain
characteristics (e.g. dead
ground), and likely enemy
approaches.
DR4
Confirmatory
Orders
Need to be aware of the warning
order, occupation order, and
current battle situation since the
confirmatory orders will build on
this information.
Verbal face-to-face
High cognitive and
prioprioceptive
(writing) demands.
Moderately high
visual and auditory
demands.
DR5
Observation Post
Need to be aware of the
Briefing/Hand Over defensive plan, standard
operating procedures for patrols,
code words, signals, tracks, etc.
Verbal face-to-face
Moderate visual,
cognitive, and
auditory demands.
DR6
Observe in
Observation Post
DR7
Identification Friend Need to be aware of passwords, Confirm friend or foe.
or Foe - Returning patrol schedule, and current
Observation Post
battle situation.
Patrol
Needs to be aware of general
intent of defensive plan.
Material and equipment
requirements for
constructing the position.
Need to be aware of likely
Must decide if they detect Land line phone.
enemy approaches and
something. The possible
characteristics (e.g. camouflage, detection must then be
weapons, vehicles, silouette,
interrogated for recognition
equipment, etc.), terrain
(e.g. soldier, civilian, bear).
features, and battle situation.
Recognized entities must
then be identified. Sentry
must then decide if they
need to report any
information higher.
Verbal hailing.
Training
Novice will not know
the tricks of the field
and will follow
Battalion Standing
Operating
Procedures, e.g.
details of what to/not
to take.
Information Technology Goals
Section comd should get the
Warning Orders faster so they can
draw equipment faster. Each
soldier should have a map so they
can see the ground. An aide
memoire to write down
frequencies, code words and
passwords would be useful.
High visual, auditory, Good observation is Quieter NVG (night vision goggles)
and TI (thermal imagery). Acoustic
and proprioceptive
an acquired skill,
sensor. Target Identification for
demands.
therefore more
experienced sentries friendly forces. LRF (Laser Range
are better able to
Finder), digital compass, GPS, and
detect targets and ability to communicate target grid
are faster and more on a tablet would all help during
accurate in
observation.
assessing a target
and more selective
about what
information is
passed higher.
High visual and
cognitive demands.
IFF (identification friend or foe)
recognition aide out to 200 m.
Fnc Flow
DR8
Task Description
Stand To
What
Who
How
Move to and prepare to defend in
Usually from section
Verbal "stand to" order is yelled on field phone or by runner.
defensive position. Usually a dash tocomd, 2nd in command
trench. Observe to front and prepare or runner.
for the worst (enemy).
Why
Must rapidly communicate to the company or Battalion (and
higher) that enemy is approaching or patrol is coming back and
trenches must be occupied and ready for action.
Cues
Verbal.
Volume
Signal.
DR9
Fire Control Orders Control own fire based on acquiring Section comd or 2nd in
During Defence
a target, rules of engagement,
command orders are
Standing Operating Procedures, and heard directly or these
verbal fire orders.
orders are passed on
from an adjacent
trench.
A verbal order or a pre-arranged signal is given to commenceConserve ammunition and ensure effective fire.
firing. After this point, a verbal command from section comd
or adjacent trench is used. For example orders are passed
on from trench to trench for the purpose of controlling fire
since battlefield noise disrupts yelled commands and yelled
commands could be overheard by the enemy.
Verbal orders or signals to open up, for
example C6 starts firing, pen flare etc.
DR10
Provide Effective
Fire, Under Fire
Execute aimed shots at enemy
Section members.
vehicles, personnel and equipment.
Visually acquire and identify target. Engage target until
desired effect is achieved.
Verbal and visual.
DR11
Ammunition /
Casualty
Report when ammunition is required Section members to
Verbal indication to section, section comd and section 2nd in To re-supply ammunition (bandoleer - 100 rds, 5 mags, M72, 1 Verbal or visual if someone is hit.
or when someone is wounded
Section comd and 2nd command.
smoke and 2 HE grenades) when 1 magazine is left yell "1 mag
(casualty).
in command.
left". When someone is wounded, yell to section comd or 2nd in
command to call for medic.
To suppress or neutralize the enemy advance.
Fnc Flow
DR8
Task Description
Stand To
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Need to be aware of track plan
(especially at night) and trench
assignments.
Decisions
Comms
Verbal command.
Workload
Low demands.
Yelled orders.
High visual demands.
Moderate auditory
demands.
Whisper mikes could be used for
Intra-section communications.
Once in open fire, it is difficult to
hear any fire orders. If “you”
currently had good communications
to the section comd and 2nd in
command, you would waste less
ammunition and have more
effective fire.
Very high visual and
cognitive load.
There is no question that off bore
sighting would be beneficial since
an individual can keep their head
down while accurately aiming and
engaging targets. Must be
designed properly to ensure target
detection and acquisition is not
compromised. Integrated LRF
(laser range finder) in sight, fire
control system, so that you can
acquire, lase and adjust the aim
mark automatically.
DR9
Fire Control Orders Need to be aware of the
When to engage targets
During Defence
defensive plan, rules of
and when to shift arcs.
engagement, arcs of fire, status
of Section and Platoon
defensive position, status of the
defensive battle (e.g. when to
shift to secondary arcs).
DR10
Provide Effective
Fire, Under Fire
Need to be aware of the
defensive plan, rules of
engagement, arcs of fire, status
of Section and Platoon
defensive position, status of the
defensive battle (e.g. when to
shift to secondary arcs).
DR11
Ammunition /
Casualty
Need to be aware of ammunition When to request additional Verbal face-to-face.
usage and the status of other
ammunition or for casualty
Section members.
assistance.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Sometimes it is difficult for section
comd to get everyone going as
they can be spread out, for
example some individuals may be
at a rendezvous, sleeping quarters,
in the trench or some on a working
party. Everyone drops everything
and runs when they hear the order.
Usually hear why the order “stand
to” was given after “stand down”.
Reaction time could be quicker,
stealthier, and more reliable with
intra-section comms.
Intra-section comms would reduce
the extend of movement and
exposure in the all-round defence.
A round counter would be useful to
track ammo usage.
Soldier Information Requirements
DEFENCE: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
DS1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon)
What
Probable mission, timings, situation,
reconnaisance group movement,
special administration instructions,
key personnel information (I.e. who
has to supply rifleman for
reconnaissance group) for traffic
control point, special weapons
detachment, digging equipment,
sand bags, and eng support. (Note:
much of situation comes from
previous days/weeks activity).
Who
Platoon WO to Section
comd or by runner to
Section comd.
How
Information is provided by Company runner, Platoon runner
or signaler. Platoon WO may also provide information to all 3
Section comds as a group. Each Section comd "signs off"
after reading the Warning Orders.
Why
Cues
Provides section comds with information which allows them to do Verbal and written order. Could be a
time appreciation in preparation for specific mission (begin to
carbon copy of the Field Message Pad
integrate with map recce, weather effects, digging, personnel for page (usually 1).
special tasks, etc.). The Section is pushed hard in the preparation
for defence, partly due to the limited time available, therefore
accurate and timely information at the warning stage is highly
desired.
DS2
Prepare Section
Warning Orders
Quick time appreciation and map
reconnaissance. Target Acquisition
for confirmation of equipment,
rest/food, rehearsals, etc. Map
reconnaissance for feel of area for
digging, camouflage and
concealment.
Section comd to 2nd in
command, who will be
responsible for
preparation of
equipment, Section
members, and
rehearsals. Information
may also be shared
with other Section
comds. Depending on
the time of day and
whether Section
members are sleeping,
orders will be given to
the entire Section.
Review map, available mission information and special
instructions. May coordinate with other Section comds and
possibly Platoon WO, partly to avoid waking sleeping section
personnel.
Must prepare kit to meet specific needs of mission and weather
(I.e. weather, geography and distance determines clothing
requirements and water load), as well as organizing weapons
and/or special weapons or kit (e.g. climbing ropes), ammo,
rations, camouflage, etc.
DS3
Reconnaissance
defensive site
Integrate terrain information (I.e.
Platoon comd with
obstacles, boundaries, likely enemy Section comds.
routes, woods, likely weapon
position, trench position) to initiate
plan for overall defensive position
with specific section requirements as
the focus. These requirements
include arcs of fire, trench location
and orientation, best OP options,
special weapons position (i.e. Carl G,
Eryx or C6) although likely sited by
Officer Commanding.
Walk the ground with Platoon comd and other Section
Comds. Discuss approaches. Inspect terrain, dead ground,
general arcs of trench fire and weapons detachment assets,
etc.
To build a strong defensive position with integrate security, arcs of Terrain (clear and interlocking lines of
fire. Defensive objectives are considered as a group on the
sight and arcs of fire) concealed
actual ground to develop and reinforce a common mental model positions, exploitation of maximum
of the larger defensive plan.
effective range of weapons, enfilade and
defilades, appropriate Killing Zone
locations. The recce is often performed
at night to avoid detection by the enemy.
These critical cues are often very difficult
to acquire in visually restricted conditions.
DS4
Section Range
Cards
Prepare section range card. Sketch
of trench positions (150 meters of
frontage) indicating information
important to weapons employment in
the defensive battle.
Section members
develop range card for
each trench and pass
these to Section comd
to consolidate into
Section Range Card
who then passes to
Platoon comd for
consolidation of all
Section Cards into a
consolidated Platoon
Range Card.
Sketch on a Field Message Pad and mark with mine tape,
The range card forms the basis for planning the deployment and Key terrain features, range estimations
glow sticks etc. Must incorporate grid position of each trench, employment of the Platoon and Company weapons assets.
and compass bearings, as well as any
orientation, clear areas, lane ways, weapons, arcs of fire for Information in the range card can also assist soldiers in the trench information from obstacle plan, flanking
each trench, secondary arcs of fire, trip flares, mines and the as a aide memoire. For new soldiers to a trench, the range card arcs, barrier plan, and anti armour plan.
bearing and range to key, identifiable objects within the trench serves as a briefing and orientation tool. Platoon comd needs this
arcs of fire.
information to build the Platoon range card for planning the larger
Company defence.
DS5
Liaison With Other
Commanders
Coordinate with other Section comds
in Platoon, with Platoon comd and
with adjacent sections from other
Platoons or adjacent tank/troop
leader or TOW, depth Section, etc.
Section comd with other Face to face communication in secure location, for example
near headquarters trench, at Observation Post or at specified
Section comds in
contact point. Liaise timings are likely specified in Orders.
Platoon and adjacent
forces, for example
Section comd, troop
leader, TOW comd.
Volume
Brief, usually 1 page of Field
Message Pad.
Map terrain, vegetation as well as cues
from Section members (I.e. moral and
readiness) when verbal orders are given
to Section.
Must coordinate defensive plan items such as withdrawal routes Visual cues include routes, track plan etc.
(helps with IFF), track plan, adjacent trench positions, primary and Also, verbal exchange of information.
secondary arcs of fire, HQ trench. Important to be coordinated in
case the situation changes during the defence, I.e. you get
overrun.
1 page of Field Message
Pad.
Soldier Information Require
DEFENCE: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
DS1
Task Description
Receive Warning
Orders (from
Platoon)
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Benefit by having awareness of
events and global situation
leading up to warning order
information. Awareness aids in
comprehending and integrating
warning order information
effectively.
DS2
Prepare Section
Warning Orders
DS3
Reconnaissance
defensive site
Need to be aware of
Commander's intent for the
defensive plan, the terrain
characteristics, likely enemy
approaches, enemy doctrine
and tactics on this ground.
DS4
Section Range
Cards
Need to be aware of Platoon
trench locations, Section arc
assignments, key features in the
enemy's approach.
DS5
Liaison With Other
Commanders
Need to be aware of Section,
Platoon, and Company
defensive plan.
Decisions
Comms
Identify and prioritize
Verbal face-to-face.
preparatory work (e.g. Hide
guides, equipment, etc).
Officer in Command will do Verbal face-to-face.
overall weapon sighting but
likely the Platoon and
Section comd have some
latitude and will
communicate final
placement for approval.
Verbal face-to-face.
Workload
High visual and
cognitive demands.
Moderate auditory
demands.
Training
Novice will not
anticipate as well as
experienced Sect
Comd and will rely
on 2nd in command.
Information Technology Goals
Anything to make the Warning
Orders delivery quicker. The
Scenario allows 3 days to prepare
(this is luxurious) while in reality
preparation is usually 6 hours, for
example "prepare to defend this
position by tomorrow a.m.".
Perhaps share the orders between
the Company/Platoon/Section and
then let the Platoon WO (15 yrs
experience) and Platoon Comd (12 yrs experience) add in specific
details that will update the orders
the Section has received.
High cognitive and
proprioceptive
(writing) demands.
Moderately high
visual demands.
Would take the
novice up to 30
minutes to
accomplish.
Memory aide would
help.
Section comd will have Section and
Platoon Comd's aide memoire.
Aerial photographs or satellite
images, up-to-date maps, digital
3D maps with intervisibility and
distance measurement tool.
Very high visual and
cognitive demands.
Novices may have
less confidence and
perform more
changes. Experts
are more likely to get
all the tiny details
right the first time
and be more
efficient.
a) Better NVG (night vision
goggles) than now, for example
improve depth perception so night
reconnaissance (walking with the
NVG) will be easier and more
accurate. b) Laser ranging and
bearing measurement devices.
High cognitive,
proprioceptive, and
visual demands.
Accuracy of bearing is not too bad
during the day, but range
estimation is weak i.e. binos and
C79 sight. Both are very weak at
night. A Laser Range Finder and
compass integrated into one
system would speed up the
process and make it more
accurate. This should be
distributed to the comd, 2nd in
command and fire teams. Better
NVG could be included in the
system.
High cognitive
demands. Moderate
visual and auditory
demands.
Intra (within) section
communications and GPS
locations on digital trace with
integrated plans and map to avoid
fraticide.
Fnc Flow
DS6
Task Description
Create Track Plan
What
A route plan and ground indications
for establishing tracks between
trenches, the Observation Post,
Platoon Headquarters etc. in the
larger defensive position.
Who
Platoon WO and
Company Sergeant
Major create and mark
the track plan.
How
Tracks are walked to determine the best routes for moving
efficiently between defensive positions while remaining
concealed from enemy on the ground and from the air.
Why
Reduces chances of detection by the enemy while occupying the
defensive position, reduces chance of getting lost when moving
around the position, especially at night. At night the track plan
ensures that replenishment and coordination activities are
achieved safely and efficiently.
Cues
Cover and concealment from air and
enemy position. Mark tracks on ground
with mine tape, chem lights or 550 cord.
Volume
DS7
Occupation Orders Give orders to occupy position,
situation update and any changes
(proforma), service support, signals,
and order of march to position.
Platoon comd to
Section comd, then
Section comd or
Section in section
rendezvous.
Will likely use map and sand model at section or Platoon
rendezvous. Platoon comd may give information to all
soldiers or only to Section comd.
Give final details. These details are more like confirmatory rather When given to Section, listen to orders
than occupation orders and are often provided in a brief format
and usually walk the position to site the
(e.g. fragment Orders).
trenches.
DS8
Receive
Confirmatory
Orders
Detailed information on occupation
now that the position is defendable.
Will include any updates, open fire
policy, signals set up, Officer
Commanding's intent.
Platoon comd to
Section comd.
Verbal briefing using model, sketch or Platoon range card.
Final details prior to defence.
DS9
Pass on
Confirmatory
Orders
Detailed information provided to
Section comd to
Section members, for example
Section members.
updates to enemy situation, timings,
open fire policy, signals set up,
Officer Commanding's intent, and
passwords.
Verbal briefing using reminder format rather than no change. Final details prior to defence and acts as a reminder to all. Also
Would provide briefing separately to each trench and at the good opportunity to check on condition and moral of section
Observation Post. Use range card and discuss clearance
members (food, sleep, hydration, frostbite).
patrols, enemy movement, run up practices, etc.
DS10
Inspect Range
Cards/Trench
Trench to trench inspection of set up Section comd and
Section members.
and range card to ensure arcs are
covered, trip flares and wire is
recorded, etc.
Section Comd visits each trench and OP separately. Verbal
and visual trench inspection is undertaken and range cards
are inspected for content, detail, and accuracy.
Range card and trench inspections are critical to ensuring that the Visual inspection of information on range
card and position of known obstacles.
Section range card is accurate and comprehensive. Trench
inspection also provides opportunity for Section Comd to assess
trench readiness.
DS11
Patrol Going Out Stand to
Stand To order issued 1 hour before Platoon comd to
patrol goes out to Observation Post. Section comd.
Following the order to "stand to" the
defensive position must be staffed to
full strength in anticipation of the
defensive battle.
Verbal order, stand to in 1 hour, is given. Guide will take
patrol to forward C9 trench and performs listening drill. The
guide then escorts patrol through gap in wire. Patrol
advances to within 100 m of Observation Post and performs
listening drill before approaching the Observation Post.
Maximum control, observation, and care is required when a patrol
is leaving the defensive position and returning so that enemy
cannot slip through defences. As well, a mis-identified patrol risks
fratricide.
Verbal orders in person or on radio,
"Stand to, outgoing party". Code words
for returning platoon (e.g. "bird" means
returning patrol is 1000 m out). Section
will send out guides to meet at wire.
DS12
Platoon Stand To
Order
Platoon order to "stand to" due to
enemy contact and the defensive
battle is imminent.
Platoon comd to
Section comd to
Section members,
depending on whom
initially contacted the
enemy.
Verbal order, via land line or by runner, will depend on
situation and can be performed covertly or overtly.
The order is given to bring the defensive position to full strength
as quickly as possible in anticipation of the defensive battle.
Verbal command but difficulties can
occur when the order must be passed
using noise discipline at night. Delays
can occur in passing to order to all
members.
Signal.
DS13
Fight Main Battle Control Fire
Section Comd must control the use
and weight of Section fire during
main defensive battle.
Section comd and 2nd
in command.
Battle commences with anti-tank, tank and artillery fire.
Section comd knows their battle is impending. Verbal
commands are yelled by the Section Comd and 2nd in
command to control the fire from Section trenches (I.e.
designate targets, indicate weapons, rate and weight of fire,
etc.).
To be maximally effective, Section fire assets must be
coordinated for weapons effects timings, convergence, and
maintainance of arcs of coverage. As well, the Section Comd
must ensure that Section ammunition is employed as
economically and effectively as possible.
Verbally yelled order.
Signal.
DS14
Fight Main Battle Know Strength
Section Comd must maintain
Section comd and 2nd
awareness of his Section strength in in command.
each trench and fire position.
Verbal commands from Section comd and 2nd in command The Section Comd must know what fire assets he has available at
are used to determine the status of Section members in their all times during the defensive battle. As the Section suffers
trenches.
losses, the Comd can mitigate the impact of the losses on his
defensive effectiveness by adjusting and balancing his remaining
resources. If the Section Comd is unaware of a loss of strength
he may be exposing the entire defensive position to a breakthrough.
Weapon detachment comd
and 2nd in command are
taking notes on timings,
passwords, alarms, and
priority of work.
Verbal and visual.
Mostly verbal but some visual, for
example range cards and map.
Verbal yelled responses to Section Comd Signal.
orders and queries. Visually observed
loss of contact with Section members,
reduction in weapons fire, or enemy
weapons effects. May even use 550 cord
attached to cans strung between trenches
to signal if trench is still effective.
Fnc Flow
DS6
Task Description
Create Track Plan
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Decisions
Need to be aware of intervisibility
issues of terrain and vegetation,
as well as the likely surveillance
capabilities of the enemy.
Comms
Workload
Moderate levels.
Must convey orders
intent and leadership.
High cognitive and
moderate visual and
auditory levels.
Aide memoir for signals and
passwords.
High cognitive and
moderate visual and
auditory levels.
a) Orders can be given in person
for command intent and
supplemented with digital tablet. b)
Alternatively, confirmatory orders
could be provided remotely using a
digital display and intra-Platoon
radio.
Moderately high
visual levels.
Moderate cognitive
and auditory levels.
Intra-section communications to
provide confirmatory briefings
remotely. Especially helpful for
Observation Posts.
DS7
Occupation Orders Need to be aware of current
battle situation, defensive plan,
and be able to anticipate future
state.
DS8
Receive
Confirmatory
Orders
DS9
Pass on
Confirmatory
Orders
DS10
Inspect Range
Cards/Trench
Need to be aware of defensive Range card completeness
plan, current Section range card and accuracy. Trench and
and flanking Section arcs, and
soldier readiness.
the intent of the Section's role in
the defensive battle.
DS11
Patrol Going Out Stand to
Need to be aware of Standard
Operating Procedures for
patrols, battle situation, and
code words.
DS12
Platoon Stand To
Order
Need to be aware of state of the
Section defence and the location
of members if not in their
trenches.
Verbal order.
DS13
Fight Main Battle Control Fire
Need to be aware of defensive
plan, current Section range card,
and the intent of the Section's
role in the defensive battle.
DS14
Fight Main Battle Know Strength
Need to be aware of Section
strength and disposition in the
defensive position.
Need to be aware of the original
occupation orders and the state
of the battle.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Intervisibility tool for planning gross
track plan for subsequent
adjustments on the ground.
Digital range card plans as traces
which can be related to each
trench.
Moderate auditory
demands.
Stand to is only a problem during resupply when people are not in
trenches or in hide. Difficult to do a
silent "stand to" in this situation and
still have full strength in trenches.
Intra-Section communications may
help or some type of stealthy
alarm.
Section Comd must weigh Verbal order.
the effectiveness of
Section fire against the
goals for the Section in the
defensive plan and correct
as necessary.
Very high visual,
auditory, and
cognitive demands.
Moderate
proprioceptive
demands.
Off bore sighting. A better way of
sharing target information, for
example GRIT (group range
indication type of fire) is inaccurate
when trench is 75 m apart, must
use reference point. Intra (within)
Section communications would be
a major benefit.
Losses in Section strength Verbal order.
need to be determined
based on loss of
communication, drop in
weapons fire or effects, or
other Section member's
reports. Confirmed losses
need to be compensated
by changes in the control
of fire and distribution of
remaining Section
members among
defendible trenches.
Very high visual,
auditory, and
cognitive demands.
Moderate
proprioceptive
demands.
Intra-Section communications
would be a major benefit. Casualty
status alarm and display on
defensive position trace.
Appendix 4:
Defend Ratings
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1-4
Co
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
Im
RIFLEMAN
No.
Task
DR1 Receive Wng O (from Pl WO)
DR2 Siting Trenches
DR3 Create Range Card
DR4 Confirmatory Orders
DR5 OP Briefing/Hand Over
DR6 Observe in OP
DR7 IFF - Returning OP Patrol
DR8 Stand to
DR9 Fire Control O During Defence
DR10 Provide Effective Fire, Under Fire
DR11 Ammo/Cas
po
rt
an
ce
m
pl
e
xi
Ti
ty
m
el
in
e
ss
Di
ffi
cu
R e lty
Up ten
tio
da
n
te
F
Fr
eq req
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
A c of
U
cu
se
ra
Ti
m
cy
e
Pr
es
su
re
DEFENCE - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
2
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
5
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
2
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
5
1
2
5
3
3
2
3
3
4
3
4
5
5
6
3
5
3
2
5
7
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
4
4
4
4
5
3
2
4
1
4
9
4
3
4
3
3
2
1
1
1
Im
Co
SECTION COMMANDER
No.
Task
DS1
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
DS2
Prepare Sect Wng O
DS3
Recce defensive site
DS4
Section Range Cards
DS5
Liaison with Other Commanders
DS6
Create Track Plan
DS7
Occupation Orders
DS8
Receive Confirmatory Orders
DS9
Pass on Confirmatory Orders
DS10 Inspect Range Cards/Trench
DS11 Patrol Going Out - Stand to
DS12 Pl Stand to Order
DS13 Fight Main Battle - Control Fire
DS14 Fight Main Battle - Know Strength
po
rt
an
ce
m
pl
e
xi
Ti
ty
m
el
in
Di ess
ffi
cu
R e lty
t
en
Up
tio
da
n
te
F
Fr
eq req
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
A c of
U
cu
se
Ti
ra
m
cy
e
Pr
es
su
re
DEFENCE - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
3
3
2
3
3
1
1
3
3
4
2
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
4
4
2
3
2
2
5
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
6
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
9
4
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
5
4
5
3
2
2
5
1
2
3
4
4
1
2
1
1
2
5
4
2
2
1
1
DEFENCE SCENARIO - VACP RATINGS
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
Receive Wng O (from Pl WO)
Siting Trenches
Create Range Card
Confirmatory Orders
OP Briefing/Hand Over
Observe in OP
IFF - Returning OP Patrol
Stand to
Fire Control O During Defence
Provide Effective Fire, Under Fire
A
Fnc Flow
DR1
DR2
DR3
DR4
DR5
DR6
DR7
DR8
DR9
DR10
VI
SU
A
L
RIFLEMAN
3.7
5
5.9
5.4
5.4
7
7
0
7
7
4.9
4.9
0
4.9
4.9
6.6
4.9
4.3
4.3
4.3
6.8
4.6
4.6
6.8
4.6
4.6
6.8
1
3.7
6.8
1
1
4.6
6.5
1
5.8
2.2
2.2
1
4.6
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Sect Wng O
Recce defensive site
Section Range Cards
Liaison with Other Commanders
Create Track Plan
Occupation Orders
Receive Confirmatory Orders
Pass on Confirmatory Orders
Pl Stand to Order
Fight Main Battle - Control Fire
Fight Main Battle - Know Strength
A
Fnc Flow
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
DS5
DS6
DS7
DS8
DS9
DS12
DS13
DS14
VI
SU
A
L
SECTION COMMANDER
5.9
5.9
7
5.9
5.9
4
5
5.4
5.9
0
7
7
4.9
0
4.9
1
4.9
0
4.9
4.9
4.3
4.3
6.6
6.6
7
6.8
7
7
6.8
4.6
6.8
6.8
5.3
1.2
6.8
6.8
2.2
6.5
1
6.5
4.6
2.2
1
6.5
1
2.2
4.6
4.6
Appendix 5:
Defend Information Elements
Humansystems Incorporated®
C-1-5
defense sect comd DS13 Fight Main Battle - Control Fire
Fight Main Battle - Know
defense sect comd DS14 Strength
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
defense rfl man
defense rfl man
Receive Wng O (from Pl WO)
Siting Trenches
Create Range Card
Confirmatory Orders
OP Briefing/Hand Over
Observe in OP
IFF - Returning OP Patrol
Stand To
Fire Control Orders During
DR9 Defence
Provide Effective Fire, Under
DR10 Fire
DR1
DR2
DR3
DR4
DR5
DR6
DR7
DR8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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Plan Movement
Plan Timings
Identify Resource Needs
Team Movement Control
Indiv. Movement Control
Team Fire Control
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Plan Fire
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Indiv. Fire Control
ID Trgts/Threats
Detect Trgts/Threats
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Access Recorded/Ref. Info
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Record Info.
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Msn Timing
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Msn Execution
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Msn Intent
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Det. Bearing
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Det. Range
Det. Loc.
sect comd DS5
sect comd DS6
sect comd DS7
sect comd DS8
sect comd DS9
sect comd DS10
sect comd DS11
sect comd DS12
Visualize Gnd
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
defense
Receive Wng O (from Pl)
Prepare Sect Wng O
Recce defensive site
Section Range Cards
Liaison with Other
Commanders
Create Track Plan
Occupation Orders
Receive Confirmatory Orders
Pass on Confirmatory Orders
Inspect Range Cards/Trench
Patrol Going Out - Stand To
Pl Stand to Order
Info Transfer (extra-section)
Fnc Flow No.
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
Info Transfer (intra-section)
Position
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
Task ID
Scenario
defense
defense
defense
defense
1
1
1
1
ANNEX D:
Patrol Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1
Appendix 1:
Patrol Scenario
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1-1
®
MISSION SCENARIO:
The Patrol
Scenario Overview
This scenario includes participation in patrolling operations.
Patrols differ in size, equipment carried, and, most
importantly, in the actions carried out at the objective.
Reconnaissance patrols collect or confirm information about
the enemy or terrain and avoid contact. Fighting patrols
provide security, harass, destroy or capture enemy personnel,
equipment, and installations. Patrolling is designed to
maintain the initiative by taking the fight to the enemy.
Landing Zone
Objective
(GR028904)
This vignette follows the move of a reinforced platoon to
conduct point and area recce’s, establish a secure patrol base
inside enemy lines, and conduct a platoon size fighting patrol
which has been tasked to destroy an enemy installation. This
scenario includes airmobile, mounted and dismounted
movement, obstacle crossing, reaction to enemy contact, and
general conduct of the patrols. Although this vignette will
focus on one mission, it is being conducted within the context
of the Division Intelligence Collection Plan.
Previously, 2 CMBG (Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group) was defending the area of CFB Petawawa and
the Mattawa Airstrip. The enemy attacked in strength and although was initially defeated in the Mattawa
Plains battle, the enemy has since pushed 2 CMBG back to the Barron/Petawawa River defensive line.
Electronic signal intelligence has detected what is believed to be a high power enemy radio transmitter at
GR028904. This is the previous site of a fire lookout and it provides a commanding view of the surrounding
countryside to the south east, and north. The site may be an electronic warfare installation , a main node in
the enemy’s air defence network or an observation post (OP). The Brigade Commander has tasked 1 RCR
with destroying the site.
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Staff Duties
At First Light D-3, the CO 1 RCR viewed the patrol task
table from Brigade Headquarters detailing his assigned
missions. As the depth unit in the Brigade defence plan , 1
RCR is tasked with providing patrols for the Brigade
Commander. The patrol order provides the instructions,
information, and guidance needed to plan, prepare for, and
accomplish the patrol. Patrols are planned sufficiently far
ahead to enable the patrol commander to be fully briefed
and to conduct patrol battle procedure. Simultaneously, coordination is accomplished within 1 RCR and with other
units of 2 CMBG. This may include fire support planning,
air mobile support, and/or passage of lines (in and out).
A Company is the depth Company of 1 RCR. The CO has
tasked A Company with this mission. In addition, the CO
has attached a sniper detachment (Det.) of two men to A
Company for this mission. The Company Commander has
tasked One Platoon(+) with conducting the raid.
Upon receiving the initial warning orders for the patrol (1000 hrs
D-3), the Platoon Commander and Recce Patrol Commander begin
their preliminary time appreciations. The appreciation starts with
the furthest known critical time and works backward to the receipt
of the patrol order. The time schedule is planned around specified
times, such as time of departure or time of information required to
Brigade, in order to support future operations.
Recce Patrol - Staff Duties
As soon as possible the Recce patrol commander delivers
his own warning order to the patrol 2I/C. The patrol
2I/C’s supervise the preparation of equipment and
ensures rest if possible (patrol administrative
preparation). Concurrently the both patrol commanders
attend their orders group at the Battalion HQ. The Ops
Officer typically issues the patrol order (1400 hrs D-3).
Recce Patrol: The Recce Patrol is made up of six men, commanded by a Sgt, including the two man
sniper team. Phase One - the patrol will be transported to a point near the ferry site (1000 hrs D-2). The
patrol will link up with an in-place force at the ferry site and the six man patrol will be ferried across the
Petawawa River by assault boat. A separate security detachment will provide near bank protection and a
support team will return the assault boat to the ferry site. Phase Two - the patrol will make its way on foot
and recce the objective at GR028904. The patrol will piquette the objective, and secure the Raid LZ and
likely Objective Rendezvous (ORV). Two men will guide the Raid platoon to the ORV. This should be
complete by 0300 hrs D-1. Phase Three – the Recce patrol and Sniper team will support the Raid on the
objective and will also secure the planned PZ. All six personnel will extract by helicopter with the Raid
platoon. The two-man sniper Det is attached to this patrol to provide additional observation capability and
direct fire onto sentries which may be manning the top of the tower (approx. height is 40 m).
Contact with the enemy is to be avoided enroute and radio silence will be in effect until the raid is
initiated. Maps, traces, air photos, intelligence reports, etc., are used to provide all available information
on the enemy. The Recce Patrol will observe and, if possible, select a likely prisoner to be taken .
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Recce Patrol - Planning
General: In planning the patrol, soldiers carry
out thorough battle procedure, including orders,
reconnaissance, planning, weapon and
equipment preparation, rehearsals,
communications and inspections.
Upon receipt of the patrol order the patrol
commander develops his detailed time
appreciation. Once he has determined the time
and space constraints, the patrol commander
conducts a detailed study of the situation and
map recce. Co-ordination for movement in
friendly areas, departure and re-entry of friendly
areas and fire support takes place after orders
and prior to departure from the place of orders.
Since time is available, personal co-ordination
by the patrol commander is undertaken.
Selection of Men, Weapons and Equipment: Upon return from his orders the patrol commander
confirms the names of the men in the patrol. Personnel chosen are in good shape, strong and healthy,
possess the patrolling spirit, are well trained, dependable and reliable, have good vision and hearing,
and are capable of working on their own initiative. Weapons and equipment are selected to assist the
patrol in the objective area, en route, and for control and protection.
Recce Patrol - Planning
Reconnaissance: After the preliminary planning, the patrol commander plans for a reconnaissance.
During the reconnaissance, the patrol commander goes as far forward as possible to observe the
ground. Liaison with local units furnishes valuable information on enemy habits, patrols, landmarks,
etc. Reconnaissance confirms routes, obstacles, landmarks, enemy OPs, dead ground and covered
approaches, likely ambush points, enemy positions, and the effect of the moon on movement.
Ferry Site
Patrol Base
Detailed Planning: After his recce, the patrol commander
plans in detail for his mission. The plan details specific
duties, primary and alternate routes, likely danger areas,
conduct of the patrol, service support, etc. Concurrently,
the patrol 2I/C ensures the preparation of the equipment,
weapons, ammunition, communications, etc.
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Recce Patrol - Planning
(to Objective)
Recce Patrol Route Selection: After a thorough
review of the battle maps, air photographs and the
intelligence reports, the patrol commander has
selected a tentative route to the objective. The
route involves being ferried across the Petawawa
River by boat. The rafting site bypasses known
enemy positions and is at a point of manageable
current speed. Once on the far bank, the route
avoids roads and trails in general, avoids major
ridge lines, passes above gaps and below key
terrain features, avoids known enemy positions
and finally avoids built-up areas. A detailed
intervisibility study of the terrain and likely enemy
positions is essential for planning the safest route.
Phase Two
Ferry Site
Phase One
Recce Patrol - Planning
Patrol Orders: Once he has prepared his orders
and has built his sand model, the patrol
commander delivers his orders orally to the patrol
members. The order is delivered slowly and in
stages, with questions being left to the end of each
stage. Everyone must know the job of the other
participants, tasks, routes, etc., as notes cannot be
taken on the patrol. The sand model assists the
patrol in visualizing the mission.
Inspections: After patrol orders, an equipment
check is made. This inspection determines both
the physical and mental state of the men.
Inspections of the uniforms and equipment are
conducted before rehearsals to ensure it is
complete, secure and noiseless. The patrol
members are quizzed to ensure that they know the
mission plan, their part in the mission, passwords,
codes, call signs, frequencies, etc. Inspections are
repeated just prior to departure to ensure that
everything is still working and nothing has been
left behind.
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Recce Rehearsals (Day and Night)
A day rehearsal is conducted over terrain that is similar to that which the patrol will operate. As time
is available, all phases and actions are rehearsed. Rehearsals include practicing formations on the
march, ingress and egress from the assault boat, action on crossing obstacles, action on contact, action
on or at the objective, action on illumination or trip flares, action at danger areas, etc. Rehearsals are
conducted with the weapons and equipment that will be taken on the patrol. Once the day rehearsals
are complete, the same activities are done at night.
Raid - Staff Duties
Like the Recce Patrol Commander, the Platoon Commander delivers his own warning order to the patrol
2I/C. The patrol 2I/C supervises the preparation of equipment and ensures rest if possible (patrol
administrative preparation). Concurrently, the patrol commanders attend their orders group at the Battalion
HQ where the Ops Officer typically issues the patrol order.
Mission: In Phase One, a Recce patrol will be sent forward ASAP to piquette the object and recce possible
LZs, PZs and ORVs. Prior to the patrol departing, passwords, code words, recognition signals and
tentative RVs are assigned. The raid commander details his likely plan so that the Recce patrol will
investigate suitable RVs, fire base locations, cut-off points, attack positions, etc. In Phase Two, the
platoon will make its way by helicopter and foot to the patrol base by 0300 hrs D-1. In Phase Three, the
enemy compound at GR 028904 will be attacked and destroyed. In Phase Four the Raid platoon and Recce
patrol will withdraw to the PZ and will be extracted by helicopter.
Maps, traces, air photos, satellite imagery, intelligence reports,
etc., are used to provide all available information on the enemy.
Air photos have detected what appears to be an enemy air
defence radar site as well as a separate communications
compound at the objective. Expected enemy strength, in the
area of the objective, is fourteen. Additional near-by enemy
ground positions have been identified at GRs 009895, 020892,
084876.
Landing Zone
Objective
(GR028904)
Enemy air defence units are mobile and they have been located
at GRs 023891, 027867, 059863, and 088869.
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Raid - Airmobile Ops.
Air mobile operations require consideration of: weather; terrain; the air situation; vulnerability during
assembly, take-off, air movement, and landing; ability to re-supply, reinforce, link-up or extract; and
the fire support available. In addition to the ground tactical plan, a landing plan, air movements plan
including deception plan, a loading plan and a staging plan must be developed.
The Aviation Commander stages the aircraft, assists in the loading plan, develops and fly’s the air
mission including any deception techniques, and lands the platoon at the LZ. Close liaison is required
with the aviation mission commander in developing these plans.
Raid - Orders
Raid Orders: Just like the Recce Patrol Commander, the Raid Commander has prepared his orders and
has built his sand model. The platoon commander delivers his orders orally to all the platoon members.
The platoon members are seated in their tactical mission groupings. The orders are delivered slowly and
in stages, with questions being left to the end of each stage. The raid is more complicated, involving
offensive action. Everyone must know the job of the other participants, tasks during stages, route, etc., as
notes cannot be taken on the patrol. The sand model assists the patrol in visualising the mission from the
airmobile stage, the assault on the objective to the move to the PZ.
The fighting patrol, less the recce patrol personnel which will be
piquetting the objective and PZ, will establish an ORV by 2300 hrs
D-1. In Phase One, if necessary, the platoon and section
commanders will be guided to the objective, conduct a final
reconnaissance, return to the ORV, and the platoon commander will
confirm his orders for the night attack with the section commanders.
In Phase Two, the assault sections will be escorted forward to the LD
while the fire base and cut-off elements are escorted to the selected
fire base location. In Phase Three, the assault sections will destroy
the enemy installation by a night silent attack. H- Hour is 0430 hrs
D-Day. This will involve the neutralising of sentries in the tower,
clearing the small building in location, and capturing vital electronic
equipment or possibly key personnel. The enemy facilities will be
destroyed by explosives to render the site unusable in the future.
Phase Four –the patrol will move back to the ORV for a hasty
briefing of captured information, and then move to the PZ to enplane.
Humansystems Incorporated®
PZ ?
Objective
Patrol Base
Page 6
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Raid - Inspections
Inspections: After patrol orders, an equipment
check is made. This inspection determines
both the physical and mental state of the men.
Inspections are conducted before rehearsals to
ensure the equipment is complete, correct and
silent. The patrol members are quizzed to
ensure that they know the mission plan, their
part in the mission, passwords, codes, call
signs, frequencies, etc. Inspections are
repeated just prior to departure to ensure a high
standard of camouflage, that everything is still
working, and nothing has been left behind.
D-2 Raid Rehearsals (Day and Night)
Air Ops: A number of rehearsals are required to conduct a successful airmobile operation. Because
airborne operations take place at high speed, it is imperative that all members know their tasks and
duties. Initial rehearsals include refresher training on enplaning and in-flight procedures. The soldiers
enter the aircraft in the reverse order in which they are to disembark. Weapons are “loaded but safe”
with no rounds in the breech, and all loose gear is secured. The Chalk Comd. details who sits where
and how they approach the aircraft. Special air ops hand signals are practised to insure that
communications are possible inside and outside the aircraft. After the patrol commander is satisfied
with the enplaning and in-flight routine, the patrol practices the deplaning procedures. The soldiers
must exit the aircraft rapidly assuming an all-round defence. If the LZ terrain is unsuitable, the
helicopters will hover at 1.2 to 1.8 meters while the chalk jumps off. The immediate all-round
defence must be practised to insure that soldiers do not go in the tail rotor danger zone and that all arcs
are covered.
Foot Move: Day and night rehearsals are conducted over terrain that is similar to that which the
platoon will operate. As time is available, all phases and actions are rehearsed. Rehearsals include
practising formations on the march, action on crossing obstacles, action on contact, action on or at the
objective, action on illumination or trip flares, action at danger areas, etc. Rehearsals are conducted
with the weapons and equipment that will be taken on the patrol.
Raid: Because the mission involves a night attack on an enemy compound, FIBUA tactics and drills
must also be practised. In addition, the complete destruction of the site by explosives and the potential
capturing of a prisoner are rehearsed.
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D-2 Raid Rehearsals (Day and Night)
FIBUA- House Clearing: A day rehearsal is conducted with buildings and a compound that is
similar to the target site. As time is available all phases and actions are rehearsed. Rehearsals
include actions of the Assault Sections, and actions of the fire base and cut-offs.
The Assault Sections practice initial entry, room clearance, and floor clearance. The fire base and
cut-off section rehearse their duties for covering the move of the Assault Sections and positioning to
cut-off any enemy trying to escape. The sniper team must position itself to engage enemy sentries in
the 40 m tower, and support the assault sections with precise aimed fire.
After the days rehearsals are complete, they are repeated by night. Timing and good co-ordination
are important as well as clear recognition at night of the enemy.
Raid - Move to Objective
The mission orders are confirmed and the men are inspected. Finally the platoon moves forward by
vehicle to the vehicle release point (Rel Pt). At this time, 2245 hrs D-2, the patrol moves to the initial
helicopter PZ.
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Recce Patrol - Move to Crossing Site
At 1000 hrs D-2, the Recce Patrol (6 men) link up
with the supporting elements (members of a
supporting platoon from the same company).
Orders are confirmed and the men are inspected.
Finally the group moves forward by vehicle to
the vehicle release point (Rel Pt). At this time the
patrol and its supporting elements debuss and
quietly move to a temporary patrol base.
RP
To SP
(Vehicles)
Ferry Site
Patrol Base
Once the patrol base is established, the patrol
commander and supporting detachment
commanders move forward to recce and confirm
the ferry point. A concealed but accessible site is
needed on the near bank to inflate the assault
boat, as well as safely launch and recover the
boat. The ferry site must also provide an
acceptable point to disembark the patrol on the
far bank. Additionally, the crossing site must be
located on the narrow part of the river to reduce
exposure time. Upon returning from the recce,
the patrol commander marks the route and
confirms his orders once back at the patrol base.
Recce Patrol - River Crossing
Prior to the move to the ferry site, the final inspection
is undertaken. Weapons, ammunition and equipment
are checked, the radio is checked, and finally the
camouflage and equipment noise is checked. The
patrol and support groups moves forward to the ferry
site by foot carrying all weapons and equipment and
observing strict track discipline. While the security
detachment deploys, the assault boat is inflated
approximately 50 meters before the river’s edge.
Rafting Site
Patrol Base
Under the sound cover of a pre-arranged harassing artillery barrage (1300 hrs D-2) the patrol is
ferried across the river by assault boat. The patrol members and support group paddle the boat
while the security detachment provide cover from the near bank. Once disembarked, the patrol goes
to ground and listens for enemy movement.
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Recce Patrol - Movement
Once the patrol commander is satisfied that the
patrol hasn’t been observed, he silently signals
for the patrol to move-out. The patrol silently
moves east along the river’s edge until they
reach the first tentative rendez-vous (RV) at the
north-south re-entrant. The patrol commander
signals that this is an RV. At the RV, the patrol
listens for enemy movement.
RV after
Danger Area
Danger Area
Re-entrant
RV Before
Danger Area
RV
Once the patrol commander is satisfied, the
patrol heads north along the re-entrant until it
reaches the road danger area. Prior to
reconnoitring the danger area the patrol
commander selects and occupies an RV 50
meters prior to the danger area. Once set, the
patrol then performs its action at danger area
drill.
Recce Patrol - Action at Danger Areas
The near side and flanks of the danger area are
looked at first, then the far side. As the far side
appears clear of enemy, one member of the patrol
moves past the danger area (road) with the
remaining members covering his movement. This
security element investigates the far side and a
tentative RV on the opposite side. Once clear, the
security element signals the remaining pair to
cross using a prearranged signal (display of the
luminous marks of his compass). Under cover,
the remaining pair cross as rapidly and quietly as
possible. Once on the far side, the patrol moves
to a tentative RV 50 meters from the danger area.
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Recce Patrol - Movement
Prior to beginning the next leg of his mission the
patrol commander verifies his compass setting
and march distance. The next leg follows the reentrant for 800 meters until it swings to the west.
The patrol commander verifies his location using
his hand held GPS. After confirming his
position, the patrol sets off.
Leg 5
Danger Areas
Leg 4
Leg 3
Re-entrant
Leg 2
Leg 1
Recce Patrol - Movement Control
During the march the patrol commander maintains control by silent control measures. At night, orders
are passed individually from man to man in a low voice. Arm and hand signals are used as
appropriate. Near infra red equipment, flashlights with filters, etc., are also used to send and receive
signals at night. For this patrol, the night recognition signals are one flash for the patrol commander,
two for the 2I/C, etc. The response to the challenge are two long flashes. Luminous tape is also used
to assist control at night (i.e. cats eyes on their patrol hats). All patrol members assist in maintaining
control by staying alert and passing on signals and orders to other members. For larger patrols the
accounting for members is very important. The last man in the patrol sends up the count after every
halt so that the patrol commander can verify he has his whole team.
Using stealth, proper navigation and their rehearsed drills, the patrol steadily moves toward their
objective crossing a number of obstacles and danger areas. At a certain point, the LZ piquette depart
for their task.
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Recce Patrol - Action on Enemy Contact
After moving approximately 500 meters, the LZ piquet members hear the sounds of an enemy
foot patrol to their front. Both men drop and listen for 10 minutes. The enemy is very close.
Rather than attempting to infiltrate through the probable ambush, the patrol commander decides
to back track and bypass the enemy to the south. The patrol carefully moves back and skirts the
enemy patrol to the south.
During this change of route, the patrol commander frequently verifies his position and bearing.
Slowly, the patrol approaches an unmarked black track that crosses their front. As the patrol
approaches the potential ambush site, the men move low and slowly. Using the Silent Ghost and
Cat Walk they approach close to the danger area.
The near side and flanks of the danger areas are
carefully inspected and, as quietly as possible,
the patrol crosses the danger areas. Once on
the far side, the patrol moves to a tentative RV
50 meters beyond the danger area
The patrol commander confirms his location
and plots a new bearing to the tentative Raid
LZ.
Recce Patrol - Actions at the Objective
At 2200 hrs D-2, the patrol commander halts the patrol in a
concealed area at the objective rendez-vous (ORV). He
conducts his initial reconnaissance to pinpoint the objective and
confirms his plans for positioning security and making the
reconnaissance. He returns to the patrol and positions his
security personnel so that they can provide an early warning of
any enemy approach to the area of the objective in order to
protect the reconnaissance party. The patrol commander then
reconnoitres the objective. The patrol commander moves
stealthily around the objective to get the desired information –
he identifies enemy positions, protective minefields, their
defensive routine, etc. In addition, the recce patrol identifies
suitable fire support bases, assault routes, covered approaches,
etc., for the planned raid.
ORV
A detailed map is developed and photographs
are taken for future reference. When the
preliminary reconnaissance is complete the
patrol commander moves back to the ORV and
tells everyone what he has seen and heard.
Other members also contribute anything that
they have learned.
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Recce Patrol - Observation Post
Prior to the assault on the compound, the defensive routine of the enemy must be verified, thus a
covert OP must be established. The OP must provide a good view of the enemy installation, covering
as wide a view of possible and as little dead ground as possible. It should have a covered and safe
approach and exit. To provide cover from fire and view it is dug in. Finally, the OP must allow for
good communications to the patrol base or ORV. The patrol makes its way to the tentative OP
location and checks for communications.
Once a suitable position is identified, the sniper Det silently moves into position. Concealment is
essential. Ghillie Suits, personal camouflage nets, scrim, etc., help conceal the position. Local
branches and undergrowth are not cut as they will wilt and give away the position.
A range card and detailed map is developed and
photographs are taken for future reference. Two men
are on duty at any one time, one observes the target
recording any activity while the other acts as a local
sentry. The sniper det is tasked with recording the
routine on the objective and with killing the enemy
sentry posted in the high tower.
After monitoring the enemy activity for 24 hours, at
1900 hrs D-1 one man of the sniper team departs for
the patrol base. Just after moving out, an enemy
patrol approaches.
Recce Patrol - Actions at the Objective
The sniper goes to ground and hides in the shadows of
the underbrush. The sniper will only engage the
enemy if discovered. Using the silent Kitten Crawl,
the sniper carefully moves away from the enemy
patrol. Luckily the soldier is not detected and the
enemy patrol moves on.
ORV
Once the area is clear, the sniper links up with other
members of the Recce patrol at the ORV. Once the
initial debrief of the objective is delivered, the patrol
commander details two soldiers to move to the Raid
LZ. These soldiers will help guide the Raid to the
objective and will piquette the tentative LZ until the
raid’s arrival. The two remaining Recce soldiers will
piquette the patrol base and the sniper returns to
continue observing the objective.
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Recce Patrol Commander - Move to Raid Patrol Base
While a pair of his soldiers are guiding the Raid into position, the patrol commander and another
piquette the tentative patrol base. Eventually, at 0300 hrs D-1, they detect and link-up with the Raid
platoon After the patrol base is established the Recce patrol commander delivers his initial report to
the Raid Platoon Commander.
Based on the results of the this night reconnaissance and a following morning confirmatory
reconnaissance, the platoon commander develops his plan for the assault on the objective. Some
additional recce of the objective will required. The recce patrol has confirmed the suitability of the
primary and alternate PZ sites. The platoon commander confirms the helicopter pick-up times and
advises that a pre-arranged fire-plan will cover both the assault and the extraction.
Raid - Air Move
At 2300 hrs D-2, prior to emplaning, a final
inspection is undertaken. Weapons, ammunition
and equipment are checked, the radio is checked,
and finally the camouflage and equipment noise is
checked. The patrol boards a helicopter and
departs for the LZ.
Using the covered approach, the helicopter crosses
into enemy held territory avoiding known enemy
positions. Three alternate LZs are used for
deception. The flight goes skids down for
approximately three minutes at each dummy LZ to
deceive the enemy as to the real LZ.
PZ
LZ
Objective
As per the original plan, the patrol lands
undetected at the primary LZ. A recce team
indicates that the LZ is clear by a pre-arranged
near-IR signal. Using the deplaning drills, the
patrol quickly dismounts from the hovering
aircraft and adopt all-round defence; this LZ has
been the shortest. As quickly as the platoon and
equipment are off loaded, the helicopter departs.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 14
®
Raid - Foot Movement
Once the platoon commander is satisfied that
the patrol hasn’t been observed, he links-up
with the Recce patrol personnel that was
piquetting the LZ. After marry-up, he silently
signals for the platoon to move-out. The patrol
silently moves south east along a bearing until
they reach the first tentative rendez-vous (RV)
at the gap between the ridge line and a lower
hill. The two guides have made the navigation
easier and the going is quite good. The patrol
commander signals that this is an RV. At the
RV the patrol stops and listens for enemy
movement.
Prior to beginning the next leg of his mission
the platoon commander verifies his compass
setting and march distance. The next leg
follows north of an east-west hill and by-passes
nearby roads. The platoon commander verifies
his location using his hand held GPS. After
confirming his position the platoon sets off with
scouts taking the lead.
Raid - Movement Control
During the march the platoon commander maintains control by silent control measures. At night some
orders are passed individually from man to man in a low voice. Arm and hand signals are used as
appropriate. Near infra red equipment, flashlights with filters, etc., are also used to send and receive
signals at night.
For this patrol, the night recognition signals are one flash for the patrol commander, two for the 2I/C,
etc. The response to the challenge are two long flashes. Luminous tape is also used to assist control at
night (i.e. cats eyes on their patrol hats). All platoon members assist in maintaining control by staying
alert and passing on signals and orders to other members. For larger patrols the accounting for
members is very important. The last man in the patrol sends up the count so that the patrol commander
can verify he has his whole team.
Using stealth, proper navigation, assistance of guides and their rehearsed drills the patrol steadily
moves toward their tentative patrol base crossing a number of obstacles and danger areas. At 0300 hrs
D-1, the Raid links -up with the Recce patrol personnel that were piquetting the tentative patrol base.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 15
®
D-1 Occupy Patrol Base
After verifying that the patrol base is clear with the
piquette, the platoon commander deploys his
sections using the rehearsed drill. The platoon
approaches the patrol base at the six o’clock
position and walks around the perimeter of the
position in a clock-wise manner. The patrol
commander allocates the 10 to 2 o’clock position to
one section, the 2 to 6 o’clock position to 2 section
and the 6 to 10 o’clock position to three section.
The platoon will be in this location for some hours.
The platoon commander sets up his headquarters in
the centre of the patrol base. After the section arcs
have been assigned and the light machine guns
(LMG) placed, the sections send out clearing
patrols to clear the surrounding area. These patrols
are conducted quickly and simultaneously. Proper
identification and caution is essential to ensure that
accidental contact and friendly fire is avoided.
Objective
Patrol Base
Patrol Base
Once the area is secure the sections conceal themselves using their individual camouflage
nets. One position in each section provides a sentry position. The patrol will remain here for
18 hours.
At 2030 hrs D-1, the Recce patrol commander and sniper deliver the latest intelligence to the
raid commander; Enemy on the objective has signals insignia, two sentries are in the tower at
night, the Air Defence radar was moved out today but a new officer, possibly a major, has
been seen conducting a recce of the location.
Based on the results of the night and day reconnaissance, the platoon commander confirms his
plan for the assault on the objective, the helicopter pick-up times, and supporting artillery fire.
The recce patrol has also confirmed the suitability of the primary PZ site.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 16
®
Raid - Action at the Objective 2330 D-1 to 0500 D
The fighting patrol, less recce personnel which will
be piquetting the objective and PZ, will move by
foot to an ORV guided by the Recce patrol
commander. In Phase One, the platoon
commander will conduct a reconnaissance of the
objective and confirm his orders for the night attack
with the section commanders. In Phase Two, the
assault sections will be escorted forward to the LD
while the support group and cut-offs are guided to
the selected fire base . The Raid commander will
command the assault group and the Raid 2I/C will
command the fire base. In Phase Three at H-Hour,
the assault sections will destroy the enemy
installation by a night silent attack. After the
objective has been captured, the easily transported
electronic equipment will be removed if possible or
destroyed in-situ. In Phase Four, the patrol will
move back to the ORV and then to the PZ.
PZ ?
Objective
Patrol Base
Raid - Attack
At H-hour, 0430 hrs, the assault section begins its infiltration
of the enemy compound. The outer perimeter is protected by
layers of razor and barbed wire. Just as the wire is cut, an
Manned OP
alarm sounds from the compound. The platoon has been
detected by an enemy sentry position using an IR sight.
Directional mines are command detonated by the enemy.
Good reconnaissance has pinpointed the mines and thus the
platoon has avoided major casualties. Two soldiers are
wounded but not seriously.
The silent attack now becomes a noisy attack. Immediately
the fire-base provides covering fire. Surprise has been lost
but over-whelming force is now applied. After firing
paraflares to completely illuminate the objective, M203
grenadiers launch grenades onto known enemy trenches
and the occupied building. The sniper Det “takes out” the
enemy sentries in the tower and other soldiers as they
expose themselves. All of the enemy outside are killed.
While one Covering Section fire team engages the
windows and door on the front (assault) side, other Section
fire teams engage the side windows and depth enemy
positions. Each fire team has a rifleman (with M203) plus
a LMG gunner. The Covering Section supports the move
of the assault group as it reaches the building.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 17
®
Raid - Fighting in Built Up Areas
All attacks on built-up areas involve gaining a foothold and then clearing the area methodically. The
section is the basic element which can clear a small house of up to about six rooms. Anything larger
takes more sections leap frogging, vertically or horizontally, as the case may be. The plan for section
house clearing includes the point of entry, covering fire ( to include smoke if necessary), and support
from other sections or arms.
Outside the objective is illuminated ,however, the interior is very dark. Grenadiers throw grenades
into the room through which entry is to be made. After the explosion, the entry team goes into the
house at the chosen point of entry, engaging any enemy within. They clear the first room and shout
“Clear!”. The section commander, the bombers, and the lookout enter.
The lookout positions himself so that he can readily act as a runner and make contact with the
covering group. The platoon commander enters just after the lead section.
Raid - House Clearing
The section commander and the grenadier team now clear adjacent rooms while the entry team guards
stairways and passages. Infra-red glowsticks and NVG allow the teams to see into the darkened areas.
As soon as a firm base has been established the section’s covering group is called forward and the house
clearing continues. The task of the covering group is to cover the move of the clearing group. The
covering group will take up a fire position to cover the point of entry. The grenadier team throws a
grenade into the room and after its explosion the entry team enters the room firing it’s LMG and rifles
on auto. They will clear the room shooting into the ceiling or floor and any cupboards, clothes closets
and any area which could hide an enemy.
The assault group clears the house room by room, storey by storey, from the roof to the cellar, leaving
the lookout at the point of entry and the entry team covering stairs and landings. Good leadership
demands that the Patrol Commander be inside the building with the majority of his platoon. As luck
would have it, a wounded enemy signals captain is taken prisoner .
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 18
®
Raid - Actions at the Objective
After the house is secure, the assault group quickly checks
for their own injured. Two soldiers were wounded in the
initial rush to the building. These injured are given
immediate battle-aid and can both walk. Dead enemy
soldiers are checked for papers, maps, etc. The house
appeared to have housed an EW site. Computers, and
portable electronic consoles are uncoupled and carried
down to the PZ. Equipment that can’t be removed is
destroyed by rifle fire. After a final quick head count, the
assault group leaves the house leaving a satchel charge in
the main equipment room.
PZ
The tower is destroyed by simple charges and a detonating
cord cutting each leg.
The fire support section covers the withdrawal of the
assault group. The platoon breaks-off and heads for the
ORV carrying the enemy equipment and encouraging their
reluctant prisoner.
Speed and violence have carried the day.
Objective
Fighting Patrol - Hasty Ambush
As the platoon moves toward the PZ, the lead scouts
report by silent hand signal that a small enemy detachment
is crossing their intended line of march. The platoon
commander, by hand signal, silently halts the platoon and
gives the silent signal for immediate ambush.
PZ
On seeing the signal, the lead section adopts extended line,
gets under cover from view, and assumes appropriate fire
positions. The section remains still.
As rehearsed, the first section, following the patrol HQ,
moves to the left. The second section moves to the right to
form a platoon extended line formation.
Objective
The platoon commander and his party move to the centre
of the extended line and wait to trigger this hasty ambush.
Humansystems Incorporated®
Page 19
®
Fighting Patrol - Hasty Ambush
At this stage of the hasty ambush, extreme discipline is required by each soldier. The platoon
commander must spring the ambush at the correct time in order to kill all of the enemy. He does not
want to become decisively engaged because his aircraft are inbound.
The enemy is now well within the killing zone and the ambush is sprung. As rehearsed, maximum
fire power is directed toward the enemy and all are destroyed. If prematurely discovered, every
soldier must be ready to fire before the signal is given.
The practised drill now takes place in that each flanking section moves forward and turns outward
along the line of march. The centre section sweeps the kill zone. The enemy dead have been
checked for intelligence material and then the platoon commander directs the platoon to carry on
with the move to the PZ.
Fighting Patrol - Return
Shortly after the assault and covering sections reach the
PZ, the helicopters return. The LZ piquet quickly
withdraw to the helicopters after the assault and support
sections have enplaned. While some enemy is detected at
a distance, no counter attack interferes with the departure.
The patrol is returned to the friendly bank by the
helicopter flight. Once at the LZ, medical teams tend to
the wounded. Once the patrol commander sees to his
patrol and debriefs his section commanders and key
personnel, he moves off to deliver his report at the
Battalion HQ.
Humansystems Incorporated®
PZ
Objective
Page 20
Appendix 2:
Patrol Function Flow Diagrams
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1-2
RECCE PATROL COMD
RECCE PATROL
PS2
Planning the patrol
COY Commander
Receive Patroll
Orders
Platoon Commander
Recce Patrol
Commander
Liaison with SP
arms/flank units
Conduct detailed
time estimate
Recieve Wng O
PS14
PS21
PS4
Conduct detailed
Map Recce
Conduct Time
Appreciation
Confirm Names
of men on patrol
RECCE PATROL
Conduct Map
Appreciation
Update Warning
Order
Issue written
Wng O
Recieve Wng O
Recieve Wng O
PS1
PR1
PS5
Time for physical
recce
Yes
Develop Recce
Plan
No
Move to BG
Orders
Conduct Time
Appreciation
PS3
PS8
Receive Verbal
Orders
Conduct Map
Appreciation
Conduct Time
Appreciation
Conduct detailed
Recce
Prepare
Plan/Estimate
Conduct Map
Appreciation
PR3
Prepare Orders
PR2
Issue Written
Wng O
Recieve Wng O
Issue Written
Wng O
Recieve Wng O
Receive Verbal
Orders
PS6
Deliver Verbal
PatrolOrders
Conduct
Inspections
Prepare for battle,
check weapons,
comms,
equipment
Prepare for battle,
check weapons,
comms,
equipment
Move to RV for
Patrol Orders
Conduct
Inspections
Supervise
Rehearsals
Move to RV for
Patrol Orders
Page 1
Conduct
Rehearsals
Page 2
Move to Initial Recce Patrol Base And Cross River
Recce Patrol
Commander
Supervise move
to Initial Patrol
Base
Move by vehicle
to RP
Supervise move
to Initial Patrol
Base
Move by Foot to
Initial Patrol base
Supervise
occupation of
Initial Patrol Base
Recce Ferry Site
& Route plus
receive a
SITREP
Pass on details
and confirms
crossing plan
Conducts final
inspection
Page 3
Recce Patrol
Occupy Patrol
Base
Forced Rest
Hears changes
to plans
Inspection
Verbally order
patrol to move to
ferry site
Hears verbal
command to move
to ferry site
Supervise move
to ferry site
move to ferry site
Orders patrol to
embark assault
boat
embark assault
boat
Page 4
Conduct Foot Move
Confirm boat
duties
Recce Patrol
Commander
Acknowledge
boat duties
Recce Patrol
Conduct foot
Move
Confirm details
with bow
gunner/sentry
Supervise
paddling, helm
Paddle or pilot
boat
Supervise
disembarkation
Verify position
with map, terrain
analysis, GPS
Disembark
Move into
woodline
Move into
woodline
Conduct security
halt and
Navigation check
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Observe silent
order to move
out
PS13
Enemy detected?
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
No
PR6
Pass on Hand
Signals
Move tactically
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Identify RVs on
route
Yes
PR4
Set Compass
Supervise move
Action on
Detection Drill
PS10
Confirm leg
compass bearing
and leg distance
Adopt all round
defence
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
PS9
Monitor bearing
and distance
PR5
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
PR7
Conduct security
halt and
Navigation check
Conduct foot
Move
Pass on hand
signals
Adopt all round
defence
Page 5
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Page 6
Reach a danger
area?
Yes
Action at
Danger Area
No
No
Complete Leg?
Yes
Reach ORV or LZ
Recce Party Break- off
Point
Reached LZ
Split Site
Reach ORV
Page 7
Action at Danger Area
Ptl Commander
Action at
Danger Area
Take up fire
positions
Point Men
Patrol
Listen for enemy
movement etc.
Observe Danger
Area Hand Signal
Pass on hand
signal for danger
area
Indicate danger
area ahead by
hand signal
See signals from
Ptl that danger
area appears clear
Pass on hand
signal for danger
area
Signal Ptl to halt
See hand signal to
halt
Identify RV
approximately50 m
on nearside of
danger area
Pass on hand
signal for halt
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
PS13
Signal for point
men (scouts) to
cross danger area
See hand signal to
cross danger area
Pass on hand
signal to cross
danger area
PR6
Cross danger area
at same time
Action on
Detection Drill
Signal RV location
to Ptl
Listen, visually
search for enemy
See hand signal for
danger area
Yes
Enemy
contact?
See hand signal for
RV
No
Move into woodline
Pass on hand
signal for RV
Halt and listen for
enemy movement
and search visually
Signal Ptl members
to assume covering
positions on flank
See hand signal to
take up covering
positions
Conduct Box Recce -Check
far side of danger area from
centre to flanks
Pass on hand
signal to cover
flanks
Receive signal that
crossing appears
clear
Move to flanking
positions
Page 8
Signal visually that
danger area
appears clear
Move to flanks of
crossing site
Page 9
See signal to
prepare to cross
danger area
Adopt fire positions
to protect flanks of
crossing site
Adopt all round
defence
Signal remaining
patrol members to
prepare to cross
the danger area
together on order
Pass on Hand
Signal
See
Acknowlegement
of signal to cross
danger area
Acknowlege signal
to cross danger
area
Move to edge of
woodline
Move to edge of
woodline
Signal patrol to
cross
See signal to cross
Confirm all
members present
Cross danger area
Verify position with
map, terrain
analysis and GPS
Cross danger area
Action on
Detection Drill
Yes
Enemy
contact and
Detected?
Listen for enemy
No
Identify RV
approximately50 m
on farside of
danger area
Adopt all round
defence
Confirm leg
bearing and
distance remainng
Rejoin Ptl as it
passes
Send up the count
PS9
PS10
PS11
PR5
Send up the leg
distance travelled
PR4
Confirm bearing
and distance
Signal RV location
to Ptl
See hand signal for
RV
Signal ptl to move
out
See signal to move
out
Pass on hand
signal for RV
Signal ptl to halt
Pass on signal to
move out
Pass on hand
signal for halt
Page 10
Page 11
Action on Detection Drill
Action on
Detection Drill
Move Out
Ptl deteted
PS13
PR6
Supervise tactical
move
Monitor navigation
and adjust bearing
accordingly
Monitor distance
travelled and
ground features
Yes
Move tactically
PS11
PR4
Conduct ambush
drill
Navigate
PS12
Count distance
travelled
PR5
Move
Tactically
Conduct ambush
drill
Order Ptl to pull
back into treeline
Receive order to
withdraw
Move 400 meters
in opposite
direction from
threat at high
speed
Move
ID suitable RV
Signal Rv location
to Patrol
Adopt hasty all
round defence
See hand signal for
RV
Pass 0n hand
signal for RV
Adopt all round
defence
Page 12
Page 13
Confirm all
members present-
Hear order to sendup the count
PS7
Confirm new legs
Receive the head
count
Send up the count
Confirm status of
men
Hear order for
individual SITREP
Hear/see status of
men
Verbally or by hand
signal pass on
personal state
Hand signal Ptl to
continue
See hand signal to
continue
Wounded?
Look & Listen,
search for enemy
Supervise Move
Move Tactically
Receive/Hear
orders/New NAV
orders
Verbally inform Ptl
of change, new
legs etc.
PS13
Yes
Leave on route
with an uninured
member and
retrieve on way out
Serious
wound?
Yes
No
PR6
No
Return to
base
PS9-12
Decision
Monitor Navigation
Monitor bearing &
distance
PR4
Continue with
Mission
Give First Aid
Inform Ptl of
intention to
continue with
mission
Hear plans to
continue
Give First Aid
Confirm location on
map, GPS
Make new plan
PS9
PS10
Carry on With
Foot Move
PS7
Determine new
legs, distance &
bearing to by pass
Page 14
Page 15
Monitor navigation
and adjust bearing
accordingly
LZ Piquette Party
Reached LZ
Split Site
Confirm other
member ready
Verify position with
map, terrain
analysis and GPS
Confirm leg
bearing and
distance remainng
Monitor distance
travelled and
ground features
PS11
PS12
PR5
Quietly drop to ground
and take cover in
brush
PS9
PS10
Remain silent for 10
minutes
Preset bearing and
distance
Develop avoidance
plan
Signal ptl to move
out
Count distance
travelled
Hear sounds of
Enemy to Front
Hand Signal
Readiness
PS11
PS12
PR4
Navigate
PS7
See signal to move
out
Signal intent to
withdraw and bypass
See signal to
withdraw and plan to
bypass
Move Out
PS13
Supervise tactical
move
See
Acknowledgement
Acknowledge plan
with hand signal
Signal command to
move
See signal to move
PR6
Move tactically
Page 16
Page 17
Move silently back
200 metres
Confirm (new?) leg
compass bearing
and leg distance
Move silently back
200 metres
PS11
Listen/Look for
Enemy
PS12
Observe silent
order to move
out
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Verify position with
map, terrain analysis
and GPS
PS9
PS10
Listen/Look for
Enemy
Supervise move
Confirm bypass leg
bearing and distance
remainng
PS13
PR6
PS11
PS12
Identify RVs on
route
Signal command to
move
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
See signal to move
Move away from
potential ambush site
bypassing to South
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
Conduct security
halt and
Navigation check
Move away from
potential ambush site,
bypassing to South
Stop for security and
Nav Checks
Adopt all round
defence
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Adopt all round
defence
Reach a danger
area?
No
Yes
Detected by
Enemy?
Action at
danger area
Complete Leg?
Yes
No
Verify position
with map, terrain
analysis, GPS
Yes
No
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Perform
Action on
Contact Drill
Move tactically
No
PS9
PS10
Page 18
Reach LZ
Piquette ORV
Page 19
Action at LZ ORV
See signal from
partner that LZ
appears clear
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Signal partner to
check flank of LZ
See hand signal to
check LZ
See hand signal to
halt
Signal Ptl to halt
Recce edges of LZ
at same time
Identify RV
approximately50 m
on nearside of LZ
Move into woodline
Signal RV location
to Ptl
See hand signal for
RV
Halt and listen for
enemy movement
and search visually
Signal other Ptl
member to assume
covering position
on flank
Conduct
Perimeter Recce
-Check all sides
of LZ
See hand signal to
take up covering
position
Identify Suitable Op
Site
Move to flanking
position
Return to Start
Point
Take up fire
position
Listen for enemy
movement etc.
LZ Clear of
Enemy
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Move to Identified OP
- Position of Cover
and Observation
Listen, visually
search for enemy
No
Move to Alternate LZ
See signal from
partner that LZ
appears clear
Yes
Camouflage
Location/Selves
Yes
Page 20
Page 21
Observe LZ
No
Raid Landing
Hour?
Yes
Hear Helicopters
Do not send
signal - move to
alternate LZ
LZ Clear of
Enemy
Yes
Illuminate Near IR
Signal
Observe Raid
Landing
Link up with
Raid Commander
Raid Move to
Ptl Base
Page 22
Move to flanking
positions
Action at Recce Patrol ORV
PR7
Action at ORV
Take up fire
positions
Listen for enemy
movement etc.
Observe ORV ahead
Hand Signal
Pass on hand
signal
Signal Ptl to halt
Indicate Tentative
ORV ahead by hand
signal
See hand signal for
ORV Ahead
Listen, visually
search for enemy
PR7
See signals from
Ptl that danger
area appears clear
Pass on hand
signal
Verbally Inform Ptl of
Plan for Initial Recce
See hand signal to
halt
Hand Signal Escort to
Move Out
Pass on hand
signal for halt
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Escort
Acknowledge Ptl
Commanders Plan
and Orders For
Succession
See Hand Signal to
Move
Identify Suitable
ORV
Look/Listen For
Enemy
Move Tactically
Move Tactically
Signal ORV
location to Ptl
See hand signal for
ORV
Conduct Initial recce
to Pinpoint Objective
Pass on hand
signal for ORV
Signal Ptl members
to assume all
round protection
Escort Ptl
Commander
Identify Potential Site
For Sniper Det
See hand signal to
take up covering
positions
Return to ORV
Pass on hand
signal to cover
flanks
Return to ORV
Page 23
Detect Approaching
Pers
Page 24
Reply With Proper Ptl
Password
Return to ORV
Challenge Unknown
Pers
Return to ORV
Rejoin Ptl at ORV
Rejoin Ptl at ORV
Verbally Challenge
Unknown Pers
Hear Challenge
Debrief Ptl on What
Was Seen
Hear Challenge
Brief Ptl on Plan For
Recce and
Succession
Reply to ORV
Challenge With Patrol
password
Listen to Plan
Sniper Det
Hear proper Reply
Patrol in ORV
Rejoin ORV
Assign Sniper Det
Portion of Obj for
Recce
Rejoin ORV
Listen to Plan
Hear Report of
Changes / Actions At
ORV
Acknowledge Orders
Confirm Orders and
Succession
Instructions
Verbally Inform Ptl
Comd of Any
Changes
Acknowledge Orders
Listen to Report by
Escort
Verbally Inform Ptl
Comd of What was
Seen
Listen to Report by
Escort
Escort
Hand Signal Escort to
Move Out
See Hand Signal to
Move
Debrief Ptl on What
Was Seen
Look/Listen For
Enemy
Move Tactically
Listen to Report Ptl
Comd
Sniper Det
Move Tactically
Hear Challenge
Hear Challenge
Conduct Detailed
Recce of Obj
Escort Ptl
Commander
Hear proper Reply
Give Proper Ptl
Password Responce
Verbally Challenge
Unknown Pers
Hear proper Reply
Identify Potential
Firebase, Ld,Cut-Off
Locations, Routes,
etc.
Page 25
Page 26
Rejoin Ptl in ORV
Verbally Inform Ptl
Comd of What was
Seen
Listen to Report by
Sniper Det
Pass on Map of Obj
Debrief Sniper on
What Was Seen by
Others
Listen to Report by
Ptl Comd
Confirm Sniper Det
Orders
Acknowledge Orders
and Instructions
Return to Sniper
Location
Listen to Report by
Sniper Det
PR11
ORV Piquette
AcknowledgeORV
Piquette Tasks and
Instructions
Identify Potential OP
Move to Suitable
Position of Cover and
Observation
Confirm Orders for
ORV Piquette
Camouflage Self and
Location
Escort
Hand Signal Escort to
Move Out
See Hand Signal to
Move
Observe Obj
Move to
Patrol base
Record Enemy
Routine
Page 27
Raid
Complete
Move to ORV
Confirm leg
compass bearing
and leg distance
Signal Ptl members
to assume all
round protection
PS11
PS12
Set Compass
Move to all Round
Defence
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Pass on hand
signal to cover
flanks
Observe silent
order to move
out
Pass on Hand
Signals
Move to flanking
positions
PR6
PS13
Supervise move
Move tactically
Take up fire
positions
PR4
Identify RVs on
route
Listen, visually
search for enemy
Request SITREP
From Section
Commanders, Ptl
Commander, etc.
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
Monitor bearing
and distance
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
Hear Request For
SITREP
Acknowledge
SITREPs
Pass on hand
signals
Verbally Inform Raid
Commander of Status
Confirm all men are
Accounted For
Confirm all men and
Wounded are Ready
to Withdraw
Acknowledge that all
men are accounted
for
Acknowledge that all
men and Wounded
are Ready to
Withdraw
Page 28
Page 29
Ptl Commander
Observe Enemy
Ahead Hand
Signal
Point Men
Indicate
Enemy Ahead by
hand signal
Patrol
Observe Enemy
Ahead Hand
Signal
Pass on Hand
Signal for Enemy
Ahead
Pass on hand
signal for Enemy
Ahead
Signal Ptl to Adopt
Hasty Ambush
See Hand Signal to
Adopt Hasty
Ambush
PR15
Ambush
Page 30
Action by Sniper Det at ORV/Objective
PR9
Action By
Sniper Det
Sniper
Hand Signal Observer
to Move Out
Move Tactically
PR8
Observe Obj
Return to ORV
Record Enemy
Routine
Hear Challenge
Observer
See Hand Signal to
Move
Reply to Challenge
With Patrol Password
Move Tactically
Conduct Detailed
Recce of Obj
Rejoin Patrol in ORV
EscortSniper
Identify Potential OP
Pass on Info to Ptl
Comd
Move to Suitable
Position of Cover and
Observation
Hear/see Man
approaching
Hear Last Minute
Instructions
Camouflage Self and
Location
Return to Sniper OP
Pass on to Observer
What was Seen
Hear Observers Plan
to Move to ORV
Hear What Sniper has
Discovered
Prepare a Site Map
Verbally Challenge
Unknown Pers
Hear Challenge
Signal to Sniper That
Will Be Returning to
ORV to Pass On Info
Hear proper Reply
Reply to Sniper
Challenge With Patrol
password
Page 31
Page 32
Debrief Raid
Commander on
Enemy Obj and
Routine
Rejoin Sniper
Verbally Inform
Observer of Any
Changes
Hear Report of
Changes / Actions At
Obj
Hear Raid
Commanders
Confirmatory Orders
For the Assault
Accompany Platoon
on Move to ORV
Observe Obj and
Record Activity
No
Hear Observers Plan
to Move to ORV
PR12
Accompany Platoon
Comd and Recce Ptl
Comd on Recce of
Obj
Time For RV at
ORV
Signal to Sniper That
Will Be Returning to
ORV to Pass On Info
Return to ORV
PR10
Receive Final Coord
Instructions
Observe Obj
Return to ORV
Hear Approaching
Pers
Return to Sniper
Location
Hear Challenge
Verbally Challenge
Unknown Pers
Hear Challenge
Hear proper Reply
Reply to Sniper
Challenge With Patrol
password
Reply to ORV
Challenge With Patrol
password
Move to Ptl Base With
Escort
Rejoin Sniper
Page33
Page 34
Verbally Inform
Observer of Any
Changes
Hear Report of
Changes / Actions At
Obj
Hear Assault Plan
Confirm H Hr and
Assault Plan with
Sniper
PR11
Detect New Tragets
Search For New
Targets
Track Targets
Detect New Targets
Engage Targets
Move to Firing
Position
New Targets
Available
Detect Enemy
Sentries in Tower
Search For Targets
Yes
No
Wait for Tragets of
Opportunity
Track Targets
Hear Whistle Signal
for Reorg
Hear Alarm
Hear Alarm
Move to Reorg
Kill Sentries in Tower
Search For New
Targets
Join Fighting Patrol
HQ
Detect New Targets
Hear Directions to
New Target
Direct Sniper to New
Targets
Page 34
Page 34
Ambush
This section: PR16
Detect Enemy
Detect Enemy
Sight on Enemy
Identify RV
approximately50 m
on nearside of
danger area
Pl HQ MOves to
Centre of PL
Extended Line
Observe Enemy
Movement
Pass onHand
Signal to Adopt
Hasty Ambushlt
Track Enemy
Lead
Section Adopts
Extended Line
Second Section
following Pl HQ
and Moves to Left
Flank
Third Section
Moves to
RightFlank
Moves Under
Cover
Section Adopts
Extended Line
Section Adopts
Extended Line
Assumes Fire
Positions
Moves Under
Cover
Moves Under
Cover
Enemy Well
Wiithin Kill Zone
Hear Order to Fire
Give Order to Fire
PL HQ Adopts
Extended Line
Open Fire
Control Fire
Moves Under
Cover
Assumes Fire
Positions
Remains
Motionless and
Silent
Searches For
Enemy
Remains
Motionless and
Silent
Assumes Fire
Positions
Assumes Fire
Positions
Remains
Motionless and
Silent
Remains
Motionless and
Silent
Kill all Enemy in
Kill Zone
All Enemy Dead
Hear Order to
Cease Fire
Give Order to
Cease Fire
Clear Ambush
Searches For
Enemy
Searches For
Enemy
Searches For
Enemy
Lead
Section Adopts
Extended Line
Page34
Second Section
Moves Forward
and Turns Outward
on Line of March
Third Section
Moves Forward
and Turns Outward
on Line of March
Page 35
Move sForward
and Sweeps Kill
Zone
Section Adopts
Column Formation
Check Enemy
Dead
Moves To Side of
Track
Section Adopts
Column Formation
Pass on Hand
Signals
Moves To Side of
Track
PS13
PR6
Supervise move
Check for Papers
and Intelligence
Section
Commander
Checks Men
Confirms All Men
Present
Assumes Fire
Positions
Assumes Fire
Positions
Section
Commander
Checks Men
Section
Commander
Checks Men
Confirms All Men
Present
Move tactically
Move to
Helicopter PZ
Confirms All Men
Present
Signal Pl Comd
That Area Has
Been Cleared
Adopts Column
Formation
Sees Hand Signal
That Pl is Ready to
Move
Signal Pl Comd
That Section (s)
Ready to Move
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Observe silent
order to move
out
Page 36
Page 37
Patrol Commander
Move By Recce Det to Raid Patrol Base
Mark Route
Move to Raid
Patrol Base
Patrol Commander
Patrol
Patrol
Identify RVs on
Route
Confirm other
member ready
Verify Position With
Map,Terrain Analysis
and GPS
Confirm Leg Bearing
and Distance
Remainng
Hand Signal
Readiness
PS9
PS10
PS11
PS12
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on Route
Silently
IndicateRVs on
Route
Conduct Security
Halt and Navigation
Check
PS9
Listen and
Visually Search
for Enemy
Listen/Look For
Enemy
Reach a
Danger Area?
Signal Ptl to Move
Out
Adopt All Round
defence
PS10
Action at
Danger Area
Yes
No
See Signal to Move
out
No
Move Out
Complete Leg?
Yes
No
Supervise Tactical
Move
PS13
PR6
ReachPtl Base
Move Tactically
Yes
Monitor Navigation
and Adjust Bearing
Accordingly
Monitor Distance
Travelled and Ground
Features
PS11
Action at Raid Patrol Base
Listen/Look For
Enemy
Signal Partner to Halt
PS12
Page 38
See Hand Signal to
Halt
Page 39
Patrol
Patrol Commander
Patrol Commander
Identify RV
Approximately 50 m
on Nearside of Raid
Patrol Base
Signal partner to
check flank of Ptl
Base
Patrol
Recce edges of LZ at
same time
Move into Tentative
Ptl Base
Signal RV Location to
Ptl
See Hand Signal For
RV
Halt and listen for
enemy movement and
search visually
Signal Other Ptl
Member to Assume
Covering Position on
Flank
See Hand Signal to
Take up Covering
Position
Conduct Box
Search. Recce all
of Ptl Base
Identify Suitable Op
Site to Piquette Ptl
Base
Move to Flanking
Position
Return to Start Point
Take up Fire Position
See signal from
partner that Ptl Base
appears clear
Listen for Enemy
Movement etc.
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Listen, Visually
Search for Enemy
Recce Alternate Patrol Base
Ptl Base Clear
of Enemy
No
Yes
Move to Identified OP
- Position of Cover
and Observation
Yes
Signal to Ptl Comd
That Area Appears
Clear
Camouflage
Location/Selves
SeeSiignal from
partner thatPtl Base
appears clear
See hand signal to
check Ptl Base
Observe Patrol Base
Page 40
Page 41
Patrol Commander
Patrol
Patrol
Patrol Commander
Move to Suitable Rv
Point
No
Time For Sniper
to Arrive
Yes
Detect Pers
Move to Suitable Rv
Point
Sniper Observer Moving to RV
Hear Challenge
Detect Pers
Challenge Pers
Give Proper Patrol
Password
Hear Proper
Responce
Challenge Pers
Give Proper Patrol
Password
Hear Proper
Responce
Inform Raid
Commander that
Primary Ptl Base is
Not Secure
No
Join Ptl Commander
Debrief Patrol
Commander on
Enemy Obj and
Routine
Hear Challenge
No
Ptl Base Clear
of Enemy?
Yes
RV with Sniper Det
Observer
PR12
Escort Raid to
Alternate Ptl Base
Listen to Sniper Det
debrief
Escort Raid to Ptl
Base
Link up with
Raid Commander
Time For Sniper
to Arrive
Yes
Page 42
Page 43
Patrol
Patrol Commander
Verbally Inform Raid
Comd of What was
Seen
Pass on Map of Obj
and Enemy Routine
Listen to Report by
Ptl Comd
Acknowledge Orders
and Instructions
Return to Sniper
Location
Page 44
Orders Platoon
to embark
helicopters
Raid Move to LZ
Embark
Helicopters
Raid Move to
LZ
Link-up With
Flight
Commander
PS21
Confirm details
Raid Commander
Platoon (-)
Take -off
Supervise Road
Move to RP
Move by vehicle
to RP
Fly to LZ
Supervise
Foot Move to PZ
Move by Foot to
PZ
Chalk Commanders
Pass on details
and confirms
crossing plan
Supervise final
inspection
Hear / See
Arrival of
Helicopters
Observe Near IR
Landing Signal
Divide into
Chalks
Supervise division
of Pl into Chalks
Move to Ground
Hover - (Skids
Up)
Forced Rest
Hears changes
to plans
Conduct Final
Inspection
Give Order to
Disembark
Inspection
Hear / See
Arrival of
Helicopters
Supervise
disembarkation
Disembark
Move into
woodline
Move into
woodline
Adopt all round
defence
Page 45
Adopt all round
defence
Page 46
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Conduct Foot Move
Raid Patrol Commander
Request immediate
Pick-up
Yes
Enemy detected?
Enemy detected?
Yes
Engage Enemy
Raid Platoon
Conduct Foot
Move
Verify position
with map, terrain
analysis, GPS
PS9
PS10
Link-up With Recce
Ptl Guides
Confirm leg
compass bearing
and leg distance
Detect Personnel
PS11
PZ Piquette Moving to Raid HQ
Observe silent
order to move
out
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Challenge Pers
Set Compass
PS12
Hear Challenge
Pass on Hand
Signals
PS13
Supervise move
Hear Proper
Responce
Identify RVs on
route
Escort Recce Det to
Raid Commander
Join Raid
Commander
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
PS20
Listen to Sniper Det
debrief
Move tactically
PR6
Give Proper Patrol
Password
Debrief Patrol
Commander on
Enemy Obj and
Routine
Conduct security
halt and
Navigation check
Monitor bearing
and distance
PR14
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
Pass on hand
signals
Adopt all round
defence
Page 47
Page 48
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Reach a danger
area?
Yes
Move to Patrol Base
Guide Raid Platoon to
Patrol Base
Move to Patrol Base
Complete Leg?
Establish Patrol Base
Yes
No
Pass on Hand Signal
Action at
Danger Area
No
No
Pass on Hand Signal
Reach Patrol
Base
March the Perimeter
of the Ptl Base
Yes
Reach Raid
Patrol Base
RV
March the Perimeter
of the Ptl Base
Allocate Section
Zones as per SOP
Acknowledge Section
Zones
Ptl Base Piquette
Deploy Section
Mmbers in Pairs
Move to Raid HQ in
Center of Ptl Base
Hear Challenge
Challenge Pers
Assign Arcs
Give Proper Patrol
Password
Hear that Ptl base is
Clear
Signal the Platoon to
Move out
Hear Proper
Responce
Section Adopts Stand
-To Position
Move toRaid
Commander
Listen For Enemy
Inform Raid
Commander that Ptl
base is Clear
Send out Clearing
Patrols
See Hand Signal to
Move Out
Clear Ptl Base
See Hand Signal to
Move Out
Page 49
Page 50
PS6
Mount A Sentry From
Each Section
Hear Ptl Base is Clear
Report Sector Clear
Pass on any Adm
Details
Hear Additional Adm
Instructions
Issue Verbal
Op O
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Listen to Verbal
Confirmation
Supervise final
inspection
Listen to Verbal
Op O
Verbally Confirm
Plan
Verbally Confirm
Concept
Conduct Final
Inspection
Inspection
Conceal With
Camouflage
PS20
Debrief Raid
Commander on
Objective and Enemy
Routine
Hear Recce Ptl
Commander and
Sniper Det briefing
Recce Det
Revise Plans as
required
Brief / Update Section
Comanders, Recce
Patrol Commander,
Sniper
PS5
Order Recce Det
to Move out and
Piquette PZ
PS6
Hear Order To
Move OUt and
Piquette PZ
PZ Piquette
Forced Rest as
Permitted
Commanders
Detail Plan
using Visual
Map
Demonstrate
Concept using
Sandbox Model
Observe Map
Observe Sandbox Model
Page 51
Page 52
Raid Move to Attack ORV
Signal Platoon to
halt
Raid Move to
Attack ORV
See hand signal to
halt
Raid Commander
Pass on hand
signal for halt
Raid Platoon
Silently order
platoon to move
out
Observe silent
order to move
out
Signal ORV
location to Platoon
Supervise move
PS13
Move tactically
Monitor bearing
and distance and
route marking
Identify RVs on
route
PR6
Pass on hand
signal for ORV
PR4
PR5
Signal Platoon
members to
assume all round
protection
Scouts
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
Confirm Raid ORV is
Clear of Enemy
Pass on hand
signals
Move to flanking
positions
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Take up fire
positions
Listen for enemy
movement etc.
Observe ORV ahead
Hand Signal
Pass on hand
signal
Indicate
Tentative ORV ahe
ad and is Clear by
Hand Signal
See hand signal to
take up covering
positions
Pass on hand
signal to cover
flanks
See Recce Party Raid
ORV Piquette Near IR
Recognition Signal
Link up With Recce
Party Raid ORV
Piquette
See hand signal for
ORV
See hand signal for
ORV Ahead
See signals from
Platoon that ORV
appears clear
Pass on hand
signal
Page 53
Listen, visually
search for enemy
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Page 54
Acknowledge Raid
Commanders Plan
and Orders For
Succession
Verbally Inform
Platoon 2IC of Plan
for Initial Recce
Brief Ptl on Any
Changes To Plan
Listen to Plan
Recce Ptl Comd and Sniper
Hand Signal Recce
Ptl Comd and Sniper
to Move Out
See Hand Signal to
Move
Raid Assault
Look/Listen For
Enemy
PS16
Move Tactically
Move Tactically
Fire Support
and Cut Off
Group
Conduct Recce
of Objective
Confirm Site for Fire
Base, Cut-Off
Groups, LD, etc.
PS17
PS18
Escort Ptl
Commander
Raid Assault
PS19
Raid Commander
Return to ORV
Raid Assault
Return to ORV
Reply With Proper Ptl
Password
Assault Force
Detect Approaching
Pers
PS23
Challenge Unknown
Pers
Silently order
platoon to move
out
Observe silent
order to move
out
Supervise move
of assault force
Move tactically
PR6
Rejoin Platoon at
ORV
Guide Move of
Assault Force to
Rear of LD
Rejoin Platoon at
ORV
Raid Group Commanders
Debrief Raid Group
Comds on What Was
Seen
PS20
Identify LD
Silently
Acknowledge LD
Listen to Debrief
Page 55
Page 56
Assume Assault
Formation in
Extended Line
Move to Centre
of Assault Line
Fire Base
Raid Platoon
Crawl to Centre
of LD
Ptl 2IC
Crawl up to LD
Identify Location
of Detected
Directional Mines
By Hand Signal
Acknowledge
Location of
Directional Mines
PS24
Observe silent
order to move
out
Supervise move
of Fire base
Move tactically
PR6
Guide Move of
Fire Base Behind
Identified
Position
Move into LD
Position
Observe
Objective
Fire Base
Silently order
platoon to move
out
Disarm
Directional Mines
Move into LD
Position
Recce Ptl Comd
Silently
Acknowledge
Positions
Acknowledge
Location of
Directional Mines
Observe
Objective
Identify Support
Positions
Silently
Acknowledge
Positions
Identify Location
of Detected
Directional Mines
By Hand Signal
Acknowledge
Location of
Directional Mines
Disarm
Directional Mines
No
H Hr?
Move to Centre
of Fire Base
Break off Into
Fire Base and
Cut Off Teams
Yes
Crawl to Fighting
Position
Crawl up to
Fighting
Positions
Prepare C6
MGs, M203s and
Parafllares
Assault Group
Observe
Objective
Page 57
Observe
Objective
Page 58
PS26
New Targets
Available
Yes
No
Search For Targets
Wait for Tragets of
Opportunity
Detect Enemy
Signal Fire Base
to "CEASE
FIRE"
Hear Whistle Signal
for Cease Fire
Hear Alarm
Track Targets
Cease Fire
Hear Alarm
Hear Whistle Blast
From Raid
Commander
Signifying Pull - Out
Verbally Control
Section Rate of
Fire and Target
List
PS26
Observe Fall of
Shot
Verbally Order
Adjustment
following Misses
Engage Targets
Fire Paraflares and
Engage Obj
Order Fire Base To
Cover Move of
Assault Group
Hear Order to Cover
Assault Group
Search For New
Targets
Acknowledge Order
to Cover Assault
Group
Detect New Targets
Cover Move of
Assault Group
Yes
Any Enemy
Movement?
Track Targets
No
Move to Join Main
Party
Engage Targets
Move to ORV
Page 59
Page 60
Raid Assault Group
Assault
Group
Raid Commander
This section: PR14 and PS25
Hear Mine
Detonations
Hear Mine
Detonations
Breaching Party
Assault Group
Breaching Party
Raid Commander
Hear Mine
Detonations
Assault Group
Hand Signal
Breaching Parties to
Proceed
Finish Cutting
Razor Wire
Breaches
( Breach Obstacle)
See Hand
Signal to
Proceed
Observe Fire Base
Covering Fire
Crawl to Razor
Wire Obstacle
Take up fire
positions
Observe Success
of the Sniper and
M203 Grenadiers
Check Ground for
Anti-personnel
Mines and Trip
Wires
Neutralize,
Mark and Disarm
Effective Covering
Fire on Windows and
Doors of Building?
Detect Antipersonnel Mines
or Trip Wires?
Verbally Order
Entry Team
Forward
Hear Order for
Entry Team to
Move
Check Wire Obstacle
for Trip Wires, etc.
Verbally Repeat
Order for Entry
Team Move
Neutralize, Mark
and Disarm
Detect Antipersonnel Mines
or Trip Wires?
Cut Razor Wire
Breaches
( Breach Obstacle)
Hear Enemy
Alarm
Move Forward To
Building Covered
By Fire Base
Entry Team
Move Forward To
Building Covered
By Fire Base
Hear Enemy
Alarm
Grenadiers
Move to Sides of
Entry Windows
Hear Enemy
Alarm
Page 61
Assault Group
Move to Sides of
Entry Windows
Look outs
Move to Side of
Entry Window
Page 62
Grenadiers
Assault Group
Look outs
Grenadiers
Order Assault
Team Forward
Throw Grenades
Into Windows of
Entry Room
Assault Group
Look outs
Assault Team
Move to Sides of
Doorway
Move to Sides of
Doorway
Hear Warning
Move Forward To
Building Covered
By Fire Base
Throw Grenades
Into Hall
Repeat Warning
Hear Grenade
Explosions
Enter Room Via
Window
Yell "Grenade"
Hear Grenade
Explosions
Enter Room Via
Window Firing on
Automatic
Enter Hall Firing
on Automatic
Clear room Firing on
Automatic into Areas
Which Could Hide
Enemy
Clear Hall Firing on
Automatic into Stairs,
Landings, etc.
Check Enemy
Dead
Cover Hall, Stairs,
Landing, etc.
Hear "Clear"
Cover Doorway
Hear "Clear"
Hear "Clear"
Verbally Order
Assault Team
Forward
Hear "Clear"
Hear Order for
Assault Team to
Move
Yell Clear
Hear "Clear"
Yell Clear
Hear "Clear"
Enter Room Via
Window
Hear Order
For Assault Team
to Move Forward
Verbally Repeat
Order for Assault
Team Move
Enter Room Via
Window
Page 63
Page 64
Raid Commander
Assault Group
Raid Commander
Entry Team
Assault Group
Grenadiers
Entry Team
Hear "Clear"
Yell Clear
Hear "Clear"
Guard Prisoner
Clear New room
Mark Doorway
With Chalk to
Show Clear
Grenadiers
Move toCover
Hall, Stairs,
Landing, etc. For
Assault Group
Assault Group
Move to Sides of
Doorway
Move to Sides of
Doorway
No
All Rooms Clear
on Bottom Floor?
Throw Grenades
Yes
Hear Warning
Assault Second
Floor
Yell "Grenades"
Pass on Warning Repeat
"Grenades"
Order Entry Team
Forward
Hear Grenade
Explosions
Grenadiers
Move up Stairs to
Second Floor
Enter Room Via
Window Firing on
Automatic
Move to Sides of
Stairwell
Clear room Firing on
Automatic into Areas
Which Could Hide
Enemy
Check Enemy
Dead
Cover Doorway
Hear Order
For Entry Team to
Move Forward to
Second Floor
Assault Team
Move up Stairs to
Second Floor
Firing
Move to Sides of
Stairwell
Throw Grenades
Into Hall
Discover
Wounded Sigs
Captain
Yell "Grenades"
Secure Prisoner
Page 65
Hear Warning
Page 66
Raid Commander
Raid Commander
Assault Group
Grenadiers
Assault Group
Entry Team
Entry Team
Pass on Warning Repeat
"Grenades"
Yell "Grenades"
Hear Grenade
Explosions
Pass on Warning Repeat
"Grenades"
Enter Hall Firing
on Automatic
Hear "Clear"
Hear "Clear"
Hear Grenade
Explosions
Enter Room Via
Window Firing on
Automatic
Clear Hall Firing on
Automatic into Stairs,
Landings, etc.
Cover Hall, Doors,
Stairs, Landing,
etc.
Clear room Firing on
Automatic into Areas
Which Could Hide
Enemy
Yell Clear
Hear Order
For Assault Team
to Move Forward
Order Assault
Team Forward
Hear Warning
Cover Doorway
Clear New room
Hear "Clear"
Hear "Clear"
Yell Clear
Hear "Clear"
Mark Doorway
With Chalk to
Show Clear
Grenadiers
Assault Group
Move to Sides of
Doorway
Move to Sides of
Doorway
Throw Grenades
Move toCover
Hall, Doors, Stairs,
Landing, etc. For
Assault Group
No
All Rooms
Clear?
Yes
Page 67
Page 68
Raid Commander
Yell House Clear
Request Ammo
Cas Report
Listen to Verbal
Status Report
Issue Verbal Order to
Check for Wounded
Section Members
Raid Commander
FIBUA Team
Assault Group
Hear House Clear
Listen to Verbal
Search Results
Verbally Report
Search Results
Order Satchel
Charges to be
Prepared
Prepare Satchel
Charges
Hear Request For
Ammo Cas Report
Report Status
Assault Grp OK - 3
mags", etc.
Order Men
(Except Demo
Team) Out of
Building
Listen to Verbal Order
to Check for the Missing
Members
Hear Order to
Clear
Conduct a Head
Count
Search for Missing
Section Members
Ensure Building
is Clear
Order Rooms to be
Checked for Papers,
Computers and
Electronic Consoles
Hear Orders for
room Check
Check Status of
Injured Soldiers
Order Satchel
Charges to be
Lit
Check rooms
Perform First Aid
as Necessary
Clear Building
Remove Portable
Electronic
Devices, Papers,
etc.
Prepare Tower
Charges
Light Satchel
Charge Fuse
Light Satchel
Charge Fuse
Yell " Fire in the
Hole"
Yell " Fire in the
Hole"
Clear Building
Clear Tower
Move to RV
Verbally Report
Casualty Status
Listen to Verbal
Casualty report
Clear Building
Prepare Building
Charges
Move to RV
Move to RV
Move to RV
Return to Reorg
Position with
Prisoner and
Captured Materiel
Move to ORV
Page 69
Page 70
Monitor navigation
and adjust bearing
accordingly
PZ Piquette Party
PS9
PS10
PS11
Navigate
Order to
Piquette PZ
Monitor distance
travelled and
ground features
Confirm other
member ready
Verify position with
map, terrain
analysis and GPS
Confirm leg
bearing and
distance remainng
Signal Partner to
Halt
Hand Signal
Readiness
Verify position
with map, terrain
analysis, GPS
PS9
PS10
PS11
PS12
Confirm (new?) leg
compass bearing
and leg distance
Preset bearing and
distance
Silently order
patrol to move
out
Signal ptl to move
out
PS12
See signal to move
out
Supervise move
Look/Listen For
Enemy
See Hand Signal to
Halt
PS9
PS10
PS11
Listen/Look for
Enemy
PS13
Observe silent
order to move
out
PR6
Move tactically
Identify RVs on
route
Move Out
PS13
Supervise tactical
move
PR6
Silently
IndicateRVs on
route
Silently
Acknowledge
RVs on route
Move tactically
Adopt all round
defence
Page 70
Page 71
Move to flanking
position
Listen and
visually search
for enemy
Conduct security
halt and
Navigation check
Reach a danger
area?
Yes
Conduct
Action At
Danger Areas
Take up fire
position
No
Listen for enemy
movement etc.
Complete Leg?
No
Yes
Listen, visually
search for enemy
PZ Clear of
Enemy
Yes
No
Reach PZ
Piquette ORV
Yes
Yes
See signal from
partner that PZ
appears clear
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Signal partner to
check flank of PZ
See hand signal to
check PZ
Action at PZ Piquette ORV
Signal Ptl to halt
See hand signal to
halt
Recce edges of PZ
at same time
Identify RV
approximately50 m
on nearside of LZ
Move into woodline
Signal RV location
to Ptl
Signal other Ptl
member to assume
covering position
on flank
See hand signal for
RV
Halt and listen for
enemy movement
and search visually
See hand signal to
take up covering
position
Conduct
Perimeter Recce
-Check all sides
of PZ
Page 72
Page 73
Identify Suitable Op
Site
Link up with
Raid Commander
Return to Start
Point
See signal from
partner that PZ
appears clear
Raid Arrival at
PZ
Signal to Ptl Comd
that area appears
clear
Platoon
Platoon Commander
Move to Identified OP
- Position of Cover
and Observation
Divide into
Chalks
Supervise
division of Pl into
Chalks
Camouflage
Location/Selves
Hear / See
Arrival of
Helicopters
Hear / See
Arrival of
Helicopters
Observe PZ
Orders Platoon
to embark
helicopters
Time For Raid to
RV
Link-up With
Flight
Commander
No
Yes
Embark
Helicopters
PS21
See Raid Point Men
Confirm details
Do not send
signal - move to
alternate PZ
No
PZ Clear of
Enemy
Take -off
Take -off
Fly to LZ
Fly to LZ
Yes
Illuminate Near IR
Signal
Page 74
Page 75
Disembark
Move Wounded
men to Evac
Ambulances
Take Prisoner to
PW Escort Team
Inspect Men
Inspection
Debrif Recce
Patrol and Raid
Debrief Raid,
Pass on Info
Prepare Report
Move to Bn HQ
For Report
Page 76
Appendix 3:
Patrol CTA Data
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1-3
Soldier Information Requirements
PATROL: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
PR1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
What
Outline of probable mission, timings,
direction, no move before who is
going, e.g. point reconnaissance of
objective at grid xyz.
Who
Patrol comd (section
comd) to 2nd in
command and to
rifleman or patrol
members.
How
Why
Cues
Verbal briefing from section (patrol) comd to 2nd in command Gives rifleman key information to begin preparations, for example If rifleman has a map, he may use it to
and then to section.
weapons, equipment, sleep, etc, etc.
begin preparing to look for terrain,
obstacles etc.
PR2
Receive Detailed
Warning Orders
Briefing of detailed Warning Order.
Patrol comd (section
comd) to 2nd in
command and to
rifleman or patrol
members.
A verbal briefing with additional details over and above the
Provides rifleman with key information to begin preparations e.g.
initial Warning Orders, for example who is doing what, where weapons, equipment, sleep, eat etc.
and when, as well as what to prepare. Could provide route
card and sand-box preparation orders to patrol members,
and even rehearsal instructions.
Details in Warning Orders help to prepare
equipment and drills for certain tasks e.g.
ferry crossing.
PR3
Receive Operation
Orders
Situation information and detailed
instruction on mission and execution.
Focus on timings, routes,
frequencies, nicknames, your net
and alt, Platoon, Platoon atl, and
coding all actions (e.g. escape and
evasion, medical, POW, instructions
if lost). Will also be briefed on
everyone's actions, however, only
need to remember own.
Patrol comd will do
briefing and ask
questions of patrol
members to ensure
they understand.
Verbal briefing by patrol comd. Patrol members are quizzed
during questions to ensure they remember their part. Some
activities will be undertaken during rehearsals and
inspections (camouflage, noise, water, rats, equipment, and
ammunition).
All patrol members must know the intent and details of the
reconnaissance, and the roles of each patrol member.
Cloth or sand model, tarp and map and
verbal briefing.
PR4
Navigate and
Determine own
location
Determine own location on map.
Patrol comd assigns
person/people to do
navigation or does it
himself. Often rifleman
is a back up Navigator
and there is often 2
assigned pacers.
Triangulate to land features. Rely on distance (pacers) and
bearing just traveled when there are no features. May use a
bearing to terrain feature, a person with glow stick or lights,
or continually hold and read a compass.
Must know current location to continue along route.
Terrain, lights, and compass reading.
Must be able to observe terrain features
to orient and triangulate features to
current position.
PR5
Navigate and
Determine distance traveled on route Patrol comd assigns
Determine distance legs and route plan while navigating. pacers. Will put pacers
traveled
at front and back of line
and ask for pace to be
sent up. Longer legs
will require a pace
count more often.
Pacer counts steps, for example 135 paces equals 100m.
Must know distance traveled (and bearing) to determine own
Usually use a minimum of 2 pacers per patrol to get most
location.
accurate distance traveled. Use beads or rocks to help
remember count. Best case accuracy is 50-100 every 1000m,
worst case is 400 in 1400m. Boxing around obstacles is
difficult and often leads to errors in arithmatic and
distance/bearing estimations.
Steps taken, the use of knots, beads or
rocks as a counting aide. Terrain grade,
foliage density, surface material (e.g.
hard ground vs mud, snow, sand).
PR6
Control of Patrol
Movement
Use hand signals or whisper to pass movement and action
information down the line.
Voice, hand signal, and touch. More
difficult at night. Travel up to 10 m apart
in the day, while at night 3-5 m
(sometimes 1 m) apart.
Signal patrol members to control
movement.
Patrol comd and each
patrol member passes
on information.
Must control patrol movement to react to situations e.g. danger,
road crossing, enemy etc.
Soldier Information Require
PATROL: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
PR1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
PR2
Receive Detailed
Warning Orders
PR3
Receive Operation
Orders
PR4
Navigate and
Determine own
location
PR5
Navigate and
Determine distance
traveled
PR6
Control of Patrol
Movement
Volume
Brief, 1 page FMP
There is a lot of information
to write down (several pages
of details).
Signal
Soldier Information Require
PATROL: Rifleman
Fnc Flow
PR1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Need to be aware of current
battle situation and current
status of personal and Section
preparedness.
Decisions
Comms
Need to plan equipment,
Verbal face-to-face
clothing, food, ammunition
but eventual orders will
specify details.
Workload
Moderately low.
Training
Information Technology Goals
PR2
Receive Detailed
Warning Orders
Need to be aware of current
battle situation, warning order
information, and current status
of Section preparations.
Do I comprehend the
Verbal face-to-face
orders? Do I need to ask a
clarifying question?
Cognitive judgement Novices watch
and interpretation
intently to learn
required.
preparation
procedures from
other patrol
members.
Any accurate MET (meteorological)
data would help.
PR3
Receive Operation
Orders
Need to be aware of the battle
situation, warning order
information, terrain, weather,
standard operating procedures
for mission tasks.
Do I comprehend the
Verbal face-to-face
orders? Do I need to ask a
clarifying question?
High memory
demand. High visual
and cognitive effort to
observe and
comprehend the
orders.
It can be more
difficult for novices
as they may not
know the Standing
Operating
Procedures.
Novices will try and
write down
everything experienced
members will only
note key elements.
CEOI (communication, equipment,
operation instructions) are difficult
to remember, for example 5
passwords and 12 code words.
Digital Fragmentary Orders format
would be better for the section
rather than the Operation Orders
which is aimed at the Company
and above. Format could be
simpler and faster, for example a
task matrix, frequencies, codes and
passwords.
PR4
Navigate and
Determine own
location
Terrain features, map details,
Remain on current track or
previous terrain covered, pace
alter to correct.
count, current bearing, leg, route
plan and route card.
Can be very
demanding when
terrain features are
visually obscurred.
Requires continuous
vigilance.
Innate ability. Some
individuals can read
terrain better with
training and
experience. Most
experienced rifleman
will be navigator or
pacer, while less
experienced will be
the signalman.
a) Back up navigation with a GPS
capability. b) NVG (night vision
goggles) to walk with. c) Digital
map with 8 figure grid of own
position, annotated route plan,
snail trail, 3D terrain view, etc.
PR5
Navigate and
Own ratio of stride length to
Determine distance meters. Effects of foliage,
traveled
terrain, and surface material on
own stride length. Terrain
features to confirm distance
estimations.
PR6
Control of Patrol
Movement
Need to be aware of the patrol
situation, mission phase,
potential hazard areas enroute,
general location, SOP actions
and drills likely to be required.
Navigator must inform
pacers when going off
route e.g. avoid
obstacle, or take an
easier or quieter route.
Must be constantly
Verbally - navigator to Very high memory
adjusting estimated stride pacers to indicate
demand. Requires
length to distance travelled route changes.
vigilance.
to match terrain conditions.
Verbal whisper, hand
signal, touch.
Moderate levels.
a) Memory aid for pace count,
automated pace counter. b) GPS
Navigation system. c) Digital map
with own position, snail trail, track,
route plan, etc.
Sometimes at night, individuals will
travel 1m apart in order to prevent
getting lost. Stop when you bump
into the guy in front of you. At
night, signals are too slow.
Security and tactical movement is
compromised. Intra-section
communication essential. Digital
map with GPS, that displays
position plotted on map. NVG and
communications would allow the
patrol to spread out to be more
tactical.
Fnc Flow
PR7
Task Description What
Establish Objective Secure and occupy the Objective
Rendezvous
Rendezvous.
Who
All Patrol members.
PR8
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
Confirm objective and conduct
reconnaissance.
Platoon comd and 1
One soldier secures the Objective Rendezvous, one soldier
Must ensure correct site and update information (intelligence)
patrol member perform remains at the replenishment point for security, and the
about site before raid can be conducted in order to increase the
reconnaissance.
Patrol Comd and another soldier perform the detailed
chance of success.
reconnaissance. The objective is approached by stealth
using a cloverleaf method (ie. soldiers circle the objective and
then move in closer to the objective at useful vantage points
to collect reconnaissance information). Reconnaissance task
includes taking pictures, confirm objective, mines, wire, fast
reinforcement routes, weapons. Observations can be made
from distances of 10 to 200 m.
Visual cues to see objective, weapons,
strength etc. Auditory cues and observe
routines to decipher patterns, discipline
etc. Visual cues on vehicles, weapons,
and antenna. Rely on training of enemy
vehicle recognition.
PR9
Activities from
sniper eyes on
position
Occupy sniper position and conduct
Observation Post routine.
Sniper (with C3) and
spotter (with C7 and
spotter scope).
Pick a likely sniper position from map, move to the location
(position), secure and occupy sniper position. Record
observations on Field Message Page (write and sketch).
Possible leave site to pass on drastically important new
information.
Need to adopt a concealed, eyes-on location that enables the
sniper detachment to observe and record the details and
activities at the objective.
Enemy noise, rank and insignia,
weapons, equipment, enemy
strength/patterns, enemy activity,
structures, vehicles, sentries, routes
in/out, terrain, concealment, and best
positions for fire base, assaulting line,
covering fire, etc..
PR10
Return to Objective Challenge people on approach to
Rendezvous release point of Objective
challenge
Rendezvous.
procedure,
Identification Friend
or Foe
Patrol members
securing Objective
Rendezvous or doing
reconnaissance.
Verbal code word drill. One person moves forward and
issues challenge, while the other covers him/her with his/her
weapon (usually C9) from concealed location.
Prevent enemy infiltration.
Often use visual cues for returning patrol
member, for example glow sticks. Verbal
signal from either party to begin
challenge.
PR11
De-brief Patrol with Communicate detailed
Reconnaissance patrol Brief using notes and sketch taken during reconnaissance.
reconnaissance
reconnaissance information to patrol to Raid Patrol
information
to build a common picture for raid
members.
patrol comd.
Build a picture based on what both members saw during
reconnaissance. This provides the entire patrol with a common
awareness of the situation at the objective. Provides Raid Patrol
comd the most current tactical information including tactical
advice for successful raid.
Sketch or sand model for physical set up,
followed by a verbal discussion regarding
enemy sentries and patterns of behaviour
(e.g. sleeping, eating, lights out, and
reinforcements) in order to build one
picture for the raid comd.
PR12
Brief raid patrol
comd
Orients the Raid Patrol comd to the objective ground and
provides ground truth context for the content and tactical advice
for a successful raid. Provides Raid Comd with best tactical
picture. Risks detection and is time consuming.
Reconnaissance patrol briefing notes,
sketches, photos to relate to the terrain
and enemy cues at the objective.
Escort the raid patrol comd to
objective (eyes on) and brief using
sketch.
Raid Patrol comd,
signalmen, support
element and guide go
to eyes on objective to
be briefed by
reconnaissance patrol
comd.
How
Approach Objective Rendezvous, conduct listening halt (20
minutes) from all around defence
Following the more thorough briefing at the Objective
Rendezvous, a supplementary briefing is undertaken at the
eyes-on position overlooking the objective to relate the
recconnaissance briefing and specific details to the objective
ground. Communications must be less verbal due to the
need for concealment and rely more on notes, sketches, and
whispering.
Why
Need to ensure Objective Rendezvous is secure.
Cues
Enemy noise, terrain, concealment, and
defensible position. Minimum distance to
objective is 200m, average is 400m.
Fnc Flow
PR7
Task Description Volume
Establish Objective
Rendezvous
PR8
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
PR9
Activities from
sniper eyes on
position
PR10
Return to Objective
Rendezvous challenge
procedure,
Identification Friend
or Foe
PR11
De-brief Patrol with Could be lots.
reconnaissance
information
PR12
Brief raid patrol
comd
Could be many pages of
FMP plus photos depending
on number of hours in
surveillance.
Fnc Flow
PR7
Cognitive Issues
Task Description Awareness
Establish Objective Own location, location of enemy
objective, concealment afforded
Rendezvous
by location.
Decisions
ORV area safe and
secure? Sufficient
concealment?
Comms
Hand signals.
Workload
High auditory and
visual demands to
confirm safety.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Noise is key to compromise. If
enemy patrol stumbled on their
position, they would try and let him
slip by. They may, however, have
to kill enemy patrol with a knife etc.
rather than firing a shot. Thermal
Imagery, Image Intensifier and
intrasection communications would
provide earlier warning and enable
a faster, coordinated response.
PR8
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
Need to be aware of the
characteristics of the objective
for the purpose of confirming.
Must be aware of what types of
information and intelligence will
best support a raid on the
objective.
Locations to approach in
Hand signals.
the cloverleaf. Intelligence
to record or photograph.
High auditory, visual,
and cognitive
demands.
NVG (night vision goggles) with
Thermal Imagery (TI) or Image
Intensifier (II). Digital camera with
II or TI. Communication link to
Objective Rendezvous and
Fighting Patrol (intra-section
communications). Identification
Friend or Foe would help when
returning from reconnaissance.
Anything to allow larger stand off
distance and less time on
objective.
PR9
Activities from
sniper eyes on
position
Need to be aware of the current
intelligence for enemy objective,
mission plan, mission timings,
mission critical intelligence to
gather to support the raid,
aspects at the objective that
could change or compromise
mission success, awareness
and recognition of enemy
uniforms, weapons, vehicles,
equipment, and TTPs.
Which information to
record? When information
might be critical to pass on
to Raid patrol. When to
risk detection by moving
closer to collect more
detailed information or
photos.
High visual, and
moderately high
auditory and
cognitive.
NVG (night vision goggles).
Surveillance devices with digital
daylight, Thermal Imagery (TI) or
Image Intensifier (II) spectrums with
high-power zoom. Digital camera
with capability to store and send
critical photo reconnaissance to
Raid patrol or ORV.
Communication link to Objective
Rendezvous and Fighting Patrol
(intra-section communications).
PR10
Return to Objective
Rendezvous challenge
procedure,
Identification Friend
or Foe
Need to be aware of challenge
procedure, code words, planned
timings for recconnaissance
patrol, number and equipment
carried by patrol for identification
of sillouette.
List of accept/reject criteria Verbal signal.
depending on visual cues
and challenge response.
Actions if uncertain or
challenge fails.
High visual and
auditory.
Better NVG (night vision goggles)
with Thermal Imagery or Image
Intensifier. Identification Friend or
Foe. Allow better stand off
distance for challenging, e.g. intra
(within) section communications.
PR11
De-brief Patrol with Need to be aware of the state of
reconnaissance
knowledge of the Raid Comd
information
and patrol members to ensure
brief is comprehensive, raid
plan, plan assumptions about
objective situation.
Verbal briefing with
Moderate visual and
sketches or sand
cognitive demands.
model (time available).
Key is to integrate information to
get a complete and accurate
picture. Intra-section
communications would help during
reconnaissance. Digitized photos.
Digital map with accurate terrain
data, aerial photo overlay from
UAV, with a sketching tool.
PR12
Brief raid patrol
comd
Verbal whisper, hand
signal, touch.
Ideally, the information collected at
the eyes-on reconnaissance would
be comprehensive enough to make
a further eyes-on briefing to the
Raid Comd unnecessary. Requires
recent aerial photos, digital map
with 3D terrain models, digital
photos and video of enemy assets
and activities.
Need to be aware of the eyes-on
details and the raid plan.
High visual and
cognitive demands.
Fnc Flow
PR13
Task Description What
Communications at Coordinate with elm comds during
Patrol Base
reconnaissance, prior to raid.
Who
How
Raid Patrol comd to
Face to face discussions with element comds in Objective
element comds (assault Rendezvous/Patrol Base.
teams, firebase, cut off
(2) and PZ).
Why
Coordinate planning details among all functional raid elements
prior to the raid.
Cues
Usually verbal, face to face
communication. However, radios exist in
firebase, assault team, Objective
Rendezvous (patrol base), 2 cut offs, the
release point (eyes on), PZ and Landing
Zone. Final signals to commence raid
include, weapons fire, parachute flare,
pen flares or radios.
PR14
FIBUA control of
movement
Control section during FIBUA
approach and assault.
Assault comd to section Rely on drills, verbal communications (yelling), chalk on doors Assault is rapid and violent so any changes to the drill must be
members.
marking a cleared room or leave a person in each cleared
rapidly communicated and understood to avoid fratricide and
room (6 room max). Approach low and fast looking for entry casualties.
and obstacles. Use Night Vision Goggles at night and
observe shadows for movement. Use the compass mirror to
see around next corner. Section comd orders become more
important for heavily defended building where fragmentary
Orders may be given.
Verbal commands and hand signals.
PR15
Platoon Comd
Signals Hasty
Ambush
Communicate to Patrol the order to
prepare for a Hasty ambush.
Section or Platoon
comd to Section or
Platoon.
Hand signal passed down line with possibly some verbal
Ambush signal must be rapidly and quietly disseminated so the
orders, for example Platoon would likely want to see section enemy does not hear activities prior to entering the ambush area.
comds for rapid (simple) verbal orders. Information is usually
passed by hand signals alone to avoid enemy detection. In
visually obscurred terrain is may take considerable time to
pass messages among a 30 man patrol - risks detection and
reduced timely, coordinated actions. Very difficult at night.
Hand signals. Ambush drill rehearsed
before operation, for example everyone
drop rucks and element comds come up
to Platoon comd for orders. Platoon
comd opens fire or fires pen flare to
initiate ambush and he yells to control fire
or cease-fire.
PR16
Platoon comd give
orders for Hasty
Ambush
Platoon comd give element comds
verbal briefing orders to execute an
ambush.
Platoon comd to
element comds.
Rapid orders (drill execution) for ambush formation and
While the ambush is largely a drill, the details need to be tailored
locations, for example 1-section left, 2-section right, 3-section to the terrain, line of sight etc. and orders are required in order to
reserve, 2nd in command, C9 cut off and location for C6.
accomplish this.
Verbal orders likely pointing to features or
possibly using map.
Fnc Flow
PR13
Task Description Volume
Communications at
Patrol Base
PR14
FIBUA control of
movement
PR15
Platoon Comd
Signals Hasty
Ambush
PR16
Platoon comd give
orders for Hasty
Ambush
Fnc Flow
PR13
Cognitive Issues
Task Description Awareness
Decisions
Communications at Need to be aware of raid plan,
objective situation,
Patrol Base
reconnaissance information,
roles of each element supporting
raid, actions on objective.
Comms
Verbal face-to-face
Workload
Training
Information Technology Goals
PR14
FIBUA control of
movement
Need to be aware of house
clearing plan, timings, room
clearing drills, code words,
signals, TTPs.
Yelled verbal, some
High demands across
hand signals where
the board when the
appropriate for stealth. patrol must be
controlled for a
hazard.
Intra-section communications are
essential. Night Vision Goggles.
IFF mechanism to avoid fratricide.
PR15
Platoon Comd
Signals Hasty
Ambush
Need to be aware of terrain,
likely location and strength of
enemy, ambush TTPs.
hand signals and
whispered voice.
Communications to element
comds. Intra-section
communications to coordinate
actions.
PR16
Platoon comd give
orders for Hasty
Ambush
Need to be aware of terrain,
likely location and strength of
enemy, ambush TTPs.
hand signals and
whispered voice.
High visual and
cognitive demands.
Intra (within) section
communications and Night Vision
Goggles. Coordination of fire and
action is essential, if a soldier starts
firing early the advantage of
surprise could be lost.
Soldier Information Requirements
PATROL: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
PS1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
What
Probable mission, timings, direction,
time to move and special
instructions.
Who
Reconnaissance
Platoon comd to
Reconnaissance
detachment - in
scenario, Platoon comd
to section comd to
Reconnaissance
detachment. The
Detachment includes
section comd, 2nd in
command and 2 others.
How
Verbal briefing from Platoon comd. Reconnaissance
detachment usually from Reconnaissance Platoon therefore
can't pick from section.
PS2
Receive Orders
A group briefing of Verbal Orders.
Instructions on what to do including,
timings, objective, situation, enemy
situation, intent, etc. May also
include equipment (vehicles, ferry).
Could be either the
Platoon comd to
section comd, or,
section (patrol) comd
could sit in on
Company orders.
Platoon comd will orient the map to the ground and christen
Platoon comd relays intent and mission information so that
the ground (i.e. orientate observers to direction and critical
Sections can plan and execute the mission independantly.
map features). He may use a sand model. He will give
instructions regarding direction (where going), what to do at
objective, where to meet guides, the consolidation location,
casualty and POW instructions, ammo, and pogo points.
Section comd writes down all key information specific to
Section tasks and can use the runner to update Section 2IC.
PS3
Prepare detailed
Warning Orders
Prepare detailed task matrix
Patrol comd to 2nd in
containing equipment and timings
Command to
from time appreciation. E.g. mission, detachment.
execution, situation, chain of
command, weapons, special
equipment (ammunition, smoke, antitank, anti personnel mines, NVG,
machete), drills or actions on
ambush, river, fast-air, dogs etc.),
tentative ORV, Landing Zone, Pickup Zone, objective, activities on
objective.
Patrol (Ptl) comd gives information to 2nd in Command; 2nd
in Command briefs detachment using notes and possibly a
map.
PS4
Time appreciation
Estimate timings for mission
Patrol Comd.
including time for orders, rehearsals,
rest, food etc. Also, estimate timing
for actions in each phase, for
example Pick-up Zone, Landing
Zone etc.
Estimate timings based on experience I.e. how long it has
Time Appreciation is done to ensure that the tasks can be
taken for each activity. Time constraints tend to cut into food, completed to fulfill the mission within the imposed timings.
rest etc. but not actions on objective or orders.
Terrain, locations, imposed timings, h-hr,
day or night travel (I.e. timings for Pick-up
Zone), Reconnaissance, arrive, secure,
Observation Post in position.
PS5
Prepare orders
Create detailed order based on
Orders and estimates.
Use map, orders and estimates to create plan. For example, Must create details of plan for Reconnaissance detachment in
situation no change, mission no change. Build on the detail order to conduct the patrol.
of each task, for example focus on each phase and position
of main and alternative Pick-up Zone, Observation Post,
Landing Zone etc.
Detailed Warning Orders, map, and
experience.
PS6
Give Orders
Give situation, mission and
Patrol comd briefs
execution with focus on execution in Patrol members.
each phase. Also give timings,
routes, frequencies, nicknames, all
actions, for example escape and
evasion, medical, POW, and what to
do if lost.
Verbal briefing with sandbox or ground sheet. Demonstrate
each Leg of each route (start and end grid, bearing, distance
and alternative route) using groundsheet and colours
indicating obstacles and routes. Patrol Comd will ask
questions afterwards to ensure Patrol members have
comprehended his intent and his plan of execution.
Cloth or sand model, tarp, map and
verbal briefing.
Patrol comd.
Why
Provides Section comd with information that allows them to do
time appreciation in preparation of specific mission. Once given
the overview of mission (e.g. distance to objective and likely
enemy) Section comd can integrate with map reconnaissance
and weather to estimate rations, ammo and appropriate clothing
etc.
Cues
Verbal briefing.
Map, written orders, verbal briefing.
Providing information about the nature of an upcoming mission is Time appreciation (TA), attachments and
critical for effective reconnaissance preparation. Even general
detachments, orders.
information is sufficient for the section to determine and prepare
equipment, plan meals and rest, and to undertake critical task
rehearsal and review. Early information, disseminated early, can
also provide more time for thorough planning and the
construction of mission map models.
Each Patrol member must know intent and details of the mission
so that the mission can continue even if a Patrol member is no
longer able to continue.
Soldier Information Require
PATROL: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
PS1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
Volume
PS2
Receive Orders
2-3 pages of the field
message pad (FMP).
PS3
Prepare detailed
Warning Orders
About 1 page of Field
Message Pad for matrix.
PS4
Time appreciation
PS5
Prepare orders
Very detailed.
PS6
Give Orders
Lots to write down.
Soldier Information Require
PATROL: Section Commander
Fnc Flow
PS1
Task Description
Initial Warning
Orders
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Need to be aware of current
battle situation and current
status of preparedness of
equipment, materials, and
Section members for the
mission.
Decisions
Planning issues.
Comms
Verbal face-to-face.
Workload
Moderately high
cognitive demand.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Electronic or text format would be
useful for Platoon Comd’s intent
and key information (i.e. filtered to
1 level up, not to Company or
Battalion). Faster Warning Order
delivery would give more time for
section to prepare. Improve relay
time of orders by Platoon Comd
and passing down to Platoon
Comd. Platoon Comd. sometimes
filters out necessary information.
Busy writing and
listening in brief.
Reasonably high
visual, auditory,
cognitive, and
proprioceptive
demands.
Novice Comds tend
to capture all
information being
provided in Orders
since they lack the
experience
necessary to identify
the critical or nonSOP aspects.
Experienced Comds
only tend to record
critical details.
Currently, information (especially
timings, frequencies etc) is written
down as a memory aid. Hard copy
of orders would be helpful.
Passing information from Company
to Detachment would be faster
than going through Platoon comd.
PS2
Receive Orders
Need to be aware of the larger
battle context of the mission.
PS3
Prepare detailed
Warning Orders
Need to be aware of mission
orders, battle situation,
requirements for mission
preparation.
High cognitive,
proprioceptive
(writing), and visual
demands.
Novice will forget the
importance of
individuals and
proper equipment or
weapon.
Template of matrix would help. For
example, give a copy to 2nd in
Command thereby both can use
and edit the matrix. Help with
significant memory demand.
PS4
Time appreciation
Need to be aware of typical task How long you can spend in
timings, expected weather,
each activity.
mission conditions, task
requirements, distances.
High cognitive,
proprioceptive
(writing), and visual
demands.
Novices typically
underestimate
timings resulting in
less time for feeding
and resting the
troops.
Very mission specific therefore,
memory aid is difficult. A "mission
specific" task matrix made at the
Company level or higher may be
beneficial. Terrain analysis and
updated maps would improve the
accuracy.
PS5
Prepare orders
Need to be aware of own
mission plan (i.e. route, tasks,
terrain, enemy enroute,
conditions, etc), actions and
plans of other friendly forces,
enemy intentions, global location
and intentions of larger friendly
and enemy formations.
High cognitive,
proprioceptive
(writing), and visual
demands.
Difficult for novices
due to lots of
information and fine
details.
Aid memoir e.g. for special tasks
such as river crossing. Aerial
photo or updated "current" maps.
Digital map (2D and 3D) for
assessing terrain.
PS6
Give Orders
Need to be aware of the training Does the patrol understand Verbal face-to-face.
and experience of Patrol
my orders?
members to ensure content and
details of briefing are provided at
the best level.
Is mission comprehension Verbal face-to-face.
complete? Is more
information required?
Are the orders complete,
comprehensive, and
sufficiently detailed? Is
additional information
required?
High memory
demand.
Ability to enlarge map or use a
white board type presentation tool.
At a minimum each Patrol member
should be issued a map and a
compass. Memory aid for mission
details.
Fnc Flow
PS7
Task Description
Route planning
What
Determine best route for
reconnaissance patrol.
Who
Patrol comd.
How
Detailed map reconnaissance. Try to balance speed versus
being compromised. Considerations include concealment,
security, obstacles, timings (1 km/h at night), avoid pinch
points (traps), swamps, high features, populated areas,
tracks, intersections, and likely enemy Observations Posts.
However, legs are often planned to track to recognizable
features to minimize navigation error but places the patrol at
greater risk of detection.
Why
Need to thoroughly plan route to achieve navigation goals and
timings without being detected by the enemy.
Cues
Map information (terrain, foliage,
proximity to enemy, roads, swamps,
danger areas). Use aerial photos when
available.
PS8
Prepare route card
Detailed instructions of route
planned for Patrol navigation.
Patrol comd has
detachment member
create route card from
general start and end
points.
Patrol comd has a detachment member prepare the route
card using a template, compass and map. The route card
comprises critical information about each leg of each route
(I.e. leg number, grid start, grid end, distance, bearing, and
remarks).
Must have details of route to be able to navigate the intended
mission route.
Map information (terrain, foliage,
proximity to enemy, roads, swamps,
danger areas). Use aerial photos when
available.
PS9
Navigate and
Determine own
location without
GPS
Determine own location on map.
Patrol comd will
navigate himself or will
assign person(s) to
navigate. Assigns
pacers.
Navigator will retain a mental model of his progress on a map Must know current location to continue along route and correct
based on distance and bearing travelled from last waypoint.
any navigation deviations to ensure that the patrol accurately
Determination or confirmation of one's own location is
reaches the route destination.
performed by triangulating from observed terrain and manmade features. This task is made considerably more difficult
and inaccurate at night, when features are not visibile, and
when navigating a feature-less terrain (e.g. desert, dense
forest).
Terrain, route card, map, pacers count.
PS10
Navigate and
Determine own
location with GPS
Determine own location on map.
Patrol comd or
assigned NAV.
Stop, activate GPS and obtain position.
Must know current location to continue along route.
Terrain, route card, map, and GPS.
PS11
Navigate and
Determine and maintain route
Determine direction bearing.
of travel
Patrol comd assigns
Look at compass, map and terrain features. At night may
NAV. In the desert
use glow sticks and leapfrog technique. Tricky to go around
and/or at night, he may unforeseen obstacles (box them).
assign 2-3 NAVs and
spread them 50 meters
apart to
Must know direction of travel (and distance) to navigate to a
point.
Compass and terrain features. Glow
sticks at night.
PS12
Navigate and
Navigate using distance traveled.
Determine distance
traveled
Patrol comd assigns
pacers and will put
pacers at the front and
back of line.
Use Patrol member to count steps (pacers), I.e. 135 paces
equals 100m. Usually use a minimum of 2 pacers per Patrol
to get the most accurate distance traveled.
Must know distance traveled (and bearing) to determine own
location.
Steps taken. Use knots, beads or rocks
etc. as a counting aide. Error is likely 50
m every 1000-m traveled in good
conditions. In poor terrain and at night
error is more than 100 m.
PS13
Control Movement
of Patrol
Patrol comd.
Use hand signals and whispered voice passed down the line
from soldier to soldier.
Must control Patrol movement to react to situations e.g. danger,
road crossing, enemy etc.
At night, patrol members need to be close
to see hand signals, however, they run
the risk of being bunched up (poor
tactically).
Signal Patrol to control movement.
Fnc Flow
PS7
Task Description
Route planning
Volume
PS8
Prepare route card
About 1page.
PS9
Navigate and
Determine own
location without
GPS
PS10
Navigate and
Determine own
location with GPS
PS11
Navigate and
Determine direction
of travel
PS12
Navigate and
Determine distance
traveled
PS13
Control Movement
of Patrol
Fnc Flow
PS7
Task Description
Route planning
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Need to be aware of mission
plan, likely enemy locations and
intentions, likely enemy
surveillance capabilities,
weather conditions for mission,
foliage cover, terrain conditions
for mobility, timings for mission.
PS8
Prepare route card
Need to be aware of route plan.
PS9
Navigate and
Determine own
location without
GPS
Map, route, terrain features.
PS10
Navigate and
Determine own
location with GPS
PS11
Navigate and
Route bearing, terrain features
Determine direction which support bearing
of travel
maintenance.
PS12
Navigate and
Own pace length ratio to known
Determine distance distance. Terrain and foliage
traveled
effects on pace count.
PS13
Control Movement
of Patrol
Decisions
Comms
Must trade off speed, with
safety, with stealth. Must
ensure that route includes
reference points to confirm
own location.
Workload
High cognitive,
proprioceptive
(writing), and visual
demands.
Training
High cognitive,
proprioceptive
(writing), and visual
demands.
Recognition of terrain
features for triangulation.
Relating observed features
and bearings to map.
Must relate GPS grid
reference to map.
Should the pace count be
adjusted for the terrain and
foliage.
Navigator must inform High cognitive and
pacers when going off moderately high
route e.g. easier or
visual demands.
quieter route.
Information Technology Goals
Planning tools such a 2D and 3D
digital maps with distance
measurement tools, terrain
analysis, intervisibility tools,
decision aids for speeds. Aerial
photographs. Up to date weather
reports.
Keep information until
Reconnaissance is on paper and
then must discard. A tool to help
analyze the best route and
automate tasks would save time as
well as increase accuracy (i.e.
intervisibility). Takes too long to
make an accurate route card with
the current technology.
Innate ability. Some
read terrain better
with training and
experience.
GPS capability: display own
location on map within 10 m.
Accuracy at night is poor even with
two pacers and 2 navs. If lost must
send runner to nearest terrain
feature. Takes lots of time, even
hours, to locate on position in this
situation. Easy to get lost. NVG
(night vision goggles).
Moderate cognitive
and visual demands.
Current GPS system is large,
heavy, and somewhat impractical.
Need light, small GPS with
integrated compass and map
display.
High cognitive and
moderately high
visual demands.
Electronic pointer to objective or
waypoint. NVG (night vision
goggles).
High cognitive and
Experts are better at
moderately high
adjusting their count
visual demands.Hard for various terrain.
to maintain count with
other things on mind.
Therefore, use more
than one pacer.
Safety is a concern under certain
circumstances, for example the
knowledge of own location during
the winter or following contact.
NVG (night vision goggles) and a
Field Message Pad sized tablet
with digitized location of Patrol
members would be helpful. This
could also help with IFF
(identification friend or foe). Alarm
when near objective would be
useful using electronic map.
Position on map on demand within
10 m. NVG (night vision goggles).
Need to be aware of terrain,
Which movements to
verbal and visual hand Moderate demands.
proximity to hazards, actions on institute to best control the signals.
certain situations.
patrol.
Intra-patrol communications would
be essential to ensuring timely,
accurate, and informed control of
the patrol under all conditions.
Fnc Flow
PS14
Task Description
Liaison - general
and ferry crossing
What
Who
Coordinate final plan details with key Patrol Comd with staff
parties.
in charge of ferry site,
artillery c/s, pilots etc.
How
Discussions between reconnaissance patrol Comd, Raid
Comd and parties associated with the successful execution
of the reconnaissance patrol. Will coordinate with parties
during orders group or will go to location of parties for face-toface discussions.
Why
Must establish final details that weren’t addressed in detailed
orders. E.g. timings of ZT, actions at ferry site, c/s, frequencies,
beacons or smoke, and procedures for pick-up zone.
Cues
Need to ensure Objective Rendezvous is secure.
Enemy noise, terrain, concealment,
defensible position. Minimum distance to
objective is 200 m, and the average is
400m.
PS15
Establish Objective Identify, secure and occupy the
Rendezvous
Objective Rendezvous.
Patrol comd ensures
location. Patrol comd
walks a 25 m radius
(around objective
rendezvous) to ensure
defence is appropriate
as well as establishing
escape routes, route to
objective etc.
Patrol Comd first confirms the location of the Objective
Rendezvous, conduct listening halt (20 minutes), observe
Objective Rendezvous, move to Objective Rendezvous and
form all around defence. Patrol comd walks a 25 m radius
(around objective rendezvous) to ensure defence is
appropriate as well as establishing escape routes, route to
objective etc.
PS16
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
Confirm objective and conduct a
detailed reconnaissance.
Patrol comd and one
other soldier perform
the reconnaissance.
One soldier secures the Objective Rendezvous, one soldier
Must ensure correct site and update information (intelligence)
remains at the replenishment point for security, and the
about site before raid can be conducted to increase the chance
Patrol Comd and another soldier perform the detailed
of success.
reconnaissance. The objective is approached by stealth
using a cloverleaf method (ie. soldiers circle the objective and
then move in closer to the objective at useful vantage points
to collect reconnaissance information). Reconnaissance task
includes taking pictures, confirm objective, mines, wire, fast
reinforcement routes, weapons. Observations can be made
from distances of 10 to 200 m.
Look and listen to locate objective,
weapons, strength, etc. as well as routes
to decipher patterns, discipline etc.
PS17
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy equipment
Determine enemy equipment during
eye's on reconnaissance.
Patrol comd and other
on reconnaissance
personnel.
Observe, write down and photograph enemy vehicles and
weapons.
Visual cues on vehicles, weapons, and
antenna. Rely on training of enemy
vehicle recognition.
PS18
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy strength
Determine enemy strength during
Reconnaissance.
Patrol comd and other
on Reconnaissance.
Observe, record and photograph enemy personnel, activities, Knowing enemy strength will support raid objectives.
state of morale, fitness, readiness, patterns of behavior, and
depth.
Mostly visual cues but could involve
auditory information.
PS19
Record
Reconnaissance
Information.
Record mission critical information
during detailed reconnaissance.
Patrol comd and other
soldier on
reconnaissance.
Sketch objective and annotate critical information with
estimated distances and bearings. Take photographs, draw
sketches, record text notes of personnel, equipment,
weapons, maintain an activity log, etc.
Enemy equipment, vehicles, strength,
routine, changes, likely position for
assault line, fire base, and defensive
positions.
Allows raid patrol to prepare special weapons.
Ensures that all critical reconnaissance information is captured
and recorded.
Fnc Flow
PS14
Task Description
Liaison - general
and ferry crossing
Volume
PS15
Establish Objective About 1.
Rendezvous
PS16
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
PS17
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy equipment
Few pages of Field Message
Pad.
PS18
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy strength
Few pages of Field Message
Pad.
PS19
Record
Reconnaissance
Information.
Could be several pages of
FMP plus photos.
Fnc Flow
PS14
Task Description
Liaison - general
and ferry crossing
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Mission orders, support needs
from other Units, standard
operating procedures. Who to
contact.
Decisions
Comms
Workload
Moderate auditory
and cognitive
demands.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Electronic aide memoire for
specialist tasks (e.g. river crossing
procedures/drills).
PS15
Establish Objective Own location, location of enemy Location correct? Location
Rendezvous
objective, concealment afforded defensible and
by location.
concealable? Escape
route available?
PS16
Conduct Detailed
Reconnaissance
Need to be aware of the
characteristics of the objective
for the purpose of confirming.
Must be aware of what types of
information and intelligence will
best support a raid on the
objective.
PS17
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy equipment
Need to be aware of enemy
vehicle, weapons, and
equipment types.
High auditory and
visual demands.
PS18
Reconnaissance
and Determine
enemy strength
Need to be aware of enemy rank
insignia.
High auditory, visual,
and cognitive
demands.
Portable TI (thermal imagery) with
wide field of view. Intra-section
communications to coordinate the
actions of the reconnaissance team
in real time and to be able to
communicate with personnel at the
Objective Rendezvous if required.
PS19
Record
Reconnaissance
Information.
Need to be aware of raid
mission intent to ensure that
relevant reconnaissance data is
collected to support that mission.
Need to be aware of what
element of the enemy position
are important to record.
High cognitive and
proprioceptive
demands.
Absolute accuracy is less important
than passing the information on to
the raid command quickly. Still
important not to miss anything.
Intra-section communications.
Locations to approach in
the cloverleaf. Intelligence
to record or photograph.
Which information to
record. Whether an
aspect of information is
critical enough to risk
moving back to ORV to
transmit to raid Comd.
Would help to have NVG that can
be used to observe ORV at night.
Currently too narrow field of view
and too little depth perception.
Very high demands.
Improved surveillance and
information capture technologies.
Enhanced listening systems,
enhanced digital video/camera
systems, improved night vision and
thermal imagery devices.
Novices are more
detectable. Difficult
task for novice.
Aide memoir of enemy equipment.
Digital camera or live pictures to
send to Patrol Platoon comd.
Timelines of sending the pictures is
key if a change is required for the
Platoon comd to make
preparations e.g. special weapons.
Also need to send any critical grid
and bearing information with
picture to orient the comd.
Communicating is difficult. If
significant changes are observed,
the “eyes” on objective may move
back to the Objective Rendezvous
to relay information to raid comd.
There is a risk trade off of getting
compromised by movement vs. not
informing raid comd.
Fnc Flow
PS20
Task Description
Brief raid Patrol
command
What
Escort the raid Patrol comd to
objective (eyes on) and brief using
sketch.
Who
Patrol (raid) comd,
signals, support
element and guide go
to eyes on objective.
How
Quick brief before going to observation position of enemy
and objective. Then complete brief using prepared sketch.
Why
Gives Patrol (raid) comd current situation and relates
reconnaissance information to the ground and conditions at the
objective so that final preparations can be made for the raid.
Provides Raid comd with a tactical picture. Reconnaissance
Comd can also provide his tactical advice with all eyes on the
objective to ensure all members have a common model.
Cues
Visual and auditory cues at objective and
the verbal briefing from the
reconnaissance patrol Comd.
PS21
Liaison and
Helicopter-borne
Coordinate final plan details with
pilots for lift support to Raid Patrol.
Raid Comd with TAC
Hel
Discussion with pilots following orders.
Must establish final details that weren’t addressed in detailed
orders. E.g. c/s, frequencies, timings, beacons or smoke, and
procedures for Landing Zone, Pick-up Zone, dummy Landing
Zone, seat configuration, and safety.
PS22
Establish Rear Link Set up rear link communications.
(Patrol Base)
Communications
Reconnaissance Patrol Set up communications (radio and antenna) at Patrol base.
comd.
Need to provide code words to indicate that various stages of
Reconnaissance are complete. For example, a code for establish
Objective Rendezvous and secure Objective Rendezvous, code
for helicopter approach to Landing Zone, code for breaking and
re-establishing radio silence, returning through friendly line or for
canceling the mission.
PS23
Control Movement Control movement and adjust
on Approach to Line positions to react to changes in
of Departure
information from reconnaissance and
or just prior to assault.
Raid comd, or 2nd in
Command who
commands the
firebase.
Through drills, hand signals (e.g. to move the fire base)
passed down the line or, one-on-one verbal communication.
May need to react to last minute change in enemy activity or, you Hand signals (difficult at night), or voice.
can see something that the Patrol members can not.
PS24
Adjust fire base
prior to assault
Adjust fire base position to react to
changes on the objective identified
during the reconnaissance and/or
identified just prior to assault.
Raid comd, or 2nd in
Command who
commands the
firebase.
Through drills, hand signals (e.g. to move the fire base)
passed down the line or, one-on-one verbal communication.
May need to react to last minute changes in the situation at the
Hand signals (difficult at night), or voice.
objective which will compromise the effectiveness of the fire base
in the existing raid plan. Situation changes could include
changes in enemy activity, strength or location. The fire base
may need to be moved to be most effective and support the raid.
PS25
FIBUA in Assault
Assault the objective building.
Raid comd and raiding
force.
To clear a small building the raiding force will employ a
The mission calls for the objective building to be cleared of all
coordinated breach into the building and then aggressively
enemy.
assault each room, hallway, and stairwell until all enemy have
been captured or killed. Key to success in a small building
clearing is strict adherence to drills which coordinate the
actions and movements of all members of the assaulting
team. Effective communication is also essential between
assaulting elements in the building, both to indicate when
areas or rooms are cleared (eg. marking with chalk) and to
coordinate actions and phases of the assault (e.g. whistle,
shouts, or hand signals).
Hand signals (difficult at night), sketch
(for building location), whistle, voice,
and/or chalk.
Fnc Flow
PS20
Task Description
Brief raid Patrol
command
PS21
Liaison and
Helicopter-borne
PS22
Establish Rear Link
(Patrol Base)
Communications
PS23
Control Movement
on Approach to Line
of Departure
PS24
Adjust fire base
prior to assault
PS25
FIBUA in Assault
Volume
Few pages of Field Message
Pad plus most relevant
sketches and photos.
Fnc Flow
PS20
Task Description
Brief raid Patrol
command
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
Need to be aware of Raid
Comd's intent for the raid
mission, most critical details to
support Comd's plan.
Decisions
PS21
Liaison and
Helicopter-borne
PS22
Establish Rear Link Radio equipment setup.
(Patrol Base)
Communications
PS23
Control Movement Need to be aware of the enemy Are the conditions still
on Approach to Line activities at the objective, enemy suitable for execution of a
of Departure
strength and disposition, the
successful raid?
location of own patrol members,
and the raid plan.
PS24
Adjust fire base
prior to assault
Need to be aware of the raid
plan, the goals of the fire base
role, the current disposition of
the enemy at the objective, and
alternative fire base locations.
PS25
FIBUA in Assault
Need to be aware of location of
friendly forces to avoid fratricide.
Need to know assault plan,
stack order, drills, floor plan of
building (if available), probable
locations of enemy, strength and
morale of enemy.
Comms
Verbal face-to-face.
Mission plan.
Workload
High cognitive
demands.
Training
Information Technology Goals
Best if the content of the
reconnaissance data (report) can
be communicated to the Raid
Comd early. Ideally, before the
Raid Comd leaves his base of
operations so that additional or
new equipment, weapons, and
specialists can be added if
necessary.
Moderate auditory
and cognitive
demands.
Electronic aide memoire for
specialist tasks (e.g. helicopterborne operations).
Moderately low
demands.
Access to GPS codes for
communication. Smaller and better
communication equipment.
Requirements would include 1 hour
to establish network, and 1 minute
to send the message.
Moderately low
demands.
Intra-section communications, for
example, 2nd in Command and
section comd. However, verbal
communications are more easily
detected, therefore, non-verbal
communications in this situation
may be preferred.
Are the conditions still
Hand signals and
suitable for the planned
voice passed down the
fire base location? If not, line.
what other location will
achieve the aims of the fire
base in the raid plan?
What other changes to the
raid plan are required by a
change in fire base
location?
Very high visual and
cognitive demands.
Moderate auditory
and proprioceptive
demands.
Intra-section communications e.g.
for 2nd in Command and section
comd. For maximum control,
improved communications is
required. Second in Command
and element comd require better
control than they currently have.
The firebase at night is usually
closer than it has to be to the
element comd so that it can be
controlled. NVG and better
communications would allow it to
be spread out further and be more
effective.
For a single, small building
the house clearing task is
performed as a drill with
few decision points.
Very high visual and
reasonably high
auditory, cognitive,
and proprioceptive.
Whispered voice and
hand signals passed
from soldier to soldier
down the line.
Yelled voices mostly
with some use of hand
signals to signal
movement into danger
areas and to breach
rooms with stealth.
Hard to control
novices, but 2nd in
Command will
conduct rehearsals
to improve control.
A low signature, light,
robust/durable sighting kit with
NVG (night vision goggle). Off
bore would be beneficial when
fighting the close quarter battle.
Intra-section/Platoon
communications would help inside
the building. Moving icon on map
so it’s easier to retrace or find route
back to release point and Objective
Rendezvous. Aerial photos,
current maps, floor plans.
Fnc Flow
PS26
Task Description
Control Fire Base
During Assault
What
Control the firebase during the
assault.
Who
Raid comd (Platoon
comd) and, 2nd in
Command (controlling
Fire Base) have
communications.
However, Platoon comd
leads assault and has
no communications.
How
Drills and timings are required to coordinate the fire base with
the actions and movements of the assaulting force. Fire
Base opens up with full force and then, at the appropriate
time or signal, the fire base will draw its fire away from the
direction of the assault group. Currently there is little ability
to communicate to coordinate this dangerous maneuver.
Why
Coordinated attack is essential for an effective raid. The fire
base is required to destroy and suppress the enemy and reduce
the enemy's ability to effectively react to the actions of the
assaulting force.
Cues
Hand signals or voice, however these do
not work.
PS27
Initial Patrol (raid)
de-briefing
De-brief Patrol immediately following Element comds and
Element comds move to Objective Rendezvous immediately
raid. Key and gross level
raid comd. Patrol comd following raid. Count casualties, enemy, weapons, hand over
information.
usually goes to confirm enemy insignias and maps.
Pick-Up Zone.
Consolidate and share information with the Patrol comd and with
other soldiers in the raiding party. This is done for security
reasons and to ensure that the raid information is known by
several individuals in case of casualties.
Rapid voice and face to face
communications. This is a fast activity
since the Patrol wants to depart as
quickly as possible.
PS28
Final De-briefing
Final de-brief report.
Reports are mainly used for instructional and documentation
purposes.
Verbal accounts of raid.
Platoon (Patrol) comd
and Reconnaissance
comd.
Platoon comd and Reconnaissance comd receives
clarification from element comds and then writes overall debrief report.
Fnc Flow
PS26
Task Description
Control Fire Base
During Assault
PS27
Initial Patrol (raid)
de-briefing
PS28
Final De-briefing
Volume
Could be many pages in
length depending on the
intelligence value of the
objective.
Fnc Flow
PS26
Task Description
Control Fire Base
During Assault
PS27
Initial Patrol (raid)
de-briefing
PS28
Final De-briefing
Cognitive Issues
Awareness
The fire base Comd needs to be
aware of the assault timings,
signals, direction of approach,
and actions on the objective.
Decisions
When to employ and when
to shift the fire base fire to
be most effective in
supporting the raid without
risking fratricide.
Comms
Yelled voices but
usually not heard over
the noise of weapons
fire and battlefield
noises.
Workload
Very high visual and
cognitive demands.
Moderate auditory
and proprioceptive
demands.
Need to be aware of which
information, gathered during the
raid, would be beneficial
intelligence to the larger battle.
Verbal face-to-face.
Moderately low
demands.
Need to be aware of which
Which information to
information, gathered during the include in the report.
raid, would be beneficial
intelligence to the larger battle.
Verbal face-to-face.
Training
Hard to control
novices, but 2nd in
Command will
conduct rehearsals
to improve control.
Information Technology Goals
When the Patrol comd (leading the
assault) needs to adjust or stop fire
of the FireBase, he should be able
to communicate with the 2nd in
Command. Intra-section
communications e.g. for 2nd in
Command and section comd. For
maximum control, improved
communications is required.
Second in Command and element
comd require better control than
they currently have. The fire base
at night is usually closer than it has
to be to the element comd so that it
can be controlled. NVG and better
communications would allow it to
be spread out further and be more
effective.
Tape or digital voice recording
would be beneficial since there is
not time to write notes. Camera to
take pictures. Intra-section
communications.
Digital voice recording system
would facilitate rapid logging of
report information. Capability to
distribute digital report to higher
from the field to improve timeliness
and security of information.
Appendix 4:
Patrol Ratings
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1-4
Im
po
rt
an
C
om ce
pl
ex
Ti
it y
m
el
in
es
D
s
iff
ic
ul
ty
R
et
en
U
pd
tio
at
n
e
F
Fr
r
eq
eq
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
of
A
cc
U
s
ur
Ti
ac e
m
y
e
Pr
es
su
re
PATROL - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
RIFLEMAN
No.
Task
PR1
Initial Wng O
PR2
Receive Detailed Wng O
PR3
Receive Operation O
PR4
Navigate - Determine own loc
PR5
Navigate - Determine dist traveled
PR6
Control of Ptl Movement
PR7
Establish ORV
PR8
Conduct Detailed Recce
PR9
Activities from sniper eyes on posn
PR10 Return to ORV PR11 De-brief Ptl with recce info
PR12 Brief raid ptl comd
PR14 FIBUA control of movement
PR15 Pl Comd Signals Hasty Ambush
PR16 Pl Comd give O for Hasty Ambush
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
5
4
5
2
1
2
4
2
4
4
5
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
2
4
3
3
2
4
2
2
4
5
5
3
1
4
1
5
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
5
4
3
2
4
5
5
2
2
5
3
3
5
4
4
6
5
3
3
1
3
3
1
5
1
4
1
3
5
1
4
7
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
4
4
4
2
2
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
9
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
2
4
3
4
4
2
4
3
Im
C
SECTION COMMANDER
No.
Task
PS1
Initial Wng O
PS2
Receive O
PS3
Prepare detailed Wng O
PS4
Time appreciation
PS5
Prepare Orders
PS6
Give Orders
PS7
Route planning
PS8
Prepare route card
PS9
Navigate - Det own loc (no GPS)
PS10 Navigate - Det own loc (with GPS)
PS11 Navigate - Det direction of travel
PS12 Navigate - Det distance traveled
PS13 Control Movement of Ptl
PS14 Liaison - general & ferry crossing
PS15 Establish ORV
PS16 Conduct Detailed Recce
PS17 Recce - Determine en equip
PS18 Recce - Determine en stre
PS19 Record Recce Info
PS20 Brief raid ptl comd
PS21 Liaison - Heli-borne
PS22 Est Rear Link (Ptl Base) Comms
PS23 Control Move on Appr to LD
PS24 Adjust fire base prior to assault
PS25 FIBUA in Assault
PS26 Control Fire Base During Assault
PS27 Initial Ptl (raid) de-briefing
PS28 Final De-briefing
po
rt
an
om ce
pl
ex
Ti
it y
m
el
in
es
D
s
iff
ic
ul
ty
R
et
en
U
pd
tio
at
n
e
F
Fr
eq req
ue
ue
nc
nc
y
y
of
A
cc
U
s
ur
Ti
ac e
m
y
e
Pr
es
su
re
PATROL - INFORMATION INDICE RATINGS
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
4
3
2
2
4
1
4
4
3
5
3
3
2
4
5
4
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
5
4
2
2
3
3
4
5
4
5
4
3
4
2
2
4
1
3
3
4
4
4
2
2
1
2
4
4
5
4
4
1
4
5
4
5
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
5
3
4
4
1
4
4
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
4
5
4
3
3
3
1
4
4
5
5
1
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
3
6
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
2
4
3
1
1
3
1
7
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
4
3
4
4
2
4
4
4
2
5
2
3
3
5
9
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
5
5
5
3
3
1
1
3
5
4
4
5
4
1
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
1
3
PATROL SCENARIO - VACP RATINGS
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
Initial Wng O
Receive Detailed Wng O
Receive Operation O
Navigate - Determine own loc
Navigate - Determine dist traveled
Control of Ptl Movement
Establish ORV
Conduct Detailed Recce
Activities from sniper eyes on posn
Return to ORV De-brief Ptl with recce info
Brief raid ptl comd
FIBUA control of movement
Pl Comd Signals Hasty Ambush
Pl Comd give O for Hasty Ambush
A
Fnc Flow
PR1
PR2
PR3
PR4
PR5
PR6
PR7
PR8
PR9
PR10
PR11
PR12
PR14
PR15
PR16
VI
SU
A
L
RIFLEMAN
3.7
3.7
5.9
5
5
3.7
7
7
7
7
5.9
5.9
7
3.7
7
4.9
4.9
4.9
0
4.9
4.9
6.6
6.6
4.2
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.6
4.2
4.9
4.6
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
3.7
3.7
6.8
4.6
6.8
5.3
6.8
6.8
3.7
6.8
1
1
6.5
2.2
1
2.2
4.6
4.6
2.2
2.2
1
1
4.6
4.6
1
U
D
IT
O
R
Y
C
O
G
N
IT
IV
E
PH
YS
IC
A
L
Tasks
Initial Wng O
Receive O
Prepare detailed Wng O
Time appreciation
Prepare Orders
Give Orders
Route planning
Prepare route card
Navigate - Det own loc (no GPS)
Navigate - Det own loc (with GPS)
Navigate - Det direction of travel
Navigate - Det distance traveled
Control Movement of Ptl
Liaison - general & ferry crossing
Conduct Detailed Recce
Recce - Determine en equip
Recce - Determine en stre
A
Fnc Flow
PS1
PS2
PS3
PS4
PS5
PS6
PS7
PS8
PS9
PS10
PS11
PS12
PS13
PS14
PS16
PS17
PS18
VI
SU
A
L
SECTION COMMANDER
0
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5
4
5
5
4
0
7
7
7
4.9
4.9
0
0
0
4.3
0
0
0
0
0
4.9
4.3
4.9
6.6
6.6
4.9
6.8
6.8
7
7
7
5.3
7
7
6.8
5.3
6.8
6.8
4.6
4.6
6.8
4.6
6.8
2.2
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
1
6.5
6.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
1
2.2
1
4.6
2.2
2.2
PS19
PS20
PS21
PS22
PS23
PS24
PS25
PS26
Record Recce Info
Brief raid ptl comd
Liaison - Heli-borne
Est Rear Link (Ptl Base) Comms
Control Move on Appr to LD
Adjust fire base prior to assault
FIBUA in Assault
Control Fire Base During Assault
5.9
5.9
0
4
4
7
7
7
0
4.9
4.9
4.3
4.3
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.8
6.8
4.6
3.7
4.6
6.8
4.6
6.8
6.5
1
1
2.2
2.2
4.6
4.6
4.6
Appendix 5:
Patrol Information Elements
Humansystems Incorporated®
D-1-5
patrol sect comd PS11
patrol sect comd PS12
patrol sect comd PS13
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
PS14
PS15
PS16
PS17
PS18
PS19
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
PS23
PS24
PS25
PS26
PS27
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
PR1
PR2
PR3
PR4
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
PR5
PR6
PR7
PR8
patrol rfl man
PR9
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
PS20
PS21
PS22
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
rfl man
PR10
PR11
PR12
PR14
PR15
patrol rfl man
PR16
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Activities from sniper eyes on posn
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Coverage
Plan Fire
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Identify Resource Needs
Team Movement Control
Indiv. Movement Control
Team Fire Control
Indiv. Fire Control
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ID Trgts/Threats
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Receive Detailed Wng Orders
Receive Detailed Wng Orders
Receive Operation Orders
Navigate - Determine own loc
Navigate - Determine distance
traveled
Control of Ptl Movement
Establish ORV
Conduct Detailed Recce
Return to ORV - challenge
procedure, IFF
De-brief Ptl with recce info
Brief Raid Patrol Comd
FIBUA control of movement
Pl Comd Signals Hasty Ambush
Pl Comd give orders for Hasty
Ambush
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Detect Trgts/Threats
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Access Recorded/Ref. Info
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Record Info.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fr Status Local
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
En Status Local
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Movement
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Plan Timings
1
Fr Status Global
1
1
1
En Status Global
1
1
1
1
1
Msn Timing
1
1
1
1
1
Msn Execution
1
1
1
1
1
Msn Intent
Det. Bearing
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Liaison - general and ferry crossing
Establish ORV
Conduct Detailed Recce
Recce - Determine En Equipment
Recce - Determine En Strength
Record Recce Info
Prepare Estimate from Recce
Brief raid ptl comd
Liaison - heliborne
Est. Rear Link Comms
Control Movement on Approach to
LD
Adjust fire base prior to assault
FIBUA in Assault
Control Fire Base During Assault
Patrol de-brief
Det. Range
1
Det. Loc.
PS9
1
1
1
Visualize Gnd
patrol sect comd
Initial Wng O
Receive Orders
Prepare detailed Wng O
Time appreciation
Prepare Orders
Give Orders
Route planning
Prepare route card
Navigate - Determine own loc (no
GPS)
Navigate - Determine direction of
travel
Navigate - Determine distance
traveled
Control Movement of Ptl
Info Transfer (extra-section)
Fnc Flow No.
PS1
PS2
PS3
PS4
PS5
PS6
PS7
PS8
Info Transfer (intra-section)
Position
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
sect comd
Task ID
Scenario
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
patrol
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ANNEX E:
Summary Task Groupings
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1
Appendix 1:
Mission Planning
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-1
PLANNING
Categories:
Tasks:
Route Planning
Siting for Surveillance and
Weapons
Prepare Orders
a) Plan Navigational Route:
a) Plan Trench Siting:
a) Time Appreciation:
•
Determine mission route that
provides greatest tactical
concealment within efficiency
constraints of imposed timings.
•
Determine trench location and
orientation to optimize
observation and coverage of arcs
of fire and section firepower.
•
Determine timings (durations and
milestones) for all mission tasks,
within the imposed timings from
Platoon orders.
•
Route planning includes analyses
of:
•
Trench siting plan is based on:
•
Time appreciation for:
9 Terrain
9 Vegetation
9 Danger areas (e.g. roads,
high features, populated
areas)
Determine efficient routes
between defensive trenches,
OPs, ammo points and platoon
HQ.
Humansystems Incorporated
9 Section boundaries
9 Issue orders
9 Dead ground
9 Battle preparation
9 Likely axis of enemy
advance
9 Drills and rehearsals
9 Feeding and forced rest.
9 Mission phases (e.g.
movement, actions,
crossings)
9 Platoon and Company fire
plans
Record details of route plan and
display for use by NAV.
9 Distance and line of sight
limitations on Section Comd
maintaining command and
control.
b) Plan Track:
•
9 Prepare orders
9 Overlapping intra- and extrasection arcs of fire
9 Likely enemy OPs and
ambush sites
•
9 Key terrain features
•
b) Orders Preparation:
•
Identify mission objective(s),
enemy and friendly situation,
mission timings, radio
frequencies, codes, and
passwords.
•
Determine mission execution (i.e.
Brief section members on trench
siting.
1
•
•
Minimize detectability of route by
enemy air and ground
surveillance.
Mark and brief section members
on track location.
b) Range Card:
•
•
•
Prepare sketch of fire position
with reference to key features,
trenches, RVs, and reference
points (including range and
bearing)
•
Integrate trench range cards into
Section range card and Section
cards into Platoon card.
•
Determine OP location to
optimize observation and
surveillance arcs while
minimizing detectability by the
enemy.
•
OP siting plan is based on:
9 Key terrain features
9 Section boundaries
9 Dead ground
9 Likely axis of enemy
advance
9 Tactical positioning to
achieve early warning
2
Determine requirements for:
9 Resources (e.g. clothing,
equipment, ammo, rations,
camouflage)
9 Weapons
Identify primary and secondary
arcs of fire, tracks and lanes, and
barriers (e.g. trip flares, mines,
wire)
c) Plan OP Siting:
Humansystems Incorporated
detailed tasks and
responsibilities), actions on, and
activities on objective.
9 Special equipment
9 Drills and rehearsals
•
For patrolling, determine main
and alternate ORV, LZ, and PZ,
and chain of command in patrol.
without compromising
location of other friendly
positions.
9 Concealed track to and from
OP.
9 Safety and security for sentry
challenge.
MOEs:
a) Plan Navigational Route:
a) Plan Trench Siting:
a) Time Appreciation:
•
Time to prepare route plan
•
Time to site trenches
•
Time to estimate timings.
•
Time to record and display route
plan
•
Time to communicate plan
•
Accuracy of appreciation:
•
Accuracy of plan implementation
9 Duration
•
Speed of route navigation
•
Kill zone coverage.
9 Milestone
•
Route distance
•
•
Visual and auditory detectability
Effectiveness of overlapping arcs
of fire.
b) Orders Preparation:
•
Effective use of dead ground and
natural cover
•
Weapon siting effectiveness.
•
Time to prepare orders.
•
Communications effectiveness of
sites for command and control.
•
Quality of orders:
9 Accuracy
b) Plan Track:
•
Speed of movement between
positions and points.
•
Accuracy of maintaining track
(day and night)
•
Detectability of track by enemy
air and ground positions
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9 Completeness
b) Range Card:
•
Time to prepare card.
•
Accuracy of recorded information.
•
Ease of updating
•
Time to integrate range cards into
a fused card.
•
Accuracy of range card fusion
3
9 Tactical effectiveness
•
•
Usability of information for
directing and engaging targets.
•
First round hit probability
•
Time to adopt secondary arcs.
•
Accuracy of secondary arc
boundaries.
•
Awareness of ground, features,
and Section assets.
c) Plan OP Siting:
•
Surveillance effectiveness:
9 Coverage
9 Effective distance
•
Time to plan OP site.
•
Detectability of site.
•
Detectability of track.
In-Service
a) Plan Navigational Route:
a) Plan Trench Siting:
a) Time Appreciation:
Options:
•
Maps and aerial photographs to
analyze terrain and vegetation
•
Review maps and visually recce
ground.
•
Based on experience and
training.
•
Compass and template to record
bearing and distances.
•
•
Appreciation cues:
•
Danger areas are judged by
experience
Adopt prone fire positions to
estimate arcs of fire and fields of
observation.
•
Route plan is recorded textually
on a route card which includes:
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b) Range Card:
4
9 Map analysis
9 Terrain
9 Distance estimation
9 Weather, visibility
9 Leg #
•
Hand-drawn on FMP
9 Threats
9 Starting and end grid ref.
•
Section and Platoon fusion done
by hand by reviewing trench and
section cards; time consuming
and inaccurate.
9 Mission tasks
9 Relative distance and
bearing from leg to leg
9 Remarks
•
Route card is supposed to be
memorized by the NAV and
Section Comd, then destroyed.
The card is not destroyed due to
memory error concerns but is
transcribed onto the NAV’s
compass mirror.
•
•
Visual assessment of ground.
•
Visual observation of features
and terrain using:
9 Unaided eye
9 Map analysis
9 C79 optic sight
9 Field binoculars
b) Plan Track:
9 Imposed timings
b) Orders Preparation:
•
Hand-written on FMP using proforma orders template.
•
Orders prepared using:
9 Compass for bearings
•
•
•
9 Time appreciation
Distances are estimated using:
9 Unaided eye
9 Map appreciation (e.g.
terrain, distances)
9 C79 optic sight reticule
9 Weather forecasting
9 Field binoculars reticule
9 Superior orders
9 Pacing the ground
9 Atts and Dets
9 Manuals, aide memoirs
Typically a daylight task due to
vision limitations at night.
9 Imposed timings
•
c) Plan OP Siting:
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Novices typically underestimate
timings resulting in reduced time
for rehearsals, rest, and feeding.
•
Review maps and visually recce
ground.
•
Adopt prone surveillance
positions to estimate visual and
auditory arcs of observation.
5
For patrolling, orders are also
written into a matrix template to
capture chain of command, order
of march, responsibilities and
taskings, weapons and special
equipment requirements
according to each patrol member.
Tech.
a) Plan Navigational Route:
a) Plan Trench Siting:
a) Time Appreciation:
Options:
•
Up to date aerial photographs
and maps
•
•
Terrain analysis decision aid.
•
•
Time appreciation tool:
Digital, scalable maps
•
Terrain analysis decision aid for:
9 3D representation of ground
9 Intervisibility projections to
simulate coverage of enemy
approaches and to assess
detectability of trenches by
enemy.
9 Time to traverse ground
9 Seasonal vegetation
information
•
9 (Critical for vehicles)
•
9 3D representation of ground
9 Effective weapons ranges
9 Visual recce (overflight)
9 Range estimation tool for
accurate defilade/enfilade
planning.
9 Display likely enemy
frontages, use of ground,
and routes of advance.
9 Intervisibility projections
9 Determine fastest route
9 Determine least detectable
route
9 Expert estimation
9 Case-based reasoning
b) Orders Preparation:
•
Digital orders templates.
•
Case-based reasoning aid for
orders preparation.
•
Digitized superior orders for quick
incorporation into orders
preparation and reduced
duplication.
•
Digital aid memoirs, manuals,
•
Theatre data:
b) Range Card:
9 Cultural information
•
9 Hazards (e.g. biting insects,
poisonous critters, diseases)
Nighttime capability:
9 Image Intensification
9 Determine safest route (i.e.
lowest probability of ambush)
9 Thermal imagery
9 Multi-variate modeling
9
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9 Mission management
9 Kill zone planning.
9 Seasonal vegetation
information
Route Planning Optimization
Tool:
9 Time management
Fire Planning Decision Aid:
9 Arcs of fire displayed on
digital maps
Visualization of ground:
9 Unmanned aerial
reconnaissance
•
Visualization of ground:
9 I2 / thermal fusion
6
9 Digital language interpreter
•
b) Plan Track:
•
•
9 Laser range finder
Visualization of ground:
9 Intervisibility projections from
likely enemy positions
Accurate and quick range
estimation:
9 Sonic ranger
•
Non-detectable methods for
marking tracks (e.g. IR markers).
Accurate and quick bearing
estimation:
9 Digital compass
•
Through-the-sight indication of
arc boundaries.
•
Integrated ranging data in night
vision and weapons sights.
c) Plan OP Siting:
•
Visualization of ground:
9 3D representation of ground
9 Intervisibility projections to
simulate visual arcs and to
assess detectability of OP by
enemy.
•
Surveillance Planning Decision
Aid:
9 Sensor arcs (e.g. visual,
sound detection, motion
detection, RF, electromagnetic)
9 Effective sensor ranges
9 Identification of sensor dead
zones.
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9 Optimization tool for
determining placement of
sensor devices to optimize
detection and coverage.
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Appendix 2:
Orders/Briefings
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-2
ORDERS / BRIEFINGS
Tasks:
Each task requiring the transfer of information involves the sub-tasks of providing or presenting the information, and
the receipt and comprehension of the information. These sub-tasks will be used to differentiate the MOEs, In-service
options, and Technology Options for the following tasks:
a) Orders:
(Orders (e.g. Wng, Op, Occupation, Frag, and Confirmatory Orders) transfer information pertaining to a mission plan.
•
Describe mission intent, execution, actions on, objective(s), enemy and friendly situation, mission timings, routes,
radio frequencies, codes, and passwords.
•
Describe requirements for:
9 Resources (e.g. clothing, equipment, ammo, rations, camouflage)
9 Weapons
9 Special equipment
9 Drills and rehearsals
•
Assess and confirm the comprehension of the section members receiving the orders.
•
Receive orders from higher including:
9 Receiving the information
9 Identifying and recording key information
9 Comprehending the information
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b) Briefings:
(Briefings transfer information pertaining to ongoing mission status.)
•
Examples include:
9 OP Handovers: Describe key information relating to OP responsibilities (e.g. arcs, prominent points, areas
of concern, passwords, locations of barriers, land lines, early warning devices, enemy approaches). Orient
new observer to the ground. Indicate current situation and the concerns, enemy movement, and activities
observed since the last handover.
9 Patrol/Mission Briefings: Describe current situation (enemy and friendly) and activities since last briefing.
For a recce patrol, indicate physical layout of objective, enemy strength, equipment, vehicles, defences,
barriers (e.g. wire, mines), sentries, and patterns of observed behaviour (e.g. sentry rotation, eating,
sleeping). Recommend tactical execution advice for mission.
9 Sitreps/Contact Reports: Describe current situation during the performance of a mission. Operational
reports typically include: time and location, enemy status (strength, vehicles, identity, intentions), and
friendly status (activities, effectiveness, intentions).
MOEs:
Provide Information:
•
Time to provide information.
•
Accuracy of information.
•
Completeness
•
Complexity:
9 Salient cueing
9 Spatial orientation
9 Content density
9 Content integration
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Receive Information:
•
Time to receive information. (Note: since H-hour is imposed, the time to receive the information is critical to
determining the amount of time available to the section for battle preparation.)
•
Accuracy of comprehension
•
Situational awareness measures:
9 Local
9 Navigational (if Unit movement is involved)
9 Global (if relevant)
•
Cognitive workload for comprehension
•
Cognitive fidelity
•
Attentional demands of acquiring information
•
Memory demands
•
Knowledge acquisition
•
Knowledge retention
In-Service
Provide Information:
Options:
•
Verbal descriptions
•
Textual orders
•
Map briefing for orientation to ground and route description.
•
Visualization of execution:
9 Sand-box model of local execution of mission
9 Sketch of ground using ground sheet and chalk
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Receive Information:
•
Map to relate information to ground (consult and annotate information on map if available)
•
Record hand-written notes in FMP to capture information details. (Note: a novice will attempt to capture all
information provided whereas an experienced soldier will only record critical points)
•
Sketch spatial information related to routes and execution at the objective in FMP.
Tech.
Provide Information:
Options:
•
Digital transfer of textual orders file from higher, filtered for content suitable to lower Unit.
•
Capability to disseminate information for orders and briefings.
•
Visualization aids:
9 Digital sketch of features, objectives, route, fire, etc. (e.g. coach’s play board)
9 3D digital maps, digital representation of FIBUA buildings (i.e. floor plans, 3D projections, etc) and sites
(i.e. roads, buildings, sewers, features, etc.),
9 Aerial photographs or satellite imagery for most up-to-date representation of area of interest
•
Selectable, transferable aid memoirs for different mission types, tasks, and conditions.
Receive Information:
•
Digital textual copy of orders and briefings, with individually selectable filtering for information prioritization and
content.
•
Digital map and sketch pad.
•
Digital aid memoirs and manuals for individual referral and rehearsal of mission critical tasks and procedures.
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Appendix 3:
Visualize Ground
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-3
VISUALIZE GROUND
Tasks:
a) Local:
•
Local visualization typically includes tasks involving actions and surveillance within the section’s immediate area
of influence.
•
Examples include:
9 Fire and movement, adopting assault formations, assaulting an objective, immediate use of ground, FIBUA
fighting within and between structures
9 Field movement and navigation within immediate area of influence (i.e. limits of vision, hearing)
9 Surveillance of ground and features within the section’s immediate area of influence, typically within the
limits of vision and hearing, siting of defensive positions, preparing range cards, siting of OPs
b) Navigational:
•
Navigational visualization typically includes tasks involving actions and surveillance within and beyond the
section’s immediate area of influence, typically in the context of group movement within a 10km area.
•
Examples include:
9 Route planning
9 Following and altering a route plan in open country
9 Following and altering a route plan in FIBUA
c) Global:
•
Global visualization typically includes tasks involving mission planning, receipt of orders, comprehending enemy
and friendly status, etc. beyond the section’s immediate area of influence, but typically within the Company to
Brigade area of influence.
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•
Examples include:
9 Route planning, time appreciation, map appreciation
9 Orienting mission orders to the ground
9 Providing orders briefings to the platoon or section.
MOEs:
•
Situational awareness measures:
9 Local
9 Navigational
9 Global
•
Timeliness of awareness
•
Accuracy of awareness
•
Cognitive workload of visualization
•
Attentional demands of acquiring situational information
•
Attentional demands of visualization
•
Memory demands of retaining awareness knowledge
•
Decision-making performance:
9 Timeliness
9 Number of decisions or processing steps required
9 Decision quality or effectiveness
•
Cognitive fidelity
•
Spatial orientation
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In-Service
a) Local:
Options:
•
Observation – visual and auditory
•
Verbal directions with descriptions
•
Map, if resolution is high enough (1/25,000 minimum)
•
Sand-box model of local execution of mission
•
Sketch of ground using ground sheet and chalk
b) Navigational:
•
Verbal directions with descriptions
•
2D map
•
Aerial photographs
•
Routes hand-drawn on map trace
c) Global:
•
Verbal directions with descriptions
•
Textual description in Orders
•
Map, typically low resolution (1/50 – 100,000)
•
Aerial photographs
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Tech.
a) Local:
Options:
•
Digital sketch of features, objectives, route, fire, etc. (e.g. coach’s play board)
•
3D digital maps, scalable to 1/10,000
•
Digital representation of FIBUA buildings (i.e. floor plans, 3D projections, etc)
•
Aerial photographs or satellite imagery for most up-to-date representation of area of interest
b) Navigational:
•
Virtual recce or over-flight of ground or proposed route
•
3D digital maps with selectable layers or traces of overlay information (e.g. terrain type, vegetation
(winter/summer), intervisibility projections, enemy and friendly formations, planned route
•
Time-lapse tracking of movements
•
Digital representation of FIBUA sites (i.e. roads, buildings, features, sewers, 3D projections, etc)
•
Aerial photographs or satellite imagery for most up-to-date representation of area of interest
•
Aerial imagery fusion with 2D / 3D digital maps
c) Global:
•
2D / 3D maps of ground with selectable layers or traces of overlay information (e.g. terrain, roads, power, rail,
enemy and friendly formations, critical sites)
•
Time-lapse tracking of formation movements with capability for future time-based projection
Humansystems Incorporated
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Appendix 4:
Information Exchange
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-4
INTRA-SECTION COMMUNICATIONS
Tasks:
Note: Intra-section communication for the provision and receipt of Orders and Briefings is addressed in the group
INFORMATION TRANSFER.
a) Control:
•
Simple control of field formations, gross section movement and actions, and general fire control.
•
Complex control of tactical movement, actions and fire control of one or more groups or individuals with detailed
commands and direction during a phase of battle.
b) Coordination:
•
Direct, one-to-one interaction to coordinate the timing and order of actions (e.g. fire team fire and movement)
•
Indirect, one-to-many coordination of complex, integrated timings and actions (e.g. assaulting with covering fire)
c) Requests for Information:
•
Requests are typically communicated with simple cue words (e.g. SITREP, LOCREP) for information about:
9 Locations of enemy and friendly forces, equipment, objects, etc.
9 Status of enemy and friendly forces and materiel
9 Detection and identification
d) Provision of Information:
•
Provision of information can include both simple and complex information:
9 Locations of enemy and friendly forces, equipment, objects, etc.
Æ Simple: general indications of distance, bearing,
Humansystems Incorporated
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Æ Complex: relational layout and organization of multiple assets
9 Status of enemy and friendly forces and materiel
Æ Simple: general indications of strength, intent, movement
Æ Complex: detailed reporting of recce observations
9 Detection and identification
Æ Simple: general recognition of object (soldier, vehicle, building)
Æ Complex: detailed identification and description of enemy, friendly, ranks, vehicle types and
capabilities, formations
MOEs:
•
Time to prepare communication.
•
Time to provide information.
•
Attentional demands of sending information
•
Completeness
•
Complexity:
9 Salient cueing
9 Spatial orientation
9 Content density
9 Content integration
•
Modality resource loading
•
Time to detect arrival of communication.
•
Time to receive information.
•
Accuracy of information communication.
•
Intelligibility of verbal communications
•
Attentional demands of receiving information
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•
Time to comprehension.
•
Accuracy of comprehension
•
Cognitive workload for comprehension
•
Cognitive fidelity
•
Situational awareness:
9 Local
9 Global
•
Memory demands during sending and receiving
•
Knowledge acquisition
•
Knowledge retention
•
Time for sender to confirm communication receipt
•
Accuracy of receipt confirmation
•
Visual, aural, or other detectability of sender and receiver by the enemy.
In-Service
•
Hand signals are the tactically preferred method of silent communication.
Options:
•
Voice depending on tactical situation:
9 Whispered and passed when concealment is important.
9 Yelled when concealment is not important and distances, ambient noise, and dispersion of receivers
requires it.
•
Radio communication is possible for intra-section communication but is typically used for extra-section
communication (i.e. flanking or higher Units).
•
Communication information is typically disseminated by being passed from soldier to soldier
•
Visual and auditory cues can be used to communicate (e.g. signal flares, flashlight signals, rifle fire, and smoke).
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Tech.
a) Verbal:
Options:
•
Intra-section radio
b) Non-verbal:
•
Simple Information Content:
9 Textual display
9 Visual codes or icons
9 Vibro-tactile signals
9 Simple auditory cues
•
Complex Information Content:
9 Textual display
9 Visual schematic drawings or overlays on digital maps
9 Complex auditory cues
c) Multi-modal Options:
•
Digital interface between verbal → non-verbal and non-verbal → verbal communications.
•
Verbal → Non-verbal:
9 Voice-recognition capability for sender
9 Speech input is displayed in non-verbal modality to recipient (i.e. simple or complex sounds, visual symbols,
textual display)
•
Non-verbal → Verbal:
9
Sensor / detector input to verbal modality for simple coding
9 Textual sender input to synthesized verbal modality output for complex information
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d) Visual Interface Options:
•
Simple Information Content:
9 LED banner or backlit, coloured symbols in helmet brim, visor or spectacle rims
9 Overlay in digital weapon sight
9 Superimposed on STA and night vision devices
9 Helmet mounted display or Virtual retinal displays
•
Complex Information Content:
9 LED on small wrist display
9 digital tablet
9 HMD
e) Auditory Interface Options:
•
Simple Information Content:
9 Tonal variation
9 Intensity variation
9 Pattern variation
9 2D display
9 Cue words
•
Complex Information Content:
9 3D display
9 complex temporal patterns with variable pitch and intensity
9 Detailed speech
Humansystems Incorporated
5
f)
Bandwidth Control Issues:
•
Psychosocial teaming issues and frequency discipline
•
Bandwidth management:
9 Bandwidth optimization through control of volume and content of information
9 Information update management (e.g. timing of location updates)
9 Options for controlling sender, receiver, and exchange authority
Humansystems Incorporated
6
Appendix 5:
Control of Movement
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-5
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
Categories:
Tasks:
Direct Command for Control of
Movement
•
•
MOEs:
•
•
Simple control of field formations
(i.e. gross section movements
and formations)
Complex control of tactical
movement (i.e. controlling one or
more groups or individuals with
detailed commands during a
phase of battle)
Time required for all section
members involved to receive
command
Soldier comprehension of control
command
•
Individual soldier reaction time to
perform command
•
Time required to achieve group
formation or movement
•
Attentional demand on soldiers
•
Accuracy of formation or
movement response
•
Section Comd time to determine,
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Navigation (individual / local)
Navigation (group / distant)
•
Dismounted traverse of ground
•
Determine own location
•
Obstacle traverse
•
•
Identification of best route to
limits of vision (i.e. accessible
terrain, limited exposure to
enemy detection, minimal
obstacles)
Determine location of landmarks
(e.g. terrain features, structures)
•
Determine bearing to objective
•
Determine distance to objective
•
Perform unplanned adjustments
to route
•
Speed of traverse
•
Speed of navigation
•
Ease of traverse
•
Distance traveled
•
Effective use of dead ground
•
•
Obstacle avoidance
Time to determine location of self
and/or landmarks
•
Auditory and visual detectability
•
Complexity of location
determination of self and/or
landmarks
•
Accuracy of location
determination
•
Accuracy of navigation:
9 To destination
9 Maintaining route
1
communicate, and confirm
control
In-Service
•
Time for Section Comd to confirm
control execution
•
Accuracy of Section Comd
confirmation of control execution
•
Hand signals are the tactically
preferred method of control.
•
Control can also be achieved
through voice commands
depending on tactical situation
Options:
•
Control commands are initiated
by Sect Comd and typically
passed from soldier to soldier
•
Visual and auditory cues can be
used to initiate actions and
movements (e.g. signal flares,
rifle fire, smoke).
•
Difficulty in maintaining route:
9 Attentional demands on NAV
9 Task complexity
•
Ability to meet timing objectives
•
Normal vision (day and night)
Location Determination:
•
Aided vision with C79 or field
binoculars (day)
•
•
Aided vision with AN/PVS 504
(night)
Visual identification of landmarks
is typically performed with a map
and possibly a compass (day).
•
Identification of landmarks used
at night but detection is very
difficult – often requires a runner
and considerable delay.
•
GPS possible but seldom used
since the update rate does not
allow bearing determination while
navigating.
Navigational Way-keeping:
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2
•
Usually performed by two
soldiers – one NAV and one
pacer. In difficult conditions (e.g.
night, desert), sections will use
redundant NAVs and pacers.
•
NAV uses compass to determine
bearing and then sights and
advances on a prominent feature.
Pacer counts steps and relates
their paces to distance in yards –
may use aids (e.g. pacing
beads).
•
Tech.
Intra-section Communications:
•
Enhanced Vision – Day:
At night, lack of visually
detectable features results in
constant compass use and often
in sizeable offset errors.
Location Determination:
9 Optical enhancement
•
GPS
a) Verbal:
9 Thermal
•
RF signal triangulation
•
9 Visual/Thermal image fusion
•
Landmark triangulation
•
Inertial tracking system
Options:
Intra-section radio
b) Non-verbal:
•
Simple Control:
9 Visual codes or icons
9 Vibro-tactile signals
•
Enhanced Vision – Night:
9 Image Intensification (I2)
Navigation Way-keeping:
9 Thermal
•
Digital route card
•
Visual:
2
9 Thermal / I image fusion
9 Simple auditory cues
9 Coded signals (i.e. “←↑→”)
9 Textual directions
•
Complex Control:
9 Digital map tracking aids
9 Visual schematic drawings
9 Schematic orientation to
landmarks
9 Complex auditory cues
•
Auditory:
9 2D / 3D tonal orientation
9 Natural language query for
direction, location, and
orientation to landmarks.
Humansystems Incorporated
3
Appendix 6:
Control of Fire
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-6
CONTROL OF FIRE
Categories:
Tasks:
Individual Control of Fire
Control of Section Fire
a) Engage Targets:
•
Control timing of section fire assets
•
Detect targets (i.e. locate the enemy)
•
Control selection of fire assets and sequence of firing
•
Recognize/identify targets
•
Control rate of section fire
•
Acquire targets with weapon sight.
•
Tactical positioning of fire assets
•
Suppress targets
•
•
Hit static targets
Control target designation of individual and grouped
weapons
•
Hit moving targets
•
Determine effectiveness of section fire.
•
Acquire feedback on fall of shot
•
Maintain awareness of section strength.
•
Adjust fire
•
Maintain awareness of Section ammunition state.
•
Track personal ammunition use
b) Fire Team Coordination:
•
Maintain awareness of fire team partner location and
movement.
•
Designate targets.
•
Maintain awareness of fire team partner firing
activities.
•
Coordinate covering fire and team arcs of fire.
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c) Survivability:
INFO
•
Avoid detection by enemy
•
Minimize time of personal target presentation
•
Minimize amount of personal target presentation
a) Detect Targets:
a) Control Section Fire:
•
•
NEEDS
Detect Target (visual):
9 Target contrast or density
(foreground/background)
9 Section Comd search using a) Detect Targets
9 Section members searching and verbally
reporting location (i.e. relative or absolute range
and bearing) and enemy strength
9 Colour differences (foreground/background)
9 Target movement relative to background
•
9 Weapons visual effects:
Location of Own Section Weapons:
Æ Muzzle flash
9 Relative to Section Comd position
Æ Heat shimmer
9 Relative to other Section weapons
Æ Dust from weapons concussion
9 Relative to enemy position
•
Æ Fall of shot impact location
•
Enemy location:
Likely effectiveness of each Section weapon:
9 Unnatural shapes or edges
9 Distance of Section weapon to enemy target
9 Irregular spacing or scale of objects to
background
9 Effective range of each Section weapon
9 Bearing from Section weapons to enemy target
Detect Target (auditory):
9 Accuracy of each weapon
9 Unnatural sounds relative to background:
9 Dispersion pattern of each weapon
Æ Sound amplitude
9 Ammunition status of each weapon
Æ Sound frequency
•
Æ Pattern
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Likely effectiveness of combined Section weapons:
9 Overlapping patterns of fire.
2
9 Weapons auditory effects:
9 Depth patterns of fire
Æ Sound amplitude for distance estimation
9
•
Æ Sound frequency for weapons type
Æ Sound pattern (“crack/thump” or sound of
bullet passing vs weapon report) to
estimate range and bearing
•
9 Target visibility of enemy position from Section
weapon position.
Æ Fall of shot impact location for bearing
9 Degree of enemy suppression on Section
weapon positions
Æ Weapon report for bearing
9 Restrictions on moving Section weapons.
Integrate visual and auditory detection of muzzle
flash and time to hear weapon report to determine
distance.
b) Section Fire Effectiveness:
•
Visual determination:
9 Detect fall of shot of Section weapons
b) Identify Target:
•
Ability of Section member positions to engage targets:
9 Determine Section weapons effectiveness:
Identify Target (visual):
Æ Volume of fire on enemy position
9 Target size, visually based on:
Æ Accuracy and coverage of fire
Æ Relative size to surrounding known objects
Æ Status of enemy fire effectiveness
Æ Relative size to estimated distance
9
Æ Target height in visual field
•
9 Target shape or silhouette
9 Detect fall of shot of Section weapons
9 Colour
9 Determine Section weapons effectiveness:
9 Pattern recognition:
Æ Volume of Section fire
Æ Camouflage pattern
Æ Status of enemy fire effectiveness
Æ IR cues
Æ Field formations
Æ Insignia
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Auditory determination:
3
Æ
c) Section Strength:
9 Feature recognition (vehicle examples):
•
Æ Wheels vs track
Æ Barrel size in relation to vehicle size
•
9 Visually observe Section members for:
Æ Movement
Identify Target (auditory):
9 Sound amplitude
Æ Attentiveness
9 Sound frequency
Æ Fire
9 Auditory detection of Section members:
9 Pattern (examples):
Æ Continuous (vehicle, mechanical)
Æ Weapons fire at each position
Æ Repeating pattern (soldier walking)
Æ Status reports yelled by Section members
Æ Speech
Æ Verbal responses to Section Comd hailing
specific Section positions
•
c) Engage Targets:
•
Status of Section members:
Distance to target for weapons adjustment (example
methods):
9 Visually match reticle stadia to target
9 Target height in visual field and optical sight
9 Visual unit of measure estimation and halving
•
Windage effects (i.e. wind speed and direction) by
visually observing vegetation in target area
•
Offset amount for aiming reticle relative to target to
compensate for windage.
•
Visually align weapon sight reticle with target center
of mass
•
Feedback on fall of shot to direct aim adjustments:
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Status of weapons and ammunition:
9 Fall of shot impact location
9 With tracer fire, visually observe the colour
contrast of tracer round with background.
•
Engage moving targets:
9 Visually determine target speed and direction by
observing target movement relative to
background
9 Estimate speed based on distance from target
9 Estimate required sight reticle offset to lead
target and visually align with target
9 Visually track target in sight reticle.
d) Fire Team Coordination:
•
Position of fire team partner:
9 Visual observation
9 Auditory detection
•
Movement coordination timing:
9 Detect partner speech (e.g. “covering”,
“moving”)
9 Visually observe partner movements
9 Aurally detect partner’s weapon fire
e) Survivability:
•
Degree of personal suppression by enemy:
9 Visually observe enemy fall of shot
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9 Aurally detect fall of shot
•
Visual detectability of own position:
9 Transpose visual and auditory target detection
(see (a) above) of own position to enemy
location and bearing.
9 Estimate own target size to enemy based on
visual distance, cover afforded, and subtended
angle.
•
MOEs:
a) Engage Targets:
•
Time to achieve effective fire
•
Time to target detection
•
Time to achieve enemy suppression
•
Time to target identification
•
Effectiveness of section fire:
•
Accuracy of target identification
9 Enemy casualties and materiel kills
•
Time to target engagement
9 Degree of suppression
•
Time to target suppression
9 Outcome vs type and amount of ammunition used
•
Accuracy of fire
•
Economy of ammunition usage
•
Grouping or consistency of fire
•
Fire control precision
•
Individual awareness of fall of shot
•
Time to designate targets.
•
Individual awareness of ammunition usage
•
Timeliness of control for individual weapons
•
Timeliness of control for group weapons
b) Fire Team Coordination:
•
Soldier comprehension of fire control orders
•
Timeliness of team movement and covering fire.
•
•
Effective coverage of team arcs of fire
Accuracy of Section Comd awareness of section fire
effectiveness
•
Time to designate targets.
•
Timeliness of Section Comd awareness of section fire
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•
effectiveness
Awareness of fire team partner status
c) Survivability:
•
Detectability of individual soldier by enemy
•
Detectability day vs night.
•
Casualty probability (i.e. exposure time and target
size)
In-Service
a) Engage Targets:
Options:
•
C7 iron sight
•
C79 Optical sight (day)
•
Kite Sight (night)
•
Listen for “crack – thump” to estimate direction and
range.
•
Observe round splash for fall of shot feedback or use
and observe tracer fire.
•
Riflemen mentally count rounds to track ammunition
state.
b) Fire Team Coordination:
•
Visual observation of fire team partner position and
movement.
•
Auditory detection of firing and movement.
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•
Section Comd awareness of section strength
•
Section Comd awareness of ammunition state.
•
Control is achieved largely through yelled voice
commands.
•
Some control can be achieved through hand signals
or commands passed from soldier to soldier.
•
Section fire control and action can also be initiated by
weapons fire, signal flares, and para-flares.
•
Section Comd achieves feedback on effectiveness
through move and peak surveillance, and verbal
reports by section members.
•
Section Comd awareness of section strength is
currently acquired through visual observation, verbal
hailing of section members, and non-verbal aids (e.g.
lengths of string attached to cans between trenches)
c) Survivability:
•
Move and peak to locate targets.
•
Once located, brief peak and fire then move and
repeat.
Tech.
Engage Targets:
Control of Soldiers:
Options:
a) Determine Target Location:
a) Verbal:
•
Muzzle flash detection
•
•
Sound localization
•
Enhanced vision (e.g. thermal in day or night, optic
enhancement)
•
b) Non-verbal:
•
Identification Friend or Foe
9 Friend tracking and display with relational GPS
9 Vibro-tactile signals
9 Friend emitter signal (e.g. IR, RF, visual
spectrum, I2 beacon)
9 Simple auditory cues
•
9 Complex auditory cues
9 IR and I2 markers
Section Strength Determination:
•
b)_Weapon Firing Performance:
Intra-section communication:
9 Verbal
Fire control enhancement
9 Non-verbal
•
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Complex Control:
9 Visual schematic drawings
Target designation:
9 Visual laser
•
Simple Control:
9 Visual codes or icons
9 Directional interrogator/signal return system
•
Intra-section radio
•
8
Casualty status monitoring systems
Survivability:
•
Off-bore target search with weapon.
Section Fire Management:
•
Off-bore target engagement with weapon
•
Determination of visual arcs and effective ranges for
each section weapon system in relation to target(s).
9 Laser range finder and digital compass to
determine target position relative to soldier GPS
location
9 Display of target location vs all effective weapon
ranges, arcs of fire, and lethality zones for
Section Comd decision aid
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•
Effective target designation system to direct section
and above weapon systems.
•
Ordnance management decision aid
Appendix 7:
Information Collection
Humansystems Incorporated®
E-1-7
INFORMATION COLLECTION
Tasks:
Each task requiring the collection of information involves the sub-tasks of detection, identification, recording, and
informing. These sub-tasks will be used to differentiate the MOEs, In-service options, and Technology Options for
the following tasks:
a) OP Surveillance:
•
Observe within arcs and detect any activity.
•
Determine location of targets.
•
Identify any targets (e.g. soldiers, vehicles, and objects) that are detected.
•
Determine strength, weapons, intent of targets, and observe patterns of behaviour.
•
Communicate important observations to higher.
•
Minimize detectability of OP location from enemy ground and air surveillance.
b) Sentry:
•
Observe within arcs and detect any activity.
•
Identify any soldiers that are detected as friend or foe.
•
Detain and engage enemy soldiers.
•
Communicate sitrep to higher.
•
Minimize detectability of sentry location from enemy ground and air surveillance.
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c) Detailed Recce:
MOEs:
•
Determine best observation vantage points for detailed recce data collection.
•
Determine most expedient route to vantage points while remaining concealed from enemy detection.
•
Move stealthily to a position of observation.
•
Observe within arcs and detect targets (e.g. soldiers, structures, weapons, vehicles, objects).
•
Identify any targets.
•
Record observations.
•
Minimize detectability.
Detect:
•
Time to detect target.
•
Accuracy of detection.
•
Time to determine location.
•
Accuracy of location determination.
•
Detectability by enemy.
Identify:
•
Time to identify target.
•
Accuracy of identification.
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Record Information:
•
Time to record information.
•
Accuracy of recorded information.
•
Completeness
•
Detectability by the enemy during recording
•
Usability of comprehending recorded information
Transfer Information:
•
Time to transfer information.
•
Ease of transfer.
•
Detectability by the enemy when transferring information.
In-Service
Detect:
Options:
•
Auditory cues.
•
Visual search patterns used to cover arcs in depth (i.e. left to right at far, medium, and near distances).
•
Possible detections are interrogated with optic sight or binoculars.
•
Visual cues:
9 Unaided vision
9 Enhanced day vision (C79 optical sight, binoculars)
9 Night vision (I2, thermal)
•
Motion detectors
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Identify:
•
Memory and training.
•
Aid memoire documents for enemy identification (ranks, insignia, vehicles, weapons, formations) – limited
amount can be carried in the field.
Record Information:
a) OP Surveillance:
•
Map annotation
•
Written notes and paper log.
b) Detailed Recce:
•
Photograph objective in daylight.
•
Written notes of observations (patterns, strength, vehicles, etc)
•
Sketch of objective, routes, barriers, and defenses.
Transfer Information:
a) OP Surveillance (defensive position)
•
Immediate:
9 Flare (signal)
9 Rifle fire (signal)
9 Field phone (stealth, complexity)
•
Routine:
9 OP hand-over briefing
9 Field phone
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b) OP Surveillance (recce eyes-on)
•
Immediate:
9 Physically move back to ORV (risks enemy detection)
9 Verbal briefing to Ptl Comd
•
Routine:
9 Verbal recce briefing
9 Use sketches and sandbox model to detail recce data
Tech.
Detect:
Options:
•
Remote sensors.
•
Enhanced sensor capabilities:
9 Visual (magnification, I2, thermal, I2 / thermal fusion)
9 Auditory (ranging and direction-finding)
9 Auditory (frequency signature detection)
9 Motion detection, vibration detection
9 Radar detection, electro-magnetic
•
Visual and non-visual sensor scanning devices:
9 Automated scanner surveillance of selected arc
9 Detection of change in signal background
9 Detection alarm
9 Indication of possible target location
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Identify:
•
Automated target recognition and identification aid.
•
Digital aid memoir:
9 Silhouettes
9 Vehicles, equipment, structures
9 Language translation
•
Signature identification decision aid:
9 Sensor data compared to signature library
9 Recognition of target type (e.g. vehicle = tank or wheeled APC)
9 Identification of target (e.g. tank = M1A1 MBT)
Record Information:
•
Digital recording devices:
9 Digital camera, video
9 Sensor recorders
•
Digital sketch pad
•
Textual recording:
9 Natural language voice recognition dictation
9 Keyboard, digital scribing
9 Pointing device selection of descriptions from pro-forma menu lists
Transfer Information:
•
Real-time data collection and transfer.
Humansystems Incorporated
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UNCLASSIFIED
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA
(Security classification of the title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall document is classified)
1. ORIGINATOR (The name and address of the organization preparing the document, Organizations
2. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
for whom the document was prepared, e.g. Centre sponsoring a contractor's document, or tasking
agency, are entered in section 8.)
(Overall security classification of the document
including special warning terms if applicable.)
Publishing: DRDC
Toronto
UNCLASSIFIED
Performing: Humansystems® Incorporated, 111 Farquhar St., 2nd
floor, Guelph, ON N1H 3N4
Monitoring:
Contracting: DRDC
Toronto
3. TITLE (The complete document title as indicated on the title page. Its classification is indicated by the appropriate abbreviation (S, C, R, or U) in parenthesis at
the end of the title)
Cognitive Task Analyses of Information Requirements in Dismounted Infantry
Operations (U)
Analyses Cognitives des Tâches Relatives aux Besoins D’information dans les
Opérations d’Infanteries Démontées
4. AUTHORS (First name, middle initial and last name. If military, show rank, e.g. Maj. John E. Doe.)
David W. Tack; Harry Angel
5. DATE OF PUBLICATION
(Month and year of publication of document.)
May 2005
6a NO. OF PAGES
6b. NO. OF REFS
(Total containing information, including
Annexes, Appendices, etc.)
(Total cited in document.)
289
7. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (The category of the document, e.g. technical report, technical note or memorandum. If appropriate, enter the type of document,
e.g. interim, progress, summary, annual or final. Give the inclusive dates when a specific reporting period is covered.)
Contract Report
8. SPONSORING ACTIVITY (The names of the department project office or laboratory sponsoring the research and development − include address.)
Sponsoring: DLR 5, NDHQ OTTAWA,ON K1A 0K2
Tasking:
9a. PROJECT OR GRANT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable
research and development project or grant under which the document was
written. Please specify whether project or grant.)
12QG01
10a. ORIGINATOR'S DOCUMENT NUMBER (The official
9b. CONTRACT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable number under which
the document was written.)
W7711−7−7404/001/SV;
W7711−017747/001/TOR
10b. OTHER DOCUMENT NO(s). (Any other numbers under which
document number by which the document is identified by the originating
activity. This number must be unique to this document)
may be assigned this document either by the originator or by the
sponsor.)
DRDC Toronto CR 2005−057
SIREQ #144
11. DOCUMENT AVAILABILIY (Any limitations on the dissemination of the document, other than those imposed by security classification.)
Defence departments in approved countries − Document has initial limited distribution
through Exploitation Manager − TTCP and NATO countries and agencies − Unlimited
after initial limited distribution
12. DOCUMENT ANNOUNCEMENT (Any limitation to the bibliographic announcement of this document. This will normally correspond to the Document
Availability (11), However, when further distribution (beyond the audience specified in (11) is possible, a wider announcement audience may be selected.))
Other − Document to have initial Limited announcement
UNCLASSIFIED
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA
(Security classification of the title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall document is classified)
13. ABSTRACT (A brief and factual summary of the document. It may also appear elsewhere in the body of the document itself. It is highly
desirable that the abstract of classified documents be unclassified. Each paragraph of the abstract shall begin with an indication of the security
classification of the information in the paragraph (unless the document itself is unclassified) represented as (S), (C), (R), or (U). It is not necessary
to include here abstracts in both official languages unless the text is bilingual.)
(U) As part of Canada’s larger soldier system modernization programme, the Soldier
Information REQuirements Technology Demonstration (SIREQ TD) project aims
to define and empirically validate the performance requirements for the future
Soldier System by demonstrating capability enhancements in command
execution, target acquisition, and situation awareness for the individual
dismounted soldier in 2010−2015. Given the potentially limitless scope for
investigating dismounted infantry information modernization requirements, a
modified cognitive task analysis (CTA) approach was chosen to investigate,
identify, and characterize the critical information requirements of dismounted
infantry soldiers in a range of representative operational scenarios. Beyond the
traditional knowledge audit stage, additional analyses were developed to further
characterize the cognitive task demands in an operational context and to better
delimit the scope of future SIREQ TD experimentation (i.e. information indices,
information elements, and attentional demands analyses).
The results of the CTA analyses indicated considerable scope for improving
information−related tasks at both the individual and group levels for both the
rifleman and section commander roles. The CTA revealed that the core
capabilities of sensing, terrain visualization and information exchange are critical
to all soldier activities and thus emphasized that technology incorporation at the
individual and team levels could prove to be very beneficial. The opportunities
are discussed in the context of information enhancement goals for future
dismounted soldier systems. A possible framework for approaching the SIREQ
TD experimentation programme is also outlined.
14. KEYWORDS, DESCRIPTORS or IDENTIFIERS (Technically meaningful terms or short phrases that characterize a document and could be helpful in
cataloguing the document. They should be selected so that no security classification is required. Identifiers, such as equipment model designation, trade name,
military project code name, geographic location may also be included. If possible keywords should be selected from a published thesaurus, e.g. Thesaurus of
Engineering and Scientific Terms (TEST) and that thesaurus identified. If it is not possible to select indexing terms which are Unclassified, the classification of each
should be indicated as with the title.)
(U) Soldier Information Requirements Technology Demonstration Project; SIREQ TD;
COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSES; CTA; Soldier System; Soldier Performance Requirements
UNCLASSIFIED