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MALEIC HYDRAZIDE
CASRN: 123-33-1
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.
OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 65 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS (FROM 8X10-3 M
UPWARD) INDUCES SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES IN HUMAN BLOOD
CULTURES IF IT IS ADDED EITHER FOR THE ENTIRE CULTURE PERIOD (72
HR) OR FOR THE LAST 24 HOURS.
[SPEIT G; MUTAT RES 119 (3-4): 371-6 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Can cause chronic liver damage and acute CNS effects.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1061]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust from or contact with the material is irritating to eyes, nose, throat, and skin.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
The most probable routes of human exposure to maleic hydrazide are by ingestion of
food and inhalation of tobacco smoke containing this compound as a result of intentional
applications, as well as inhalation and dermal exposure due to occupational exposure of
maleic hydrazide applicators and crop harvestors. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
HUMAN POPULATIONS MAY BE EXPOSED TO MALEIC HYDRAZIDE BY
INHALATION WHEN SUBSTANCE IS SPRAYED FOR AGRICULTURAL &
HORTICULTURAL PURPOSES, & BY INTAKE WITH FOOD ... .
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 177 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In the field, two groups of workers, the applicators and harvestors, were exposed to
maleic hydrazide(1). Dermal exposure rates to maleic hydrazide at various body
locations on applicators averaged between 105-711 ug/hr for 4 operators of highclearance tractors and 324-4332 ug/hr for 3 operators of low clearance tractors(1). The
average rate of respiratory exposure was 0.74 ug/hr and 10 ug/hr for high clearance amd
low clearance operators, respectively(1). NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-74) has
statistically estimated that 124 workers are exposed to maleic hydrazide in the USA(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1442 workers are
exposed to maleic hydrazide in the USA(3).
[(1) Hunt TW et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 403-6 (1985) (2) NIOSH; National
Occupational Health Survey (1974) (1984) (3) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure
Survey (NOES) Sept 30 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Body Burden:
Average levels of maleic hydrazide in urine samples of 7 applicators, 0-36 hours
following exposure, ranged from <0.03 to 0.28 ppm(1).
[(1) Hunt TW et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 403-6 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** GENERAL OR UNKNOWN CHEMICAL ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) A SPECIFIC REVIEW on the clinical effects and treatment
of individuals exposed to this agent HAS NOT YET BEEN
PREPARED. The following pertains to the GENERAL
EVALUATION and TREATMENT of individuals exposed to
potentially toxic chemicals.
B) GENERAL EVALUATION 1) Exposed individuals should have a careful, thorough
medical history and physical examination performed,
looking for any abnormalities. Exposure to chemicals
with a strong odor often results in such nonspecific
symptoms as headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
C) IRRITATION 1) Many chemicals cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and
respiratory tract. In severe cases respiratory tract
irritation can progress to ARDS/acute lung injury,
which may be delayed in onset for up to 24 to 72 hours
in some cases.
2) Irritation or burns of the esophagus or
gastrointestinal tract are also possible if caustic or
irritant chemicals are ingested.
D) HYPERSENSITIVITY 1) A number of chemical agents produce an allergic
hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with
bronchospasm and wheezing with chronic exposure.
Laboratory:
A) A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the
hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring
complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney
function tests is suggested for patients with significant
exposure.
B) If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression
is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray,
and pulmonary function tests.
Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) GASTRIC LAVAGE
1) Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract
irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The
possible benefit of early removal of some ingested
material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed
against potential complications of bleeding or
perforation.
2) GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and
left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
a) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation;
and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
B) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
1) Activated charcoal binds most toxic agents and can
decrease their systemic absorption if administered soon
after ingestion. In general, metals and acids are
poorly bound and patients ingesting these materials
will not likely benefit from activated charcoal
administration.
a) Activated charcoal should not be given to patients
ingesting strong acidic or basic caustic chemicals.
Activated charcoal is also of unproven value in
patients ingesting irritant chemicals, where it may
obscure endoscopic findings when the procedure is
justified.
2) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry
(240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g
in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
C) DILUTION -
1) Immediate dilution with milk or water may be of benefit
in caustic or irritant chemical ingestions.
2) DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to
240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL
in a child).
D) IRRITATION 1) Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the
possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal
tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of
esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider
endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
E) OBSERVATION CRITERIA 1) Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for
the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and
administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
2) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be
observed in a controlled setting until all signs and
symptoms have fully resolved.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION 1) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral
corticosteroids.
B) IRRITATION 1) Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress
to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to
24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
C) ACUTE LUNG INJURY 1) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation
and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse
oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical
ventilation may be needed.
D) BRONCHOSPASM 1) If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment
with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
E) OBSERVATION CRITERIA 1) Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for
the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and
administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
2) Patients symptomatic following exposure should be
observed in a controlled setting until all signs and
symptoms have fully resolved.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DERMAL DECONTAMINATION a) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation
or pain persists.
2) PESTICIDES a) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and
jewelry. Wash the skin, including hair and nails,
vigorously; do repeated soap washings. Discard
contaminated clothing.
3) IRRITATION a) Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical
therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity
reactions may require treatment with systemic or
topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
4) DERMAL ABSORPTION a) Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by
absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe
patients with dermal exposure for the development of
any systemic signs or symptoms and administer
symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Range of Toxicity:
A) No specific range of toxicity can be established for the
broad field of chemicals in general.
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO,
2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):
TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume
122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.
OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. S7 65 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
IN ANIMALS IT CAUSES TREMORS & MUSCLE SPASMS.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-343]**PEER REVIEWED**
NO MORTALITY @ 10.0 PPM TO BLUEGILLS & FATHEADS. ... EYE
IRRITATION FOR RABBITS: SEVERE. SKIN IRRITATION FOR RABBITS:
MODERATE.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 324]**PEER REVIEWED**
... ADMIN MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IN DAILY DOSES OF 1000 MG/KG BODY WT
BY STOMACH TUBE TO 36 MICE OF EACH SEX FOR 3 WK, BEGINNING WHEN
ANIMALS WERE 7 DAYS OLD. THEN 3000 PPM WERE MIXED DIRECTLY WITH
DIET WHICH WAS FED AD LIBITUM FOR APPROX 18 MO. NO SIGNIFICANT
INCR IN INCIDENCE OF TUMORS ... IN COMPARISON WITH UNTREATED
CONTROLS. ... 30 RATS FED 1% MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IN DIET FOR 100 WK
FAILED TO SHOW SIGNIFICANT INCR IN NUMBER OF TUMORS, IN
COMPARISON WITH THAT FOUND IN 20 CONTROL ANIMALS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 176 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SWISS MICE WERE INJECTED SC ON DAYS 1, 7, 14 & 21 FOLLOWING BIRTH
WITH TOTAL DOSE OF 3 MG OF MH PER MOUSE AS AQ SOLN. ... IT
CONTAINED/ 0.4% HYDRAZINE AS IMPURITY. HEPATOMAS DEVELOPED IN
3/17 MALE SURVIVORS AFTER 49 WK. ... IN CONTROL MALES, 4/48
HEPATOMAS ... NO HEPATOMAS DEVELOPED IN FEMALE ANIMALS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 176(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AFTER SC ADMINISTRATION TO MICE NO SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE
INCIDENCE OF LIVER CELL TUMORS WAS SEEN OVER THAT IN SOLVENTTREATED CONTROLS, AND ALTHOUGH A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE
INCIDENCE OF LIVER CELL TUMORS WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN TREATED
AND UNTREATED MALES, THIS WAS CONSIDERED BIOLOGICALLY
INADEQUATE AS EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENIC EFFECT.
[CABRAL JR P, PONOMARKOV V; TOXICOL 24 (2): 169-73 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE WAS INVESTIGATED BY INJECTING THE COMPOUND
TWICE WEEKLY FOR 4 WEEKS IN FEMALE SWISS WEBSTER WHITE MICE.
THE ANIMALS WERE ANTIGENICALLY CHALLENGED WITH SHEEP RED
BLOOD CELLS ON DAY 24 OF THE STUDY. ALTHOUGH HUMORAL
IMMUNITY WAS THE PRIMARY SYSTEM EXAMINED, ANALYSIS INCLUDED
ALL THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS: SPLEEN PLAQUE FORMING CELLS,
LYMPHOCYTE VIABILITY, SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE COUNTS, HEMOLYSIN
TITERS, TOTAL PLASMA PROTEINS, TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS COUNTS,
HEMATOCRIT, TOTAL BODY WEIGHT AND LIVER, THYMUS AND SPLEEN
WEIGHT. CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE WERE USED
AS THE RESPECTIVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROL SUBSTANCES.
THE DOSING WAS AS FOLLOWS: CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AT 50 MG/KG PER
INJECTION, AND MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AT 125 AND 250 MG/KG PER
INJECTION. MALEIC HYDRAZIDE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THYMUS
WEIGHTS AND MODERATELY LOWERED THE RATIO OF SPLEEN PLAQUE
FORMING CELLS /10+6 VIABLE SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTES. MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED TOTAL LYMPHOCYTES/G OF
SPLEEN AND THE HEMOLYSIN TITER (UP TO 33% OVER SALINE CONTROL
VALUES). THERE WAS AN ELEVATION IN NUMBER OF SPLEEN PLAQUE
FORMING CELLS/G OF SPLEEN AND THE OVERALL EFFECTS WERE DOSE
RELATED.
[OLSON LJ; DRUG CHEM TOXICOL 6 (4): 341-61 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Results for heritable genetic effects in drosophila showed positive for a sex-linked
recessive lethal test.
[NTP; Review of Current DHHS, DOE & EPA Research Related to Tox p.72 (1986)
NTP-86-087]**PEER REVIEWED**
... /IT/ INHIBITS CELL DIVISION BUT NOT ENLARGEMENT, & CHROMOSOME
BREAKAGE COMMONLY OCCURS. ... CAUSES PHLOEM NECROSIS & THIS
WOULD INDICATE THAT DISORGANIZATION OF VASCULAR SUPPLY COULD
BE IMPORTANT IN MALEIC HYDRAZIDE LETHALITY WHEN USED AS
HERBICIDE.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 828]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE LEADS TO PRONOUNCED INDUCTION OF SISTER
CHROMATID EXCHANGES IN V-79 CELLS (QUADRUPLING THE CONTROL
VALUE) IF ADDED FOR 24 HR SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH 5BROMODEOXYURIDINE.
[SPEIT G; MUTAT RES 119 (3-4): 371-6 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Root tips of Allium cepa were exposed to maleic hydrazide either continuously or for 2
hr and then analyzed for mitotic index. An effect of maleic hydrazide on cell division
was evident in all cases, although at the lowest dose, was observed 12 hr after the pulse
treatment. Maleic hydrazide induced chromatid aberrations and sister chromatid
exchanges; its effectiveness depended on the cell cycle stage treated.
[Cortes F et al; Environ Exp Bot 25 (3): 183-8 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vicia faba cytogenetic tests showed positive results when no exogenous metabolic
activation system was used. Allium cytogenetics assays and a sex-linked recessive lethal
test using Drosophila melanogaster also showed positive results under the same
conditions.
[Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds p.400 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Not toxic to bees.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
IN EXPTL ANIMALS ACUTE EXPOSURE HAS PRODUCED DISTURBANCES OF
CNS & CHRONIC EXPOSURE HAS PRODUCED LIVER DAMAGE.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes
I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971. 666]**PEER REVIEWED**
... ADMIN MH IN DAILY DOSES OF 1000 MG/KG BODY WT BY STOMACH
TUBE TO 36 MICE OF EACH SEX FOR 3 WK, BEGINNING WHEN ANIMALS
WERE 7 DAYS OLD. THEN 3000 PPM WERE MIXED DIRECTLY WITH DIET
WHICH WAS FED AD LIBITUM FOR APPROX 18 MO. NO SIGNIFICANT INCR
IN INCIDENCE OF TUMORS ... IN COMPARISON WITH UNTREATED
CONTROLS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 176 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... 30 RATS FED 1% MH IN DIET FOR 100 WK FAILED TO SHOW SIGNIFICANT
INCR IN NUMBER OF TUMORS, IN COMPARISON WITH THAT FOUND IN 20
CONTROL ANIMALS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 176 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In acute experimental intoxications with 3 indigenous pesticides (Tripinacloraz, Lemax
and Maleic Hydrazide - Na salt) the changes of some biochemical parameters, reflecting
the deg of hepatic structural alterations, were studied. The pesticides were administered
by gastric gavage in a single dose close to DL50 to Wistar male rats. The morphological
alterations were in good correlation with a different hepatocellular levels localization.
Reversible morphological lesions (granulovascuolar like dystrophy and circulatory
disorders) without any pathological significance on dose - effect correlation induced a
progressive response especially on serum ceruloplasmine, leucinaminopeptidase and
lactatedehydrogenase.
[Filipescu G et al; Rom J Morphol Embryol 37 (1-2): 49-54 (1991)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Growing roots of Vicia faba were treated with maleic hydrazide for 5 hr, washed for 2
hr and exposed to 3H-thymidine for additional 2 hr periods at 7 hr, 24 hr and 32 hr after
the onset of maleic hydrazide treatment, to label DNA. As the replicative DNA
synthesis was suppressed by HU, an enhancement of (3)-thymidine incorporation into
nuclear DNA above the control, as determined by microautoradiography, was considered
to be due to unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by the mutagen. A significantly higher
incorporation of (3)-thymidine into DNA of maleic hydrazide treated roots occurred,
when labelling was applied 7 hr after the maleic hydrazide action, whereas at 24 hr only
slight and at 32 hr no enhancement of DNA labelling above control was registered. A 314 day storage with 50% water content of Vicia faba seeds exposed to maleic hydrazide
or methyl methanesulfonate resulted in a recovery from mutagen induced chromosomal
damage and a significantly higher incorporation of (3)-thymidine into nuclear DNA. This
supports the hypothesis that recovery from maleic hydrazide and methyl
methanesulfonate induced chromosomal damage is mediated by excision repair during
seed storage.
[Murin G; Mutat Res 245 (2): 83-6 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A plant test system using the Vicia faba root tip assay was investigated for its usefulness
in detecting aneuploidy inducing agents. Six model chemicals known to produce
aneuploidy in other systems were used, including para-fluorophenylalanine, griseofulvin,
maleic hydrazide, lithium chloride, cyclophosphamide, and sodium azide. Vicia faba
root tips were obtained from germinated seeds, and secondary root meristems were
exposed for 2 hr to various concn of each chemical. Following mitosis arrest by
colchicine, root tips were examined microscopically. Significantly increased values of
hyperdiploids were noted with para-fluorophenylalanine, griseofulvin, maleic hydrazide,
and cyclophosphamide, with nonsignificant increases for lithium chloride. Aneuploidy
induction was dose related for para-fluorophenylalanine, griseofulvin, and maleic
hydrazide. Other alterations induced by para-fluorophenylalanine included chromosome
stickines and low frequencies of chromosome aberrations. Griseofulvin induced
stickiness, polyploidy, and micronuclei. Maleic hydrazide induced micronuclei and
chromatid and chromosome breaks. Increased chromosome aberrations and a high deg of
stickiness were found with lithium chloride treatment. Cyclophosphamide, which
requires metabolic activation, induced chromosome stickiness and aberrations. No
specific effects of NaN3 were noted. The lack of dose response for many of the
parameters may have been due to cell cycle effects in this asynchronous system. /It was/
concluded that the Vicia faba root tip system is a sensitive and promising tool for
detection of aneuploidy inducing chemicals and may be especially useful for initial
screening of compounds for potential to induce chromosome malsegregation.
[Sandhu SS, Acedo GN; Toxicol Indust Health 4 (2): 257-67 (1988)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in vitro and bone marrow cells of mice treated in vivo
were used to study the chromosomal damage induced by the herbicide maleic
hydrazide). A dose related increase in sister chromatid exchange frequency was noted
after a 24 hr treatment with maleic hydrazide. The magnitude of the sister chromatid
exchange induction was similar for three different samples, suggesting that the effect was
not caused by any impurity in the maleic hydrazide. The same increase in sister
chromatid exchange frequency was noted whether maleic hydrazide was administered in
the first cell cycle or in the second cell cycle after BrdUrd treatment. A higher increase in
the frequency of sister chromatid exchange was induced following the 24 hr treatment as
compared to the 12 hr treatment. The induction of chromosomal aberrations was affected
by short treatments with maleic hydrazide. Chromosomal aberration induction was pH
dependent. Maleic hydrazide did not induce sister chromatid exchange in bone marrow
cells of mice treated orally with test doses ranging from 333 to 1000 mg/kg. Earlier
research had indicated that maleic hydrazide was negative for inducing sister chromatid
exchange. This may have been due to the shorter treatment times used in these earlier
studies. /It was/ concluded that from these studies that maleic hydrazide is genotoxic in
mammalian cells in vitro but not in vivo.
[Meschini R et al; Mut Res 204 (4): 645-8 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clastogenic adaptation to triethylenemelamine or maleic hydrazide no longer occurred
when benzamide, an inhibitor of nuclear ADP-ribosyltransferase, was applied prior to the
low dose (conditioning) treatment which triggers this phenomenon. This may be
indicative that inducible processes connected with ribosylation reactions are involved in
the protective effects exerted by clastogenic adaptation. No increase by benzamide
pretreatment was observed in the yield of metaphases with triethylenemelamine or
maleic hydrazide induced chromatid aberrations after conditioning and challenge
treatment, respectively. High benzamide concn (1 hr, 5X10-3 M) exerted protective
effects against triethylenemelamine challenging but not against maleic hydrazide.
[Rieger R et al; Mutat Res 191 (2): 93-7 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The mitotic cell cycle duration of root meristematic cells of Eichhornia crassipes as
determined by the colchicine labelling method was approximately 24 hr at 30 + or - 1 deg
C. In one experiment the intact root meristems of Eichhornia crassipes were subjected to
1 hr acute exposure to water contaminated with maleic hydrazide, 56 ppm, or methyl
mercuric chloride, 0.1-0.5 ppm, followed by recovery in tap water for 4-48 hr. In a
second experiment the roots were subjected to 96 hr exposure to water contaminated with
maleic hydrazide, 56 ppm, or mercuric chloride, 0.0001-0.1 ppm. In both experiments
the cytological end point measured was the frequency of cells with micronuclei. In the
first experiment, while in the maleic hydrazide exposed root meristems the frequency of
micronuclei was significant at 40 hr of recovery, mercuric chloride induced significant
micronuclei at 12, 20, 24, 40, and 40 hr of recovery depending on the concn. In the
second experiment both test chemicals induced micronuclei which was concn dependent
in case of mercuric chloride. The highest ineffective concn tested and lowest effective
concn tested for micronuclei determined in this experiment were 0.0005 ppm and 0.001
ppm, respectively. The present work provides evidence that Eichhornia crassipes could
be a promising in situ environmental biomonitoring assay system.
[Panda BB et al; Mutat Res 206 (2): 275-9 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrazine derivatives (Gidrel, Digidrel and DMMH) at a dose of 1/10 (LD50) inhibit
microsomal oxidation, decrease superoxide dismutase activity and activate lipid
peroxidation in the rat hepatic microsomes. At the same dose level maleic hydrazide has
no effect on the indices studied. The role of superoxide-superoxide dismutase system in
the mechanism of microsomal oxidation inhibition by hydrazine derivatives is discussed.
[Koshkarian AO et al; Biull Eksp Biol Med 106 (7): 40-2 (1988)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Maleic hydrazide was evaluated for genotoxicity in the Drosophila-melanogaster wing
spot test. This test permits detection of somatic mutation and recombination. Third instar
larvae of multiple wing hair and flare-3 strains were fed 1 to 10 mM concn of the
chemical until survivors pupated. Genotoxicity was assessed using the appearance of
clones of cells with multiple wing hair, flare-3, or multiple wing hair/flare-3 phenotypes.
Maleic hydrazide exposure significantly and in a dose related manner increased the
frequency of small single, large single, and twin spots.
[Torres C et al; Mutat Research 280 (4): 291-5 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The effect of maleic hydrazide on Allium cepa and Pisum sativum were studied. The
maleic hydrazide was used with two different concentrations (0.003% and 1%) each
with 1/2hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 6 hr, and 2 hr durations. At lower concn and durations, maleic
hydrazide was found to increase the mitotic index and at higher concn it caused a
mitodepressive effect and mutagenic activity in the form of several cytological
abnormalities that include, chromosomal breaks, induction of clumping, stickness, ring
and lagging chromosomes, anaphase bridge, micronuclei and polyploidy.
[Edwin R and Reddy V RK; Adv Plant Sci 6 (1): 134-42 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Research was carried out on the genotoxic effects (induction of micronucleated cells in
primary root tips) and toxic effects (reduction in primary root growth) in young plants of
Vicia faba grown in soils with different organic matter contents and treated with the
herbicides atrazine, glyphosate and maleic hydrazide. The data obtained show that the
genotoxic effects are noticeably influenced by the interactions between the herbicide and
the type of soil in which the Vicia faba have grown. While maleic hydrazide proved to
be highly clastogenic for young plants grown in both soils, atrazine was genotoxic only in
young plants grown in soil poor in organic matter. Glyphosate did not induce micronuclei
under either soil condition, but induced a significant toxic effect.
[De Marco A et al; Mutat Res 279 (1): 9-13 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral >5000 mg/kg
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit percutaneous >2000 mg/kg
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 6950 mg/kg /Maleic hydrazide sodium salt/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 3900 mg/kg /Maleic hydrazide potassium salt/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LC50 Rat inhalation >20 mg/l air
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 (Harlequin fish) Rasbora heteromorpha 530 mg/l/24 hr; 125 mg/l/96 hr, female
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 804]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) >10000 mg/kg
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LC50 Lepomis macrohirus (Bluegill) 1608 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LC50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) 1435 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LC50 Daphnia 107 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
WHEN APPLIED TO TEA, CAMELIA SINENSIS, MH WAS DEGRADED TO
LACTIC ACID, SUCCINIC ACID, MALEIMIDE & HYDRAZINE. EXTRACTS OF
TREATED WHEAT SEEDLINGS ... IDENTIFIED ... BETA-GLYCOSIDE OF MH. ...
IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, MH UNDERGOES PHOTOLYSIS TO FORM
SUCCINIC, MALEIC & NITRIC ACID; & IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN ... SUCCINIC
ACID.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969. 236]**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE INCUBATED WITH SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
WAS INCORPORATED INTO THE RNA OF THE CELLS, WHERE IT
SUBSTITUTED FOR CYTOSINE RATHER THAN FOR URACIL, ITS
STRUCTURAL ISOMER.
[APPLETON MD ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 29 (5): 986-9 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
When applied to silver maple ... and American sycamore ... seedlings, maleic hydrazide
translocated to all parts of the plant. In the plant tissue, a metabolite was formed.
Hydrolysis products of the metabolite indicated a conjugate of maleic hydrazide and
glucose. When applied to tobacco plants, (14)C maleic hydrazide was rapidly
translocated to growing tissues. Translocation to roots also occurred. A small amt of
(14)CO2 evolved. The major metabolite in foliar tissues was identified as the beta-Dglucoside of maleic hydrazide.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife
No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
1980. 391]**PEER REVIEWED**
In one radio label experiment in rats, 77% of the administered radioactivity was
recovered in urine within 6 days. Ninety percent of the activity was found to be unaltered
maleic hydrazide. The remainder was present as a conjugate of MH.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-343]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
... AFTER ORAL DOSES OF 100 MG/KG BODY WT, RABBITS EXCRETED 43 TO
62% MALEIC HYDRAZIDE UNCHANGED IN URINE WITHIN 48 HR.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 177 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(14)C MALEIC HYDRAZIDE WAS ADMIN ORALLY TO RATS. AFTER 3 DAYS,
VERY LITTLE (14)C ACTIVITY WAS DETECTED IN TISSUES OR BLOOD &
CARBON DIOXIDE ACCOUNTED FOR ONLY 0.2% OF ADMIN DOSE. MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE WAS RAPIDLY EXCRETED VIA URINE UNCHANGED (GREATER
THAN 90%) & AS CONJUGATE (6-8%).
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969. 236]**PEER REVIEWED**
SLOWLY ABSORBED OVER PERIOD OF 24 HR BY QUACKGRASS. RAIN
WITHIN THIS PERIOD WILL REDUCE EFFECTIVENESS. RATE OF
ABSORPTION IS FUNCTION OF CELL TURGIDITY. MOST EFFECTIVE
ABSORPTION OCCURS WHEN SOIL MOISTURE IS @ FIELD CAPACITY &
RELATIVE HIGH HUMIDITY. TRANSLOCATES MORE EFFECTIVELY
DOWNWARD. ONCE ABSORBED, MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IS FREELY
TRANSLOCATED TO ACTIVE GROWING POINTS IN PLANT. MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE BECOMES FIXED WITHIN THE PLANT & IS NOT METABOLIZED.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN WHITE ASH AND BLACK LOCUST SEEDLINGS, MOST OF MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE WAS TRANSLOCATED TO LEAVES AND STEMS OF BLACK
LOCUST SEEDLINGS WITHIN 1 DAY AFTER TREATMENT, BUT FOR WHITE
ASH SEEDLINGS IT REMAINED IN THE STEM TISSUE. AFTER 30 DAYS, THE
(14)CARBON WAS CONCENTRATED IN THE LEAVES OF THE BLACK LOCUST
SEEDLINGS, BUT ONLY IN THE STEM AND AT THE INJECTION POINT OF
WHITE ASH SEEDLINGS. CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE EXTRACTS SHOWED
NO DETECTABLE METABOLITE IN BLACK LOCUST SEEDLINGS, BUT 2
METABOLITES WERE DETECTED IN THE WHITE ASH SEEDLINGS.
[MISCHKE CF, DOMIR SC; PESTIC SCI 13 (3): 304-8 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The compound is readily absorbed and excreted in urine largely unchanged. In oneradio
label experiment in rats, 77% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine
within 6 days. Ninety per cent of the activity was found to be unaltered maleic
hydrazide. The remainder was present as a conjugate of MH.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-343]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE INHIBITS MITOSIS IN ACTIVELY GROWING TISSUES
OF TREATED PLANTS & ALSO HAS PROFOUND EFFECTS ON RATE OF
RESPIRATION. ... MALEIC ACID ... REACTS WITH -SH CMPD ... COMPETES
WITH RECEPTOR SITES OF ... SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE. ... INHIBITION ...
MAY REPRESENT SITE OF ACTION ... IN PLANTS.
[White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 1, Part 1, Part 2. New
York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1971. 65]**PEER REVIEWED**
Plant growth regulator, absorbed by the leaves and roots, with translocation in the xylem
and phloem. Inhibits cell division in the meristematic regions, but not cell extension.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Interactions:
Pretreatment of Vicia faba root tip meristems with a nontoxic dose of either hydrazine or
N,N'-diformylhydrazine prior to the administration of maleic hydrazide (MH), separated
by 2 hr, resulted in a significant reduction of the yield of MH induced chromatid
aberrations compared to control treatments (MH only). Pretreatment with the hydrazines
induces an error free repair system which reduces MH induced damage and both
hydrazines and MH appear able to induce oxidative DNA lesions.
[Heindorff K et al; Mutat Res 142 (4): 183-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Root tip cells of Allium cepawere exposed to maleic hydrazide (0.0003 M for 2 hr) and
post-treated in G2 with caffeine (2.5 mM) and various inhibitors of DNA synthesis. No
enhancement of chromosome damage was observed when caffeine was present in G2, but
hydroxyurea (5 mM) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (1x10-7 M) potentiated the frequencies of
chromosome aberrations. A slight additional incr of chromosome aberration frequencies
was observed following treatment with Ara C (1x10-5 M) and excess thymidine in G2.
When maleic hydrazide damaged cells were pulse treated with caffeine earlier during
recovery, the yield of chromosomal abberations was enhanced. The earlier caffeine was
present following maleic hydrazide treatment, the stronger was the potentiation.
[Mateos S et al; Mutat Res 226 (2): 115-20 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Conditioning treatment of Vicia faba root tip meristem cells with nickel chloride prior to
challenge treatment with triethylenemelamine or maleic hydrazide triggered protective
functions against both these clastogens, i.e., resulted in a significantly reduced yield of
metaphases with chromatid aberrations. Protection was prevented by pretreatment with
buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor o the synthesis of plant phytochelatins, indicating
that the nickel chloride triggered phytochelatin synthesis may be involved in the
protective functions induced by nickel chloride conditioning treatment. Buthionine
sulfoximine (instead of nickel chloride) conditioning treatment triggered protection
against maleic hydrazide but not against triethylenemelamine.
[Rieger R et al; Mutat Res 244 (1): 31-5 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The differential effects of heat shock conditioning on the clastogenic activity of
bleomycin challenging as compared to maleic hydrazide, triethylenemelamine and X-ray
challenge treatments after administration of novobiocin prior or subsequent to heat
conditioning have been studied. An alteration of his response was observed when
novobiocin and actinomycin D have been combined and administered after heat
conditioning and maleic hydrazide or triethylenemelamine challenging. Some
considerations with respect to the influence and the role of chromatin conformation on
heat shock protection against induction of chromatid aberrations are discussed.
[Nicoloff H et al; Biol Zentralbl 110 (1): 14-22 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pretreatment of Vicia faba main root meristems with ethidium bromide or nalidixic acid
significantly reduced the yield of metaphases with chromatid aberrations induced by
maleic hydrazide, ie, triggered clastogenic adaptation to maleic hydrazide. No such
protection occurred when the alkylating agent triethylenemelamine was used for
challenge treatment. The differential response of pretreated cells to maleic hydrazide on
the one hand (protection) and to triethylenemelamine (no protection) on the other
supports the conclusion that clastogenic adaptation is due to different inducible (repair)
functions, which eventually exert protection against clastogenic impacts.
[Michaelis A et al; Mutat Res 208 (2): 83-6 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
Pretreatment of Vicia faba root tip meristems with a nontoxic dose of either hydrazine or
N,N'-diformylhydrazine prior to the administration of maleic hydrazide (MH), separated
by 2 hr, resulted in a significant reduction of the yield of MH induced chromatid
aberrations compared to control treatments (MH only). Pretreatment with the hydrazines
induces an error free repair system which reduces MH induced damage and both
hydrazines and MH appear able to induce oxidative DNA lesions.
[Heindorff K et al; Mutat Res 142 (4): 183-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Root tip cells of Allium cepawere exposed to maleic hydrazide (0.0003 M for 2 hr) and
post-treated in G2 with caffeine (2.5 mM) and various inhibitors of DNA synthesis. No
enhancement of chromosome damage was observed when caffeine was present in G2, but
hydroxyurea (5 mM) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (1x10-7 M) potentiated the frequencies of
chromosome aberrations. A slight additional incr of chromosome aberration frequencies
was observed following treatment with Ara C (1x10-5 M) and excess thymidine in G2.
When maleic hydrazide damaged cells were pulse treated with caffeine earlier during
recovery, the yield of chromosomal abberations was enhanced. The earlier caffeine was
present following maleic hydrazide treatment, the stronger was the potentiation.
[Mateos S et al; Mutat Res 226 (2): 115-20 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Conditioning treatment of Vicia faba root tip meristem cells with nickel chloride prior to
challenge treatment with triethylenemelamine or maleic hydrazide triggered protective
functions against both these clastogens, i.e., resulted in a significantly reduced yield of
metaphases with chromatid aberrations. Protection was prevented by pretreatment with
buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor o the synthesis of plant phytochelatins, indicating
that the nickel chloride triggered phytochelatin synthesis may be involved in the
protective functions induced by nickel chloride conditioning treatment. Buthionine
sulfoximine (instead of nickel chloride) conditioning treatment triggered protection
against maleic hydrazide but not against triethylenemelamine.
[Rieger R et al; Mutat Res 244 (1): 31-5 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The differential effects of heat shock conditioning on the clastogenic activity of
bleomycin challenging as compared to maleic hydrazide, triethylenemelamine and X-ray
challenge treatments after administration of novobiocin prior or subsequent to heat
conditioning have been studied. An alteration of his response was observed when
novobiocin and actinomycin D have been combined and administered after heat
conditioning and maleic hydrazide or triethylenemelamine challenging. Some
considerations with respect to the influence and the role of chromatin conformation on
heat shock protection against induction of chromatid aberrations are discussed.
[Nicoloff H et al; Biol Zentralbl 110 (1): 14-22 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pretreatment of Vicia faba main root meristems with ethidium bromide or nalidixic acid
significantly reduced the yield of metaphases with chromatid aberrations induced by
maleic hydrazide, ie, triggered clastogenic adaptation to maleic hydrazide. No such
protection occurred when the alkylating agent triethylenemelamine was used for
challenge treatment. The differential response of pretreated cells to maleic hydrazide on
the one hand (protection) and to triethylenemelamine (no protection) on the other
supports the conclusion that clastogenic adaptation is due to different inducible (repair)
functions, which eventually exert protection against clastogenic impacts.
[Michaelis A et al; Mutat Res 208 (2): 83-6 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Maleic hydrazide can enter the environment from its use as a herbicaide. If released to
soil, maleic hydrazide should be removed by biodegradation (half-life, days to weeks)
and by leaching. Soil half-lives of up to 100 days have been reported. Maleic hydrazide
may generally be expected to be mobile in soils with low clay content and relatively
immobile in soils with high clay content. If released to water, maleic hydrazide may
undergo rapid photochemical decomposition. Maleic hydrazide may biodegrade in
natural water based upon its observed rapid biodegradation in various soil systems. If it is
released to the atmosphere, maleic hydrazide will exist primarily in the particulatephase. It may be susceptible to removal from the atmosphere via wet deposition and may
be subject to dry deposition. The most probable routes of human exposure to maleic
hydrazide are by ingestion of food and inhalation of tobacco smoke containing
compound as a result of intentional applications, as well as inhalation and dermal
exposure due to occupational exposure of maleic hydrazide applicators and crop
harvestors. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
The most probable routes of human exposure to maleic hydrazide are by ingestion of
food and inhalation of tobacco smoke containing this compound as a result of intentional
applications, as well as inhalation and dermal exposure due to occupational exposure of
maleic hydrazide applicators and crop harvestors. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**
HUMAN POPULATIONS MAY BE EXPOSED TO MALEIC HYDRAZIDE BY
INHALATION WHEN SUBSTANCE IS SPRAYED FOR AGRICULTURAL &
HORTICULTURAL PURPOSES, & BY INTAKE WITH FOOD ... .
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 177 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In the field, two groups of workers, the applicators and harvestors, were exposed to
maleic hydrazide(1). Dermal exposure rates to maleic hydrazide at various body
locations on applicators averaged between 105-711 ug/hr for 4 operators of highclearance tractors and 324-4332 ug/hr for 3 operators of low clearance tractors(1). The
average rate of respiratory exposure was 0.74 ug/hr and 10 ug/hr for high clearance amd
low clearance operators, respectively(1). NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-74) has
statistically estimated that 124 workers are exposed to maleic hydrazide in the USA(2).
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1442 workers are
exposed to maleic hydrazide in the USA(3).
[(1) Hunt TW et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 403-6 (1985) (2) NIOSH; National
Occupational Health Survey (1974) (1984) (3) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure
Survey (NOES) Sept 30 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Body Burden:
Average levels of maleic hydrazide in urine samples of 7 applicators, 0-36 hours
following exposure, ranged from <0.03 to 0.28 ppm(1).
[(1) Hunt TW et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 403-6 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
Maleic hydrazide is not known to occur as a natural product(1).
[(1) IARC; Maleic Hydrazide 4: 175 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Because of its use on agricultural crops, maleic hydrazide could be expected to appear in
treated plants and in the surface waters from treated acreage(1-2). Maleic hydrazide may
also be released during production(SRC).
[(1) IARC; Maleic Hydrazide 4: 175 (1974) (2) Weed Sci Society Amer; Herbicide
Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America 5th ed. Champaign IL p. 323
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, maleic hydrazide should be removed by
microbial degradation (half-life, days to weeks(1-2)). Soil half-lives of up to 100 days
have been reported(3). Maleic hydrazide may generally be expected to be mobile in soils
with low clay content and relatively immobile in soils with high clay content(4-6). The
mobility also may be affected by pH and specific surface area of the soils(5). In a study
of 22 different soils, adsorption of the herbicide ranged from high to low(5). Microbial
degradation may affect the extent of leaching(5). Photolysis should not be significant due
to the expected removal of maleic hydrazide from the soil surface by biodegradation and
leaching. Hydrolysis in moist soils and volatilization from wet or dry soil surfaces should
not be significant removal or transport mechanisms(4,7).
[(1) Helweg-Andersen A; pp. 117-24 in Decomposition of Toxic & Nontoxic Organic
Compounds in Soil. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci Publ (1981) (2) Hoffman I et al; J
Agric Food Chem 10: 453-5 (1962) (3) Weed Sci Soc Amer; Herbicide Handbook 5th ed.
Champaign, IL p. 323 (1983) (4) Helweg-Andersen A; Tidssk Plntv 75: 84-9 (1971) (5)
Hermosin MC et al; Soil Sci 144: 250-6 (1962) (6) Levi E, Crafts AS; Hilgardia 21: 43163 (1952) (7) Martin H, Worthing CR; Pesticide Manual 5th ed. Leavenham, Suffolk,
UK: Leavenham Press (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, maleic hydrazide may undergo rapid
photochemical decomposition. Aqueous solutions of maleic hydrazide (in the presence
of oxygen) were destroyed completely after approximately 48 hours irradiation with UV
light at wavelengths >290 nm(1). The products of this photolysis reaction were nitric
acid, formic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and other non-volatile
products(1). It may biodegrade in waters based upon its observed rapid biodegradation in
various soil systems(2-3). Hydrolysis, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms, adsorption
onto suspended solids and sediments and volatilization from water surfaces should not be
significant removal or transport mechanisms(4-7,SRC).
[(1) Stoessl A; Chem Ind (London) pp. 580-1 (1964) (2) Helweg-Andersen A; pp. 117-24
in Decomposition of Toxic & Nontoxic Organic Compounds in Soil. Ann Arbor, MI:
Ann Arbor Sci Publ (1981) (3) Levi E, Crafts AS; Hilgardia 21: 431-63 (1952) (4)
Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (5) Martin H, Worthing CR;
Pesticide Manual 5th ed. Leavenham, Suffolk, UK: Leavenham Press (1983) (6) Weber
JB; Adv Chem Ser 111: 55-120 (1972) (7) Weed Sci Soc Amer; Herbicide Handbook 5th
ed. Champaign, IL p. 323 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere, maleic hydrazide will be
expected to be almost entirely adsorbed in the particulate-phase, based upon its estimated
very low vapor pressure(1-2). The rate constants for the vapor-phase reaction of maleic
hydrazide with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone have been
estimated to be 1.73X10-13 cu cm/molec sec(3) and 1.75X10-18 cu cm/molec sec at 25
deg C(4), respectively, which correspond to an overall atmospheric half-life of 2.2 hrs for
these processes at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals/cu cm and
7X10+11 ozone molecules/cu cm. Based upon its photolysis in water(2,5), maleic
hydrazide may be subject to direct photolysis in the atmosphere. These vapor-phase
reactions may not be major removal pathways in the atmosphere, however, since the
compound will be expected to be almost entirely in the particulate-phase based upon its
very low vapor pressure(1-2). Based upon its water solubility, it may be susceptible to
removal from the atmosphere via dissolution into clouds and subsequent wet deposition.
Maleic hydrazide in the particulate-phase may be subject to dry deposition.
[(1) Eisenreich SJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981) (2) Weed Sci Soc Amer;
Herbicide Handbook 5th ed. Champaign, IL p. 323 (19830 (3) Atkinson R et al; Internat J
Chem Kin 14: 781-8 (1982) (4) Calvert JG, Pitts JN Jr; pp. 441-2 in Photochemistry NY:
John Wiley & Sons (1966) (5) Stoessl a; Chem Ind (London) pp. 580-1 (1964)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Activated carbon delayed decomposition of maleic hydrazide in soil. Degradation
followed first order kinetics. The Freundlich k determined for adsorption on activated
carbon was 2300 ug/g.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1978.167]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
... MALEIC HYDRAZIDE CAN SERVE AS SOLE SOURCE OF CARBON &
NITROGEN FOR NUMBER OF MICROORGANISMS & ... IS VERY SUBJECT TO
BACTERIAL DECOMP IN SOIL ... .
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 828]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Maleic hydrazide reportedly biodegrades fairly rapidly under moist, warm conditions in
soils(1). 100 ppm maleic hydrazide in garden soil (pH 7.3) under aerobic conditions
underwent 65, 85, 90, 93 and 93% biodegradation after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 days,
respectively(2). Approximately 93% of the initial 100 ppm maleic hydrazide added to
autoclaved garden soil remained after 49 days(2). Approximately 86% of the initial 100
ppm maleic hydrazide added to gamma-irradiated garden soil remained after 42 days(2).
Addition of 5 g of "activated" soil (soil which has been incubated previously for 3
months with 224 ppm maleic hydrazide) to 95 g of untreated soil had little effect on the
rate of biodegradation(2). When maleic hydrazide (applied in the form of the
diethanolamine salt as a 20% commercial spray) was applied to loamy soil (pH 5.5) in
open field at a rate of 5 and 10 kg active material/ha, >90% was observed after 12
days(2). No maleic hydrazide was detected in the soil treated at 5 kg/ha after 129 days,
whereas traces were detected in the soil treated at 10 kg/ha after 189 days(2). Maleic
hydrazide at 120 mg/kg in soil grab samples has been observed to be metabolized by
zero-order kinetics(5). In unsterilized soil, 56% of the 14C evolved as 14C02 after 225
days, whereas only 5% evolved from sterilized soil(6). Maleic hydrazide applied to
muck, sand and clay at concentrations of 0.7-2.7, 1.0-3.75 and 0.85-3.4 ppm,
respectively, had degraded 86-100%, 87-100% and 47-67%, respectively after 42
days(3). In adapted and non-adapted activated sludge, maleic hydrazide has been
reported to be highly susceptible to biodegradation(4).
[(1) Levi E, Crafts AS; Hilgardia 21: 431-63 (1952) (2) Helweg-Andersen A; pp. 117-24
in Decomposition of Toxic and Nontoxic Organic Compounds in Soil. Ann Arbor MI
Ann Arbor Sci Publ (1981) (3) Hoffman I et al; J Agric Food Chem 10: 453-5 (1962) (4)
Fuka T, Pitter P; Vodni Hospod 34: 205-9 (1984) (5) Alexander M, Scow Km; pp. 24369 in Reactions & Movements of Organic Chemicals in Soils. SSSA Special Publication
No. 22 (1989) (6) Menzie Cm; Metabolism of Pesticides Update III. Washington,DC:
Fish & Wildlife Service NTIS PB83-165498 p. 743 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In a study of the effects of dairy manure and sewage sludge on the degradation of maleic
hydrazide in silt loam, 73% degradation (measured as % theoretical CO2 evolved) of 2.5
ppm maleic hydrazide was observed after 60 days incubation in unamended silt loam,
1.5% organic content and pH=6.2(1). Degradation of 66-69% degradation of 2.5 ppm
maleic hydrazide was observed after 60 days in soil amended with dairy manure (50 and
100 metric tons/ha) and 46-59% in sewage sludge (50 and 100 metric tons/ha)(1).
[(1) Doyle RC et al; J Agric Food Chem 26: 987-9 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Maleic hydrazide is stable to hydrolysis(1-2). In water, maleic hydrazide reportedly
undergoes rapid photochemical decomposition(2,4). Aqueous solutions (in the presence
of oxygen) of maleic hydrazide were destroyed completely after approximately 48 hours
irradiation through a Pyrex filter with UV light(4) at >290 nm(5). The volatile products
of this photolysis reaction were nitric acid (12.5% yield) and formic acid (7.5% yield)(4).
More than 15 other non-volatile products were observed, including succinic acid (11.8%
yield), maleic acid (8.3% yield), and fumaric acid (22.6% yield)(4). Maleic hydrazide, in
water, strongly absorbs UV light in the environmentally significant range (wavelength
>290 nm) and has an absorption maximum at approximately 300 nm(3).
[(1) Martin H, Worthing CR; Pesticide Manual 5th ed Lavenham, Suffolk, UK. The
Lavenham Press Ltd (1983) (2) Weed Sci Soc Amer; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed
Science Society of America 5th ed. Champaign IL p. 323 (1983) (3) Gore RC et al; J
Assoc Off Anal Chem 54: 1040-82 (1971) (4) Stoessl A; Chem Ind (London) pp. 580-1
(1964) (5) Calvert JG, Pitts JN Jr pp. 441-2 in Photochemistry NY: John Wiley & Sons
(1966)]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, MH UNDERGOES PHOTOLYSIS TO FORM
SUCCINIC, MALEIC AND NITRIC ACID; AND IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN ...
SUCCINIC ACID.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969. 236]**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE APPLIED TO TOBACCO UNDERGOES THERMAL
DEGRADATION TO ISOCYANIC ACID. IN MODEL PYROLYSIS STUDIES,
ETHANOL & METHANOL REACT WITH ISOCYANIC ACID TO GIVE ETHYL &
METHYL CARBAMATES /WHICH ARE MUTAGENIC/.
[SCHMELTZ I ET AL; J ANAL TOXICOL 2 (6): 265-9 (1978)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Pyrolysis of maleic hydrazide at 900 deg C produced a variety of organic compounds:
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, benzene, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, propionitrile,
toluene, cyanopropene(s), cyanobutadiene(s), styrene, 2-vinylpyridine, pyrrole, indene,
benzonitrile, dicyanoethylene, cyanotoluene(s), aniline, naphthalene, quinoline,
benzylcyanide, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and pyridine.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife
No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
1980. 391]**PEER REVIEWED**
The rate constants for the vapor-phase reactions of maleic hydrazide with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone have been estimated to be
1.73X10-13 cu cm/molec sec(3) and 1.75X10-18 cu cm/molec sec at 25 deg C(2),
respectively, which correspond to an overall atmospheric half-life of 2.2 hrs for these
processes at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals/cu cm and 7X10+11
ozone molecules/cu cm(3-4). These vapor-phase reactions may not be major removal
pathways in the atmosphere, however, since the compound will be expected to be almost
entirely in the particulate phase based upon its very low expected vapor pressure(1,5).
[(1) Weed Sci Soc Amer; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America
5th ed. Champaign IL p. 323 (1983) (2) Calvert JG, Pitts JN Jr pp. 441-2 in
Photochemistry NY: John Wiley & Sons (1966) (3) Atkinson R et al; Internat J Chem
Kin 14: 781-8 (1982) (4) Atkinson R, Carter WP; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (5)
Eisenreich SJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 30-8 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
Using a measured water solubility of 6000 mg/l for maleic hydrazide at 25 deg C(1), a
bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 5 has been calculated using a recommended regression
equation(2). Based on this estimated BCF and a log octanol/water partition coefficient of
-0.84, maleic hydrazide should not significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms(2,SRC).
[(1) Martin H, Worthing CR; Pesticide Manual 5th ed Lavenham, Suffolk, UK The
Lavenham Press Ltd (1983) (2) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Env Safety 4: 26-38 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Maleic hydrazide has been reported to be mobile in aquatic and soil systems(1). Soil
adsorption coefficients (Koc) for maleic hydrazide have been calculated to be 40, based
on a linear regression analysis using a water solubility of 6000 mg/l at 25 deg C(2), and
342 based on a molecular topology and quantitative structure analysis(3). These values
suggest that maleic hydrazide may be moderately to highly mobile in soils(4) and should
not adsorb significantly onto aquatic sediments(SRC). However, in a field experiment in
which 5 and 10 kg/ha of maleic hydrazide were applied, the hydrazide did not occur
below 10 cm. This may be due to extensive biodegradation of maleic hydrazide(5).
Maleic hydrazide is reportably bound, however, to the clay component in Aiken clay
loam where anion exchange is the predominant process(6). In a study of the adsorption of
maleic hydrazide in 22 different soils, adsorption was most significantly correlated to
specific surface area, clay content, and pH(7). The lack of correlation of adsorption with
organic content of the soils may have been partly caused by the low organic content of
the soils studied (<2%)(7). Adsorption of the herbicide ranged from high to low(7).
Based upon the above information, maleic hydrazide may generally be expected to be
mobile in soils with low clay content and relatively immobile in soils with high clay
content. The mobility also may be affected by pH and specific surface area of the
soils(SRC).
[(1) Weber JB; Adv Chem Ser 111: 55-120 (1972) (2) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Env Safety 4:
26-38 (1980) (3) Sabljic A; J Agric Food Chem 32: 243-6 (1984) (4) Swann RL et al; Res
Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (5) Helweg-Andersen A; Tidssk Plantv 75: 84-9 (1971) (6) Levi E,
Crafts AS; Hilgardia 21: 431-63 (1952) (7) Hermosin MC et al; Soil Sci 144: 250-6
(1962)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
Based on a vapor pressure of essentially zero(1) and a water solubility of 6000 mg/l at 25
deg C(2), maleic hydrazide should not be expected to volatilize from water or wet soil
surfaces(SRC). Based on the extremely low vapor pressure of maleic hydrazide,
volatilization from dry soils should not be significant(SRC).
[(1) Weed Sci Soc Amer; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America
5th ed Champaign IL (1983) (2) Martin H, Worthing CR; Pesticide Manual 5th ed
Lavenham Suffolk UK The Lavenham Press Ltd (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
DRINKING WATER: Maleic hydrazide has been tentatively identified in drinking
water from Cincinnati OH(1).
[(1) Lucas SV; GC/MS Analysis of Organics in Drinking Water Concentrates and
Advanced Waste Treatment Concentrates Vol 2 Computer Printed Tabulations of
Compound Identification Results for Large Volume Concentrates p 5 USEPA-600/1-84020B (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effluent Concentrations:
Maleic hydrazide has been tentatively identified in advanced waste treatment water from
Orange County, CA(1).
[(1) Lucas SV; GC/MS Analysis of Organics in Drinking Water Concentrates and
Advanced Waste Treatment Concentrates Vol 2 Computer Printed Tabulations of
Compound Identification Results for Large Volume Concentrates p 147 USEPA-600/184-020B (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sediment/Soil Concentrations:
PERSISTS IN SOIL FOR PERIOD OF 4-10 WK.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degredation and Mode
of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975. 828]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Plant Concentrations:
Tobacco analyzed after the 1970 growing season contained residues of 18 and 31 ppm
maleic hydrazide(1).
[(1) Gandhi B; Maleic Hydrazide: Position Document 1 USEPA/SPRD-80/46
(1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Environmental Concentrations:
Cigarettes analyzed after the 1970 growing season contained residues of 18 to 31 ppm
maleic hydrazide(1). Average maleic hydrazide residues of 50 and 100 ppm were
found in tobacco by the Department of Agriculture; in rare cases, residues >500 ppm
were found(1).
[(1) Gandhi B; Maleic Hydrazide: Position Document 1 USEPA/SPRD-80/46
(1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review
of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions
about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health
and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1,
1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all
pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.
Maleic hydrazide is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and
consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA
issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0381;
Pesticide type: Herbicide (growth regulator); Registration Standard Date: 06/30/88; Case
Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health
and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for
reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.;
Active ingredient (AI): 1,2-Dihydro- 3,6-pyridazinedione; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s):
11/16/92, 09/08/94; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) document for the case/AI.
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review
p.128 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**
Tolerances for residues of the herbicide and plant regulator maleic hydrazide are
established in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: potatoes, cranberries,
onions (dry bulb).
[40 CFR 180.175(a) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Tolerances with regional registration ... are established for residues of maleic hydrazide
in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: cranberries.
[40 CFR 180.175(b) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A food additive known as maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) may be
present in potato chips when used in accordance with the following conditions: The food
additive is present as a result of the application of a pesticide formulation containing
maleic hydrazide to the growing potato plant in accordance with directions registered by
the US Environmental Protection Agency. The label of the pesticide formulation
containing the food additive conforms to labeling registered by the US Environmental
Protection Agency. The food additive is present in an amount not to exceed 160 ppm by
weight of the finished food.
[40 CFR 185.3900 (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Acceptable Daily Intakes:
OPP RfD= 0.5 mg/kg; EPA RfD= 0.5 mg/kg; WHO RfD= 5.0 mg/kg /Maleic hydrazide
(diet); CAS No. 5716-15-4/
[USEPA/OPP; Health Effects Div RfD/ADI Tracking Report p.36 (8/26/91)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response
Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous
substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5,000 lb or
2,270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C.
metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required
is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RCRA Requirements:
U148; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when maleic hydrazide, as a commercial
chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification
commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a
waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations.
Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other
debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste.
Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from
hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
[40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 4000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(ME) MAINE 3500 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee
(FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines
(11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Tolerances for residues of the herbicide and plant regulator maleic hydrazide (1,2dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) are established in or on the following raw agricultural
commodities: potatoes 50 ppm, onions (dry bulb) 15.0 ppm.
[40 CFR 180.175(a) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Tolerances with regional registration ... are established for residues of maleic hydrazide
in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: cranberries 15.0 ppm.
[40 CFR 180.175(b) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A food additive known as maleic hydrazide (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) may be
present in potato chips when used in accordance with the following conditions: ... The
food additive is present in an amount not to exceed 160 ppm by weight of the finished
food.
[40 CFR 185.3900 (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C4-H4-N2-O2
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
112.09
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
CRYSTALS FROM WATER
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1992-1993.,p. 3-311]**PEER REVIEWED**
COLORLESS CRYSTALLINE SOLID
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 173 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
Odorless
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 322]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
OVER 300 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
Slightly corrosive to iron and zinc.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.60 at 25 deg C
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Heat of Combustion:
-8,200 BTU/LB= -4,500 CAL/G= -190X10+5 J/KG (EST)
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= -0.84
[SRC; Kenaga EE; Ecotox Env Safety 4: 26-38 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
SLIGHTLY SOL IN HOT ALCOHOL, MORE SOL IN HOT WATER
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
SOL IN AQ ALKALI & CERTAIN ORG BASES
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 173 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SOL @ 25 DEG C IN ACETONE, 1000 PPM; WATER, 6000 PPM;
DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE, 20400 PPM; DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 90000 PPM;
XYLENE <1000 PPM
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water-soluble granules
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
IR: 3:1351F (Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 200]**PEER REVIEWED**
NMR: 9:59C (Aldrich Library of Mass Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 200]**PEER REVIEWED**
MASS: 4028 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDSNBS-63)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I
and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V2 200]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
Non-volatile
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
DECOMPOSES @ 260 DEG C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
MAX ABSORPTION (WATER, PH 8): 215 NM (LOG E= 4.2), 340 NM (LOG E= 3.4)
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida:
CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-471]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility at 25 deg C: water 0.6%, ethanol 0.1%, DMF 2.4% /Technical maleic
hydrazide/
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Forms water-soluble alkali-metal and amine salts, but, in hard water, the calcium salt is
precipitated.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubility in water at 25 deg C, 400 g/kg /Maleic hydrazide potassium salt/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubility in water at 25 deg C, 200 g/kg /Maleic hydrazide sodium salt/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust from or contact with the material is irritating to eyes, nose, throat, and skin.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Flash Point:
572 deg F (300 deg C) (Open cup)
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Extinguish with water, dry chemicals, foam or carbon dioxide.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic nitrogen oxides are produced during combustion.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Explosive Limits & Potential:
Combustible
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
If in presence of strong acid, maleic hydrazide acid may precipitate. Do not use
concentrate through brass nozzles as the amine content may cause erosion.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Incompatible with /pesticides/ which are highly alkaline in reaction.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/Aug 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
STABLE TO HYDROLYSIS BUT DECOMP BY STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS
WITH RELEASE OF NITROGEN.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 358]**PEER REVIEWED**
When heated to decomp ... emits highly toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3.
New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1232]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD; NIOSH-CERTIFIED RESPIRATOR.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
Recommended method of cleaning glassware and spray equipment: Formulation
completely water soluble, wash and rinse equipment with water.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The
benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the
substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and
duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of
the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive
properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In
those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye
protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Personal safety precautions: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that
there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the
clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures
should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for
reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift,
but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Smoking, eating, drinking, /and using toilet facilities/ before washing should be
absolutely prohibited when any pesticide of moderate or higher toxicity is being handled
or used. /Pesticides/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.
I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1619]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
VERY STABLE TO BOTH ACIDIC & BASIC HYDROLYSIS.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 173 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
FORMULATION HAS BEEN HELD AS LONG AS 10 YR WITH NO BREAKDOWN;
LIGHT & TEMP STABILITY ARE VERY GOOD.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Decomposed by concentrated oxidizing acids with formation of nitrogen.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
DE-CUT, FAIR PLUS, SUPER DE-SPROUT HAVE INDEFINITE SHELF LIFE AND
SHOULD BE STORED AT ROOM TEMP.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
/During transport:/ Storage temp: ambient; venting: open.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION,
OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR
MATERIAL.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No.
81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan.
1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with
great care. Liquid formulations may be reduced to solid phase by evaporation. Dry
sweeping of solids is always hazardous: these should be removed by vacuum cleaning or
by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. In the field they
may be washed away with water into a suitable soak-hole. /SRP: If time permits, pits,
ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with a impermeable flexible
membrane liner./ /Pesticides/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.
I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1619]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste number U148, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Maleic hydrazide is a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature
range of 820 to 1600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, hours
for solids. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration range of 450 to 980
deg C with residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, longer for solids.
[USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-14 (1981) EPA
68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**
Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides
(except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in
pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
[40 CFR 165.9(a) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic
pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be
triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer
or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same
type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation
regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured
... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated
landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
[40 CFR 165.9(b) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
This product is relatively stable to hydrolysis but decomposes in presence of strong acids
and oxidizing agents.
[United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File).
Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental
Programme, Dec. 1985. 274]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
EXPERIMENTAL USE: IN HORTICULTURE & AGRICULTURE; IN SYNTHESIS
OF PYRIDAZINE.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
POST-HARVEST SPROUTING INHIBITOR; WEED CONTROL; SUGAR CONTENT
STABILIZER IN BEETS.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 724]**PEER REVIEWED**
Use as over-the-top foliar spray
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
URACIL ANTIMETABOLITE; FUNGICIDAL
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
It is used to retard the growth of grass, hedges, and trees; to inhibit sprouting of beets,
carrots, onions, potatoes, and rutabagas. A mixture with 2,4-D is used to control broadleaved weeds.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 508]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Inhibits sprouting of onions and potatoes during storage, and the growth of turf.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V12 344 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
IT HAS SHOWN PROMISE FOR CONTROL OF SEVERAL ANNUAL AND
PERENNIAL GRASSES WHEN APPLIED IN COMBINATION WITH TILLAGE
AND CULTURAL TREATMENTS. IT IS BEING USED ALSO AS A GRASS
INHIBITOR TO REDUCE MOWING ON AREAS SUCH AS ROADSIDES.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania:
Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
... USED EXCLUSIVELY AS PLANT GROWTH INHIBITOR & HERBICIDE.
PRINCIPAL USE IS IN CONTROL OF SUCKER GROWTH ON TOBACCO. ...
APPLIED TO 30-40% OF TOBACCO IN USA IN 1961. ... APPROVED IN USA FOR
USE ... ON ... BEANS, BEETS, CITRUS FRUITS, CORN, LIMA BEANS, ONIONS,
PEAS, POTATOES, STRAWBERRIES, SUGAR BEETS & TOMATOES. IT WAS
ALSO APPROVED FOR ONION & GARLIC CONTROL IN PASTURE LAND. ITS
SECOND MOST IMPORTANT USE, AFTER THAT ON TOBACCO, IS BELIEVED
TO BE ON POTATOES & ONIONS TO CONTROL SPROUTING.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 175 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Retards sucker growth of tobacco plants.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Frost protection in citrus, ... herbicidal activity on quackgrass, wild onions, and wild
garlic.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
DOSAGE & STAGE OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT ARE CRITICAL FACTORS /IN
APPLICATION/. RATES: 2.5 TO 5.0 LB ACTIVE INGREDIENT/ACRE. USUAL
CARRIER: WATER, AT 20 TO 100 GAL/ACRE
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed. Champaign, Illinois:
Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 323]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Drexel Chemical Company, Hq, 2487 Pennsylvania Street, PO Box 9306, Memphis, TN
38109-0306, (901) 774-4370; Production site: Memphis, TN 38109 /Maleic hydrazide;
Maleic hydrazide, potassium salt/
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1992. 835]**PEER REVIEWED**
Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc, Hq, World Headquarters, Middlebury, CT 06749,
(203) 573-2000; Production site: Geismar, LA 70734
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1992. 835]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
... BY TREATING MALEIC ANHYDRIDE WITH HYDRAZINE HYDRATE IN
ALCOHOL; FROM MALEIC ACID & A HYDRAZINE SALT OF A STRONG INORG
ACID; ALTERNATE PREPN FROM HYDRAZINE SULFATE & MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE IN AQ SODIUM HYDROXIDE; ALTERNATE PREPARATION FROM
HYDRAZINE HYDRATE AND MALEIC ANHYDRIDE IN GLACIAL ACETIC
ACID.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 896]**PEER REVIEWED**
REACTION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE WITH DIHYDRAZINE SULFATE OR
HYDRAZINE HYDRATE.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Maleic hydrazide is the product of the reaction of maleic anhydride and hydrazine
hydrochloride.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V14 788 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
... IS NOT EFFECTIVE THROUGH SOIL APPLICATION.
[White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 3. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1977. 96]**PEER REVIEWED**
All uses of the diethanolamine salt in the United States were suspended on October 31,
1981, but the material may be manufactured for export and growers may use any material
still on hand. /Maleic hydrazide diethanolamine salt/
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports. New York: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:2 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IS AVAILABLE AS TECHNICAL GRADE MATERIAL
CONTAINING 97% MIN AI & LESS THAN 1% ANIONIC WETTING AGENT. IT IS
ALSO OFFERED FOR SALE AS EC OR WP FOR AGRICULTURAL USES IN
FORM OF ITS POTASSIUM SALT OR ITS DIETHANOLAMINE SALT. PRODUCTS
CAN CONTAIN SMALL AMT OF HYDRAZINE AS IMPURITY.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 174 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
MH-30: DIETHANOLAMINE SALT CONTAINS 3.5 LB MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE/IMP GAL. USED AT 9.5-0.25% MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AS
HERBICIDE; 0.1-0.5% AS GROWTH INHIBITOR AND 0.025% TO PREVENT
POLLEN GERMINATION AS 4-6 LB/ACRE FOR CHEMICAL GRASS MOWING.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 358]**PEER REVIEWED**
Combinations: BH 43 (with 2,4-D)
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water-soluble liquids
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Royal 'MH-30', Royal 'Slo-Gro', soluble concentrate (aqueous) (160 g sodium salt/l),
other liquids include: 'burtolin', 'Fazor', 'Regulox'; 'Mazide', 'Super Sucker-Stuff', soluble
concentrate (1.8 kg ae potassium salt/l); 'Royal MH-30 SG', water soluble granules (600 g
maleic hydrazide/kg as potassium salt). Mixtures include: 'BH 43' soluble concentrate,
'Mazide Selective' (maleic hydrazide + 2,4-D).
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 509]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Impurities:
PRODUCTS CAN CONTAIN SMALL AMT OF HYDRAZIDE AS IMPURITY.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 174 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR FOR TOBACCO, 90%; FOR POTATOES &
ONIONS, 10% (1983 EST)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1977) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 9.08X10+6 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1981) APPROXIMATELY 1.82X10+9 G (EST)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1991) Exceeded 5000 lb or US $5000 in value
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1992. 835]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
REDUCE AND HYDROLYZE TO GIVE HYDRAZINE WHICH IS DISTILLED OFF
AND ESTIMATED COLORIMETRICALLY USING PDIMETHYLAMINOBENZALDEHYDE.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 358]**PEER REVIEWED**
SMALL AMOUNTS OF HYDRAZINE WERE DETECTED IN MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE FORMULATIONS BY A METHOD INVOLVING DERIVATIVE
FORMATION WITH PENTAFLUOROBENZALDEHYDE, EXTRACTING THE
PENTAFLUOROBENZALDEHYDE AZINE WITH HEXANE AND DETERMINING
BY GLC WITH ECD. RECOVERIES OF 72-80% WERE OBTAINED FROM
SAMPLES FORTIFIED WITH 1 AND 10 UG OF HYDRAZINE. LIMIT OF
DETECTION WAS 0.05 MG/KG.
[BAKKER H ET AL; PESTIC SCI 14 (5): 470-4 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SMALL AMT (LESS THAN 1 PPM) OF MH IN PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES
CAN BE ESTIMATED PHOTOMETRICALLY ... . IT MAY ALSO BE DETERMINED
IN EXTRACTS FROM TOBACCO SMOKE BY GC.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 175 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
PRODUCT ANALYSIS IS BY DIFFERENTIAL TITRATION; RESIDUES MAY BE
DETERMINED BY HYDROLYSIS TO HYDRAZINE WHICH IS DETERMINED BY
COLORIMETRY.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 509]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The determination of maleic hydrazide pesticide residues is performed by sample
distillation and UV spectrophotometric analysis. This method is applicable to whole,
dehydrated, mashed, and frozen french fried potatoes and potato chips, whole cranberries,
onions, peaches, and tobacco dust.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and
Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. V1
303]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analysis of products by titration of the amine salt in alcoholic solution with alcoholic
sodium hydroxide. Analysis of residues by hydrolysis to hydrazine, and determination by
colorimetry, by HPLC, and by GC.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth,
Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A250/AUG 87]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Determination of maleic hydrazide in pesticide residues using spectrophotometric
method. Sample is boiled in alkaline solution to drive off volatile basic interferences.
Distillation with zinc with N sweep expels hydrazine liberated from maleic hydrazide.
Hydrazine is reacted in acid solution with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to form yellow
cmpd. (Applicable to whole, dehydrated mashed, and frozen french fried potatoes, and
potato chips; whole craneberries, onions, and peaches; and tobacco dust).
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and
Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. V1
303]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two monoclonal antibodies specific for maleic hydrazide were used to develop an
enzyme immunoassay for maleic hydrazide. Splenic lymphocytes from mice immunized
with synthesized maleic hydrazide-protein conjugates were used to make hybridomas.
Two resultant subclass IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (1.9 times 105 l/mol affinity for
maleic hydrazide) were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity
chromatography. The purified antibodies recognized only maleic hydrazide and its
derivs. and did not cross-react with the natural compounds tested. Detection limits ranged
from 0.11 to 1.3 ppm maleic hydrazide and were repeatable within <2-fold on
consecutive days. Heterologous assays were more sensitive than homologous assays to
both maleic hydrazide and nonspecific interferences. These assay systems demonstrate
the ability to measure maleic hydrazide by enzyme immunoassay at levels comparable
to those typically found in tobacco, potatoes, and onions.
[Harrison RO et al; J Agric Food Chem 37 (4): 958-64 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
For the sensitive detn of pesticides in soil and water samples, the possibility of using
HPLC with amperometric detection was investigated. The polarography and
voltammetric behavior of some selected cmpd (bromofenoxim, bromoxynil,
dimethirimol, dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC, ethirimol, ioxynil, maleic hydrazide,
pentachlorophenol) was tested. After sepn by HPLC the detection of all these pesticides
may be done in the voltammetric cell by the anodic signal of their OH group. The
sensitivity of the detn lies in all cases in the pg-range. The simultaneous detn of the
metabolites in the presence of the pesticide is illustrated for bromofenoxim and its
photolytic decompn. products (2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol; 2,4-dinitrophenol; and
bromoxynil).
[Meyer A, Henze G; Fresenius' Z Anal Chem 332 (8): 898-903 (1988)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Determination of maleic hydrazide in onions and potatoes using solid phase extraction
and anion exchange HPLC.
[Vadukul NK; Analyst (London) 116 (12): 1369-71 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
DOLNICKI A; WIAD BOT 23 (2): 59-72 (1979). A REVIEW WITH APPROX 200
REFERENCES ON TAUTOMERIC FORMS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AND
THEIR ACTION ON PLANTS.
USEPA; Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 170: Maleic Hydrazide. Govt Reports
Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 20, (1988). The document contains up-to-date
chemical information, including a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and
rationale, on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet is issued after one of
the following actions has occurred. (1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard,
(2) Issuance of each special review document, (3) Registration of a significantly changed
use pattern, (4) Registration of a new chemical, or (5) An immediate need for information
to resolve controversial issues relating to a specific chemical or use pattern.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
4352 [MALEIC HYDRAZIDE DIETHANOLAMINE] (Analog)
Synonyms:
ANTERGON
**PEER REVIEWED**
ANTYROST
**PEER REVIEWED**
Burtolin
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemform
**PEER REVIEWED**
DE-CUT
**PEER REVIEWED**
De-Sprout
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,2-DIHYDRO-3,6-PYRADIZINEDIONE
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione
**PEER REVIEWED**
3,6-DIHYDROXYPYRIDAZINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
3,6-DIOXOPYRIDAZINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Drexel-super P
**PEER REVIEWED**
ENT 18,870
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fair-2
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fair 30
**PEER REVIEWED**
FAIR PLUS
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fair PS
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fazor
**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrazide maleique
**PEER REVIEWED**
6-HYDROXY-3(2H)-PYRIDAZINONE
**PEER REVIEWED**
6-Hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-one
**PEER REVIEWED**
KMH
**PEER REVIEWED**
MAH
**PEER REVIEWED**
Maintain 3
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALAZIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIC ACID CYCLIC HYDRAZIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIC ACID HYDRAZIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIC HYDRAZINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALEIN 30
**PEER REVIEWED**
Maleinsaeurehydrazid (German)
**PEER REVIEWED**
N,N-MALEOYLHYDRAZINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MALZID
**PEER REVIEWED**
Mazide
**PEER REVIEWED**
MG**PEER REVIEWED**
MH
**PEER REVIEWED**
MH-30
**PEER REVIEWED**
MH-40
**PEER REVIEWED**
MH 36 Bayer
**PEER REVIEWED**
3,6-Pyridazinediol
**PEER REVIEWED**
3,6-PYRIDAZINEDIONE, 1,2-DIHYDRO**PEER REVIEWED**
Regulox
**PEER REVIEWED**
REGULOX 50 W
**PEER REVIEWED**
REGULOX 36
**PEER REVIEWED**
Regulox 50W
**PEER REVIEWED**
RETARD
**PEER REVIEWED**
Royal MH-30
**PEER REVIEWED**
Royal Slo-Gro
**PEER REVIEWED**
Slo-Gro
**PEER REVIEWED**
SPROUT/OFF
**PEER REVIEWED**
SPROUT-STOP
**PEER REVIEWED**
Stunt-Man
**PEER REVIEWED**
SUCKER-STUFF
**PEER REVIEWED**
SUPER DE-SPROUT
**PEER REVIEWED**
Super Sprout Stop
**PEER REVIEWED**
Super Sucker-Stuff
**PEER REVIEWED**
SUPER SUCKER-STUFF HC
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDRO-3,6-DIOXOPYRIDAZINE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Vondalhyd
**PEER REVIEWED**
Vondalhyde
**PEER REVIEWED**
Vondrax
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
MALEIC HYDRAZIDE IS AVAILABLE AS TECHNICAL GRADE MATERIAL
CONTAINING 97% MIN AI & LESS THAN 1% ANIONIC WETTING AGENT. IT IS
ALSO OFFERED FOR SALE AS EC OR WP FOR AGRICULTURAL USES IN
FORM OF ITS POTASSIUM SALT OR ITS DIETHANOLAMINE SALT. PRODUCTS
CAN CONTAIN SMALL AMT OF HYDRAZINE AS IMPURITY.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V4 174 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
MH-30: DIETHANOLAMINE SALT CONTAINS 3.5 LB MALEIC
HYDRAZIDE/IMP GAL. USED AT 9.5-0.25% MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AS
HERBICIDE; 0.1-0.5% AS GROWTH INHIBITOR AND 0.025% TO PREVENT
POLLEN GERMINATION AS 4-6 LB/ACRE FOR CHEMICAL GRASS MOWING.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 7th ed. Publication
1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada,
1982. 358]**PEER REVIEWED**
Combinations: BH 43 (with 2,4-D)
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water-soluble liquids
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1993. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Co., 1993.,p. C209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Royal 'MH-30', Royal 'Slo-Gro', soluble concentrate (aqueous) (160 g sodium salt/l),
other liquids include: 'burtolin', 'Fazor', 'Regulox'; 'Mazide', 'Super Sucker-Stuff', soluble
concentrate (1.8 kg ae potassium salt/l); 'Royal MH-30 SG', water soluble granules (600 g
maleic hydrazide/kg as potassium salt). Mixtures include: 'BH 43' soluble concentrate,
'Mazide Selective' (maleic hydrazide + 2,4-D).
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium.
8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 509]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
U148; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or
manufacturing chemical intermediate.
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 1162
Last Revision Date: 20030214
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/24/1992
Update History:
Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/11/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/11/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/07/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/10/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/18/1994, 20 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/05/1994, 65 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/19/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/17/1992, 50 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1990, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/01/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/12/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/24/1988, 68 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1986