Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana 1.lekcija Pamatjēdzieni sistēmu analīzē un zināšanu iegūšanā 1 Marite Kirikova Mārīte Kirikova Meža 1/4-548 Ļubova Šumilova 2 Marite Kirikova Literatūra Kendall K.E. and Kendall J.E. Systems Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2002, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1988. Mārīte Kirikova (1995. g. izdevums, 2 eks.) RTU biblioteka (1988. g. izdevums) LU biblioteka (2002, 1988. g. izdevums) Priekšmeta mājas lapa: www.cs.rtu.lv - struktūrvienības – LDI – STPK – Informācija studentiem – mācību priekšmetu materiāli - Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana – SAZI mājas lapa Hypercase http://www.prenhall.com/kendall/ 3 Marite Kirikova Systems Analysis and Design, 6/E Kenneth E. Kendall Julie E. Kendall ISBN: 0-13-145455-2 Publisher: Prentice Hall View Larger Image Copyright: 2005 Format: Cloth; 752 pp Published: 03/01/2004 4 Marite Kirikova Kenneth E. Kendall, Rutgers University Julie E. Kendall ISBN: 0-13-041571-5 Publisher: Prentice Hall View Larger Image Copyright: 2002 Format: Cloth; 944 pp Published: 06/08/2001 5 Marite Kirikova Julie Kenneth 6 Marite Kirikova Eksāmena jautājumi • Atrodami SAZI mājas lapas nodaļu shēmā • + 2005. gada jaunie jautājumi: 7 Marite Kirikova Kursa satura shēma 8 Marite Kirikova Eksāmena atzīmes iegūšana 1. Punkti eksāmenā – max – 60 (6 jautājumi) 2. Punkti par praktiskajiem darbiem – max 4 par darbu - tiek pieskaitīti tikai, ja eksāmenā iegūti vismaz 30 punkti 3. Punkti par īsajām atbildēm – max 1 punkts par atbildi !!! Visas atbildes eksāmenā sniedzamas diagrammu vai tabulu formā !!! Eksāmenā tikai integrētie jautājumi 9 Marite Kirikova Sistēmu analīzes un projektēšanas jēdziens Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas būtības, nozīmes, mērķu, funkciju, struktūras, darbības principu un attīstības tendenču noskaidrošana Sistēmu projektēšana - noteiktām prasībām atbilstošas sistēmas projekta izstrādāšana 10 Marite Kirikova Sistēmu analīzes un zināšanu iegūšanas jēdzieni • Sistēmu analīze sistēmas būtības, nozīmes, mērķu, funkciju, struktūras, darbības principu un attīstības tendenču noskaidrošana • Zināšanu iegūšana - metodes un līdzekļi zināšanu pārņemšanai vai ģenerēšanai nolūkā saprast un/vai imitēt pētāmo objektu darbību 11 Marite Kirikova Kāpēc SA nepieciešama? Veidojot sarežģītu informācijas sistēmu, jārūpējas, lai katrs organizācijas darbinieks saņemtu tieši to informāciju, kas viņam vajadzīga. Tā kā lietotāju uzdevumi ir savstarpēji saistīti, tad tie labi jāsaprot, lai nodrošinātu atbilstošās informācijas apstrādes procedūras un programmas. Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas darbības un iespējamo izmaiņu izpēte I.T.Hawryszkiewycz Kā sistēma darbojas? Kādas problēmas ir sistēmā? Kādas ir lietotāju prasības? Kādas izmaiņas ir iespējamas? Kādas problēmas prognozējamas sistēmas izmaiņu procesā? 13 Marite Kirikova 5 svarīgākie aspekti sitēmu analīzē (West Churchman) • Sistēmas MĒRĶI un uzdevumi • VIDE, kurā sistēma darbojas, kādas iespējas tā paver un kādus uzliek ierobežojumus • Sistēmas RESURSI, t.i. viss, ko sistēma var lietot, lai izpildītu mērķi • Sistēmas DAĻAS, to aktivitātes, mērķi un funkcionālā nozīme; kā katra sistēmas daļa ietekmē sistēmas kopējo funkcionalitāti • KOORDINĀCIJA un VADĪBA sistēmā, kā tās tiek realizētas 14 Marite Kirikova The information system as a part of work system (from “Models, Concepts, Information” DSV, Stockholm, 1993) WORK SYSTEM People, who enter, process and use information PEOPLE WORK PRACTICES How work is performed by people and technology INFORMATION SYSTEM Formated data, text, images and sounds INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hardware and software that process information 15 Marite Kirikova ROLES OF INFORAMTION SYSTEM OBJECT – object to be manipulated – object within to geather data about in the organisation and in the environment TOOL – is built to manipulate objects (as traditional tool) – allow in most cases no direct access to the objects of action ( unlike traditional tool) COMMUNITY – who is communicating whith whom on which topic (Speach Act Theory) RULES – tasks are executed in prescified order DIVISION OF LABOUR – system affect people and their decision making, attitudes, work roles and organisations ... Petterson M, IRIS’17, 1994, P. 338-339 Marite Kirikova 16 Spectrum of systems (source of classification - D. Flynn) MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES Real time systems EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS Marite Kirikova TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS Database systems 17 History of the use of IT in organisations Strategic information systems 1980 Organisation environment constraints User relations constraints Management information systems Information processing 1970 Software constraints 1960 Hardware constraints Ruohonen, M., IRIS 17, 1994, P 157, 158 18 Marite Kirikova The changing roles of people in data processing (Avison, 1989, p 11) User Programmer User System analyst User Business analyst Computer Programmer Technical analyst Operator Programmer Computer Operator Computer 19 Marite Kirikova Sistēmas dzīves cikls (Kendall K.E. and Kendall J.E. Systems Analysis and Design) 1. Problēmu, iespēju un mērķu noteikšana 2. Prasību pret informāciju noteikšana 3. Sistēmas vajadzību analīze 7. Sistēmas izmantošana un novētrtēšana 4. Rekomendētās sistēmas projektēšana 6. Sistēmas testēšana un uzturēšana 5. Programmatūras izstrādāšana un dokumentēšana 20 Marite Kirikova Sistēmanalītiķa lomas • konsultants • eksperts • izmaiņu aģents • veicinātājs • ārsts • skolotājs Sistēmanalītiķa krēsli • sistēmanalītiķis • analītiķis-programmētājs • konsultants • grupas vadītājs • biznesa analītiķis • informācijas plānošanas vadītājs Zināšanu inženiera krēsli • zināšanu inženieris • sistēmas projektētātjs • vecākais inženieris • datoru zinātnieks • kognitīvpsihologs • sistēmas inženieris • Programmētājs • Zināšanu pārvaldnieks McGraw K.L. and Harbison-Briggs K., 1989. Flunn, Warhust, 1994. 21 Marite Kirikova Sistēmanalītiķa vieta sistēmas izstrādāšanas procesā Vadība Sponsori Lietotāji Sistēmanalītiķi Projektētāji Programmētāji 22 Marite Kirikova Par sistēmanalītiķa profesiju • http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos042.htm Computer Systems Analysts, Database Administrators, and Computer Scientists • Education requirements range from a 2-year degree to a graduate degree. • Employment is expected to increase much faster than the average as organizations continue to adopt increasingly sophisticated technologies. • Job prospects are favorable. Skatīt arī www.cs.rtu.lv/stp 23 Marite Kirikova • http://www.calmis.cahwnet.gov/file/occguide/COMPUSYS.HTM Computer Systems Analysts The following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information Division. Estimated number of workers in 1990 Estimated number of workers in 2005 Projected Growth 1990 to 2005 Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 53,110 76,720 45% 8,330 WORKING CONDITIONS Systems Analysts usually work about 40 hours a week, the same as other professional and office workers. Unlike many computer operators and programmers, Systems Analysts are not assigned to evening or night shifts. Occasionally, however, evening or weekend work may be necessary to complete emergency projects. 24 Marite Kirikova http://www.systemsanalyst.com/jobseeker/sSetup.asp - sistēmanalītiķa darba meklētājs Depending on the size and nature of the organisation, some or all of the following may be undertaken: • translating client requirements into highly specified project briefs; • identifying options for potential solutions and assessing them for both technical and business suitability; • creating logical and innovative solutions to complex problems; • drawing up specific proposals for modified or replacement systems; • presenting proposals to clients; • working closely with programmers and a variety of end users to ensure technical compatibility and user satisfaction; • ensuring that budgets are adhered to and deadlines met; • drawing up a testing schedule for the complete system; • overseeing the implementation of the new system; • planning and working flexibly to a deadline; • providing training to users of the new system; • keeping up to date with technical as well as industry sector developments. Systems analysts are active in the design, testing and implementation phases of the project. They often work in a team, with significant liaison with external or internal clients http://www.prospects.ac.uk/ Marite Kirikova 25 http://jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/text/jobdetails.cf m?jobid=294 Personal Requirements: • able to conceptualise and think creatively • good interpersonal and communication skills • persuasive, patient manner • team leadership capabilities 26 Marite Kirikova http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html#sect1 2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES. As an ACM computing professional I will .... 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in both the process and products of professional work. 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence. 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so. 27 Marite Kirikova http://jobfutures.ca/noc/2162.shtml Computer Systems Analysts (NOC 2162) - At a Glance Computer Systems Analysts (NOC 2162) - At a Glance 28 Marite Kirikova Kļūdu labošanas relatīvās izmaksas Software Requirements, Alan M. Davis, 1990. 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Marite Kirikova Maintenance Acceptance test Unit test Coding Design 0 Requirements 2 30 Grūtības sistēmu analīzē • ārējās vides izmaiņas • organizācijas iekšējās izmaiņas – personāls – budžets • konkurējoši sistēmas kvalitātes kritēriji – – – – uzņēmuma konkurētspēja darbinieku ērtības ekonomiskums ... • cilvēka nepilnīgums – vadība – gala lietotāji 31 Marite Kirikova MAIN ERRORS IN SYSTEM ANALYST’S THINKING there always exists “out there” a finite, concrete set of user information requirements these requirements are reasonable stable over time with application and persistence the analyst can identify a complete, correct set of information requirements the prime method for “finding” these requirements is face-toface interview, or by analyst assuming that he/she “knows” what the user wants the intervention of analyst in an organisational problem situation does not impact upon the nature of that problem context the individual user can be relied upon to provide honest, accurate answers, in the main, to the analysts questions McKay, Maarchall, McDermid, IRIS’17, 1994, p. 308 Marite Kirikova 32 RĪKI SISTĒMU ANALĪZĒ http://mediaproducts.gartn er.com/reprints/idsscheer/ 119964.html 33 Marite Kirikova RĪKI SISTĒMU ANALĪZĒ GRADE Datu struktūras diagramma Application RegNum RegDate Name Height Sex ConnectData Database INTEGER LogonName DATE Passw ord STRING[40] Height Centimeters t sex Identifier Identifier Identifier Identifier STRING[20], ALIGN LEFT, MIN LENGTH:4 34 Marite Kirikova GRADE komunikācijas diagramma Management Management Administration Administration Management X Administration Administration Administration X Club Member Administration Club Member 35 Marite Kirikova GRADE Organizācijas diagramma Club and Environment Club Administration Management Availability : "*.*.(MON-FRI) (09:00-12:00)" Cost per hour : 15 Clerk Availability : "*.*.(MON-FRI) (08:00-17:00)" Cost per hour : 2 PC Club Member Document File Storage of all application forms in paper folder Printer Database PC based Software Application program for registration of membership data Candidate Publisher 36 Marite Kirikova GRADE biznesa procesa diagramma Every10hours PrepareApplication Candidate Application Form Register New Application Clerk Register Paper-based Registered Appl Form Discuss in Mem bership Com m ittee Registered Appl Form & Every Morning Management Every Morning Not Acceptable 40 % Decision Send Answ er Clerk tag : Negative Acceptable 60 % Registered Appl Form Decision Send Answ er Clerk tag : Positive Add New Mem ber Clerk 37 Marite Kirikova GRADE Ekrāna forma Member Male action Code: RegNum Name: Name MEMBER DATA: Sex: Date: 38 Marite Kirikova GRADE Datu vārdnīca Name type: Administration 1 name(s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Administration 3 def(s) 0 ref(s) Defined as Object in CD OBJECT Club 29 Mar 96 16:29 Defined as Org. unit in ORG ORGANIZATION Club 3 Jul 96 12:56 Defined as CD OBJECT Administration 29 Mar 96 16:29 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 Marite Kirikova
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