Q. 8
Microbes were first recoganised by:
(A) Robert Hook
(B) Leeuwenhoek (C) Alexender
(D) Robert brown
Q. 9 The bacteria which promotes making of curd
(A) Lactobacillus
(B) Spirillium
(C) Streptococcus (D) Azotobacter
Q. 10 Which of the following provide defence in our body?
(A) Antigens
(B) Antibiotics
(C) Antibodies
(D) All of the above
2.4
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms are also harmful as they cause diseases in human beings, plants and
animals. The disease causing microorganisms are called path ogens.
2.4.1 Disease causing Microorganisms in Humans
In humans, the diseases are caused by those microbes which contaminate air, food and
water. The diseases caused by these microbes are called the communicable diseases,
which get spreads from person to person. Some of the disease caused by microbes are
mentioned below:
2.4.2 Disease causing Microorganism in Animals
The microbes also infect the animals and cause harmful diseases like Anthrax, athletes
foot, foot and mouth disease of cattle.
(i)
Bacterial: Cholera, diphtheria, anthrax (Discovered by Robert Koch, Koch is also
known for Koch Postulates). Tuberculosis etc.
(ii)
Virus: Cold, flu, Chickenpox, A.I.D.S. (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrom),
Swineflu etc.
(iii)
Protozoan: Amoebic dysentery, Malaria, Afican sleeping sickness, kala azar etc.
2.4.3 Disease causing Microorganisms in Plants
Most of the crop plants like wheat, sugarcane, rice etc. are infected by different
microorganism like bacteria causes citrus canker, Fungi causes rust of wheat etc.
(i)
Bacteria: Citrus canker – causing leaves and fruit to drop prematurely.
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Virus: Common disease caused by virus in plants is ‘Yellow vein mosaic of okra’.
The disease is characterised by a homogenous interwoven net work of yellow
veins enclosing green tissue within. In extreme cases. The infected leaves
become totally yellow or cream colour. Infected plants remain stunted and bear
very few deformed and small fruits. The disease causes heavy loss in yield.
(ii)
Fungus: Rust of Wheat
It is sometimes called the “polio of agriculture”: a terrifying but almost forgotten
disease. Wheat rust is a fungal infection that attacks the plant’s stem, forming
lethal, scaly red pustules and great decline in yeild.
2.4.4 Some important human Disease
1.
Protozoan
(i)
Malaria (Mal=bad, Aria=Air)
Causative agent – Plasmodium (Protozoa), infective stage is spor ozoites.
Spread by – Female Anopheles Mosquito.
Symptom – Fever with chill (Cause by Lysis of RBC by Haemozoin).
Treatment by Quinine (obtain from bark of Cinchona tree.)
Prevention – Avoid contact between human and Mosquito (Net, Repellant
or by destroying breeding place of Mosquito (by Kerosene, Gambusia
fish).
2.
Bacteria
(i)
Typhoid
Causative agent – Salmonella typhi
Spread by – Contaminated food and water, Flying insects feeding on
faeces may occasionally transfer the bacteria through poor hygiene habits
and public sanitation conditions.
Symptom – Fever which rises in afternoon.
Prevention – Sanitation and hygiene
Typhoid can only spread in environments where human faeces or urine
are able to come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food
preparation and washing of hands are crucial to preventing typhoid.
(ii)
Tuberculosis
Causative agent – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spread by – When people suffering from active pulmonary TB, cough,
sneeze, speak, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets. A single
sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these droplets may
transmit the disease.
Symptom – Symptoms include chest pain, sputum with blood, and a
productive, prolonged cough for more than three weeks.
(i)
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(iii)
Treatment – Antibiotics to kill the bacteria. TB requires much longer
periods of treatment (around 6 to 24 months) to entirely eliminate
mycobacteria from the body.
The DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) is latest strategy
to combat TB.
Prevention Isolation of patient
Tetanus (Lock Jaw Disease)
Causative agent – Clostridium tetani
Spread by: Tetanus occurs when a wound becomes contaminated with
bacterial spores. Infection follows when spores become activated and
develop into gram – positive bacteria that multiply and produce a very
powerful toxin (poison) that affects the muscles.
Symptom: Tetanus results in severe, uncontrollable muscle spasms. The
jaw is “locked” by muscle spasms, causing the disease to sometimes be
called “lockjaw.” In severe cases, the muscles used to breathe can spasm,
causing a lack of oxygen to the brain and other organs that may possibly
lead to death.
Treatment: The wound must be cleaned. Dead and infected tissue should
be removed. Passive immunization with ATS (Anti Teatnus Serum).
Prevention: Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination with DPT
A person who has met road accident is given ATS and not DPT. What is the catch?
(iv)
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
Causative agent: bacteria Mycobacterium leprae.
Spread by: Direct contact
Symptom: Skin lesions are the primary external sign. Left untreated,
leprosy can be progressive, causing permanent damage to the skin,
nerves, limbs and eyes. Note that leprosy does not cause body parts to
fall off but they can become numb and/or diseased as a result of the
disease.
Complete treatment of Leprosy is possible usring drugs like Rifamicin.
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3.
Viral Diseases
(i)
Rabies (Hydrophobia)
Causative agent: rabies virus, present in the saliva of an infected animal
Spread by: Bite of rabid animal (dog, cat, horse etc).
Symptom: light or partial paralysis, anxiety, abnormal behavior, terror and
hallucinations.
The production of large quantities of saliva and tears coupled with an inability to
speak or swallow are typical during the later stages of the disease; this can result
in hydrophobia, in which the patient has difficulty swallowing because the throat
and jaw become slowly paralysed, shows panic when presented with liquids to
drink, and cannot quench his or her thirst.
Prevention: Vaccine given after exposure to the virus. This unusual technique is
successful because the rabies virus takes a comparatively long time to induce
disease, a minimum of 10 days, and in rare cases, up to ayear.
The length of the incubation period apparently depends on both the location of
the wound – the farther from the brain, the longer the incubation
First and most valuable preventive measure is thorough cleaning of the site with
soap and water, and immediate medical attention.
(ii)
AIDS-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Causative agent: HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Spread by: HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous
membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, sucha s
blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.
This transmission can involve unprotected sex, blood transfusion,
contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding etc.
HIV can spread through:
1
2
3
4
Unprotected
Sex with an
Infected person
transfusion of
infected blood/
blood products
sharing of
contaminated
syringes/needles
infected
mother
to child
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Symptom: The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do
not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems.
Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS
Treatment: Not available. Drug cocktail is given to reduce progression speed.
Prevention:
Avoid having sex with anyone who has multiple and/or anonymous sexual
partners.
A latex condom should be used during each sexual act.
Don’t share toothbrushes, razors or other implements that could become
contaminated with the blood of anyone who is or might be infected with the AIDS
virus.
Exercise caution regarding procedures, such as tattooing, ear piercing, etc., in
which needles or other nonsterile instruments may be used repeatedly to pierce
the skin and/or mucous membranes.
(iii)
Polio (in fantile paralysis)
Causative agent: Polio virus
Spread by: spread from person to person, primarily via the faecal-oral
route
Symptom moderate fever, stiff neck and back, fatigue and muscle pain,
muscle weakness and spasms
Treatment by There is no cure for polio. Supportive measures include
antibiotics to prevent infections in weakened muscles, analgesics for pain,
moderate exercise and a nutritious diet.
Prevention: There are two type of vaccine – Sabin (weak Virus given
orally) and Salk (Killed virus which is injected).
Salk is better vaccine for polio as Sabin contains weak virus which may revert
(iv)
Chickenpox
Causative agent: Varicella zoster virus
Spread by airborne disease spread easily through coughing or sneezing of
ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.
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Symptom begin to appear one or two days after the entry of the varicella
zoster virus in the body of the person. The sequence of symptoms is as
follows:(i)
The initial symptom is that of a common cold. The person will have
a runny or a stuffy nose. There will be a burning sensation in the
eyes and they will water and become re.
(ii)
Two or three days after the onset of the common cold, a rash
appears on the skin. This rash may begin on the face, but will
continue to cover the chest, back arms and legs.
(iii)
The initial rash is pinkish, but the color depens in a day or two.
Blisters develop on the rash, which are pimply bumps filled with a
fluid.
(iv)
In another day or two, the fluid in the blisters becomes cloudy and it
begins to flow out.
(v)
The initial blisters disappear in a couple of days, but new spots
appear. Hence, the blisters appear in cycles.
Treatment: there is no actual cure of the condition. Some treatments are however
available for relieving the symptoms while the immune system clears the virus
from the body.
As a protective measure, patients are usually required to stay at home. Also,
sufferers are frequently asked to cut their nails short or to wear gloves to prevent
scratching and to minimize the risk of secondary infections.
Patients must pay attention to their personal hygiene. Staying in a cold
surrounding can help in easing the itching as heat and sweat makes it worse. It is
important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to
avoid secondary bacterial infection.
Rubbing vitamin E oil or honey on the skin is thought to have a healing effect on
the marks that could remain after the infection has been cured.
Prevention: varicella vaccine is available
Bacteriophage is superparasite. It is a type of virus that kills bacteria.
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TRY YOURSELF
Q. 11 Mushroom is the type of:
(A) Algae
(B) Protista (C) Fungi
(D) Bacteria
Q. 12 The vaccine for small pox was discovered by
(A) Louis pasteur (B) Edward Jenner (C) Alexander flemming (D) None of these
Q. 13 Which of the following is not a bacterial disease
(A) Typhoid (B) Measles (C) T.B.
(D) Whooping Cough
Q. 14 Malaria is caused due to
(A) Contaminated air
(B) Contaminated air and water
(C) Contaminated water (D) None
Q. 15 Which of the following is pathogen of malaria?
(A) Plasmodium
(B) Anopheles mosquito
(C) Aedes
(D) Trypanosoma
Q. 16 The bacterial disease dangerous to both animal and humans.
(A) Dengue (B) Chickenpox
(C) Anthrax (D) Aids
Q. 17 Malaria can be prevented by
(A) Spraying of insecticides
(B) Using mosquito net
(C) Destroying breeding places (D) All of the above
Q. 18 The given figure is
(A) Type of Virus
(B) Bacteriophage (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Bacteria
Q. 19 Hydrophobia is caused by
(A) Plasmodium
(B) Rhizobium
(C) Virus
(D) Trypanosoma
Q. 20 The polio drops given to children in pulse polio programme is
(A) An antibiotic
(B) A vaccine
(C) A drug (D) An energy suppliment
2.5
SPOILING OF FOOD
Microorganisms grow on our food and spoil it. The eating of the spoiled food causes
food poisoning. Microbes growing in food i.e. Clostridium botulinum can produce toxin
that can cause food poisioning. Problem is more common in summer as microbial
activity is usually more in warm temperature food poisoning is also known as botulism.
The common symptom includes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea and
death in extreme case.
2.6
FOOD PRESERVATION
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The process of storing of food by keeping it secure from the microbial action is called
preservation. The acids, sugars, salts, heat, cold tretment which helps in keping the
food stuffs free from spoilage for long duration are called the preservative. Commonly
used preservatives are sodium benzoate and sodim metabisulphite.
Methods
(i) Chemical like sodium benzoate
(ii) Common salt
(iii) Sugar
(iv) Oil
(v) Vinegar
(vi) Pasteurization
2.7
Effect
Edible for human, harmful for micro-organisms
Hygroscopic - removes water
Reduce moisture
Stop gaseous exchange
Makes medium acidic
The strong heating of milk upto 70̊c about 15
min and then immediate chilling to prevent
Growth of microbes is called pasteurization.
NITROGEN FIXATION
The nitrogen cycle refers to the series of processes by which the element nitrogen
(which makes up about 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere) cycles between the atmosphere
and the biosphere. The fixation of nitrogen refers to the process in which the gaseous
form dinitrogen or N2 fixation occurs by:
(i)
Atmosphereic processes auch as lightning
(ii)
Symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium is symbiont in root nodules of plants like legumes
They fix N2 for legumes.
The plants then use the fixed nitrogen to produce vital cellular products such as
proteins.
The plants are then eaten by animals, which also need nitrogen to make amino acids
and proteins. Decomposers acting on plants and animal materials and waste return
nitrogen back to the soil.
Nitrogen is returned back to the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria (eg pseudomonas),
which convert nitrates to dinitrogen gas.
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TRY YOURSELF
Q. 21 _______ helps In Nitrogen fixation
(A) Ribosome
(B) Rhizopus
(C) Rhizobium
(D) All
Q. 22 Blue green algae
(A) Is actually an animal
(B) Fixes nitrogen of the atmosphere
(C) Eating spoiled food
(D) None
Q. 23 Food poisoning is caused by
(A) Eating spicy food
(B) Eating fast food
(C) Eating spoiled food
(D) None
Q. 24 Used as preservative
(A) Sodium cyanide (B) Sodium benzoate
(C) Both A and B (D) None of these
Q. 25 Strong heating of a substance at high temperature followed by immediate chilling is
(A) Pasteurization (B) Cryopreservation
(C) Sterilization
(D) Neutralization
Q. 26 Following pair contains only leguminous plants
(A) Wheat and rice (B) Rice and maize (C) Peas and beans (D) Wheat & maize
Q. 27 Blue green algae is used as biofertilizer because
(A) It can carry photosynthesis
(B) It decompose organic matter
(C) It fixes nitrogen
(D) It acts as insecticide
Q. 28 Nitrogen is one of essential component of
(A) Proteins (B) Nucleic acids (C) DNA
(D) All of these
Q. 29 Plants take nitrogenous compounds from
(A) Air
(B) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
(C) Soil
(D) Roots of the water
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Microorganisms can be divided into five major groups-algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoans
and viruses.
Algae are simple, plantlike organisms. All algae have chlorophyll, so they can
photosyntheses. They reproduce sexually and asexually.
Green algae, e.g., Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Spirogyra are mostly freshwater algae.
Diatom are unicellular algae often called plankton. They have a cell wall of silica and
their remains form siliceous earth.
Seaweeds are usually brown algae. Red algae are mostly marine algae. Red and brown
algae have additional pigments which mask the green colour of chlorophyll.
Blue-green algae are more like bacteria, so they are now called cyanobacteria.
Algin from seaweeds, is used to make ice creams, cosmetics and shaving cream. Agar
is from red algae, is used in the laboratory. Diatoms are used to make glass, ceramics,
porcelain. Toothpaste, polishes and filter.. Some algae are eaten. All algae provide food
to other aquatic organisms.
Eutrophication is the enrichment of water bodies With plant nutrients. It leads abnormal
algal growth, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and the death of other aquatic organisms.
Bacteria come in four shapes-rod-shaped bacilli, spherical cocci, comma-shaped vibrios
and spiral spirilla. They have a cell wall but do not have a nucleus. They reproduce by
binary fission and can respire aerobically or anaerobically.
The action of bacteria and yeast on carbohydrates is called fermentation. Bacteria are
used to make alcohol, vinegar, cheese and yoghurt. They are used in the production of
tea, coffee and tobacco, and in the leather and jute industries. Some bacteria are used
to make antibiotics, some help in digestion, while some convert atmospheric introgen
into nitrates. Bacteria also decompose waste and recycle nutrients.
Some bacteria cause diseases, while others spoil food.
Fungi are plantlike organisms without chlorophyll Yeast is a unicellular fungus used to
make alcohol bread and other fermentative food. It is also used to make B-complex
vitamins.
Moulds are multicellular fungi. They form a tangled mass of threadlike structures. The
network is the mycelium, while the threadlike structures bearing sporangia are the
hyphae.
Some moulds are used to produce antibiotics and process cheese. Others spoil food.
Some fungi cause plant and animal diseases.
Protozoans are unicellular, animal-like organisms. Euglena can photosynthesis.
Amoeba engulfs food with pseudopodia. Paramoceium has cilia.
Zooplankton feed other marine organisms. Protozoans are used for the treatment of
sewage. Some live in the body of other organisms and help them.
Some protozoans cause diseases.
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Viruses are acellular. When they enter a cell, they direct the cell to produce copies of
themselves and thus destroy the cell. All viruses cause diseases and are parasites.
Most ways of preserving food involve steps to create conditions that are unfaviourable
for the growth of microorganisms. Drying, freezing, heating, pasteurisation, canning,
vacuum-packing and adding preservatives are some ways of preserving food.
Q. 1 What do you know about protozoa?
Ans. Protozoa are single called living cells. Amoeba, Paramesium, Euglena, Plasmodium are
examples of protozoa. They are oval spherical and elongated in shape. They cause
diseases like malaria and dengue. They decompose organic matters to convert them in
useful soil nutrients.
Q. 2 What do you understand by microorganism? Describe their useful and harmful effects.
Ans. Microorganisms are very small organisms that are visible only under microscope. These
are generally useful in many ways.
(i)
In soil, these help in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
(ii)
They help us to prepare wine, picles, vinegar, cheese, curd, aroma in tobacco
and some antibiotics.
(iii)
They help in the treatment of sewage materials.
Harmful effects:
They cause sickness, cold malaria, skin infections, influenza etc.
Q. 3 Describe the main characteristics of viruses in brief.
Ans. Viruses are very small organisms and can be ssen under an electron microscop.
Ordinary, their presence is felt by the effect they have on their hosts. They have no
independent existence. It is a non-living particle when remains outsie a living cell. They
replicate only inside the living cells. They have no cellular structure. A virus has a small
amount of a genetic material enclosed by a protective protein coat. They are parasitic in
nature.
Q. 4 How do you compare the number of microbes present in ponds and lakes with those
present in water obtained from deep wells or hand pumps?
Ans. Water of ponds and lakes are densely populated by microorganisms compare to water
from hand pumps or deep wells.
Q. 5 How do yeast make bread light and spongy?
Ans. Due to the presence of sugar and warmth, the yeasts reproduce and releases CO 2. The
bubbles of CO2 rise in the bread loaf making the bread light and spongy.
Q. 6 What is fermentation?
Ans. Fermentation is a slow biochemical process in which sugar molecules in water are
broken down due to some yeast in the absence of air. Thus, when sugar soltuion in
water is kept with some yeast in a tumbler for a few days, alcohol is formed.
39 | P a g e
Q. 7 What are antibiotics? Who discovered Penicillin?
Ans. Antibiotics are the substances that are produced by the microorganisms and are used to
inhibit or control other microorganisms and are used to inhibit or control other
microorganisms, e.g., penicillin. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
Q. 8 How is milk converted into curd by bacterial activity?
Ans. The curd has a mixture of microorganisms mainly bacteria like-Lactobacillus and
Staphylo-coccus alongwith another microorganisms like Yeast. When we add a small
amount of curd to the milk of warmth 37̊̊c, the Lactobacillus start growing. This is an
anaerobic bacteria, which reacts with non-fact components to give acidic products.
Thus, the milk begins to thicken and curdle. Excess growth of these bacterial make the
milk or curd sour.
Q. 9 How is algae useful to us?
Ans. 1.
Algae is useful source of oxygen on earth and it also provides good food for
many aquatic animals.
2.
Alage and their products are used in commercial use like medicines, food and
cosmetics.
3.
They are also used for paper manufactureing, fabric printing etc.
4.
The alage are also used to get various chemicals like iodine, potassium, silica
etc.
5.
They are also used in making filters, glasses and porcelain.
6.
Some algae are also taken in as a human food or food products.
Q. 10 How are protozoa useful to us?
Ans. (i)
They feed on fungi and bacteria and help in decomposing organic matter.
(ii)
They are important links in aquatic food chains.
(iii)
They are used as research materials to study biological functions.
(iv)
They sometimes provide habitat to other living organisms. Thus, they are
symbiotic in existence.
Q. 11 Name the commonly used vaccines with corresponding disease (s) in our country.
Ans.
Vaccine
Disease
DPT
diphtheria, Pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus
BCG
TB
Polio
polio
Typhoid
typhoid
MMR
smallpox, rabies, measles
Q. 12 State some beneficial effects of bacteria.
Ans. Beneficial effects of bacteria
(i)
They convert fruit juices into vinegar and wine.
(ii)
Some bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, i.e., help in fixation of
nitrogen.
(iii)
They help in the digestion of food in our body.
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Q. 13
Ans.
Q. 14
Ans.
Q. 15
Ans.
Q. 16
Ans.
Q. 17
Ans.
Q. 18
Ans.
Q. 19
Ans.
Q. 20
Ans.
(iv)
They decompose organic matter to give nutrients to plants.
(v)
They give as various milk products like curd and cheese.
What are communicable diseases? Name a few.
The microbial diseases that are passed on from infected person to the healthy person
through air, water, food or physical contact are known as communicable diseases, e.g.,
(i) cholera, (ii) flu, (iii) leprosy, etc.
How does a housefly transmit diseases?
When the housefly sits on excreta or garbage it takes the microbes from there because
these stick to his legs. When the same fly sits on our food, these pathogenic microbes
are left on it. This way the diseases are transmitted by microorganisms.
How are protozoa harmful to us?
Some protozoa cause diseases to us like fever, dysentry etc.
Entoamoeba Amoebc dysentry.
Trypanosoma causs sleeping sickness.
What are the ways through which microor ganisms enter out body?
Microorganisms enter our body:
(i)
Through air during breathing.
(ii)
Through contaminated water.
(iii)
By contact with infected person.
(iv)
Through our food or other edible things.
Why do we use cold temperature like refrigerator or freeze to protect food products from
decay?
We use cold temperature like refrigerator or freeze to protect our food products from
decay because the growth of microorganisms declines at low temperature.
Explain why pasteurized milk can be consumed without boiling.
Pasteurized milk can be consumed without boiling as it is free from microbes. The milk
is heated to 70̊c for 15 seconds and then suddenly chilled and stored. By doing so, it
prevents the growth of microbes. This process was discovered by Louis Pasteur. It is
called pasteurization.
How can the spoilage in food be detected?
Following indicates spoilage in food.
(A) Odour: Food gets spoiled due to bacteria, that gives our fowl odour or repulsive
smell. It happens only when bacteria breaks the protein present in food items.
(B) Souring: certain bacteria act to produce acds which makes the food sour in taste. It
happens in case of milk and gravies of vegetables if not preserved properly.
(C) Gtas formation: sometimes gases like carbon dioxide are produced due to bacteria.
It makes the food swell or spongly.
Explain various methods that can be used for food preservation.
Impartant methods used for preserving food are:
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Q. 21
Ans.
Q. 22
Ans.
Q. 23
Ans.
Chemical Method: Salts and edible oils are the common chemicals generally used to
chech the growth of microorganisms. Therefore, they are called perservatives. We add
salt or acids as preservatives to pickles to prevent the attach of microbes. Sodium
benzoate and sodium metabisulphite are common preservatives. These are also used
in the jams and squashes to check their spoilage.
Preservation by salt: Common salt has been used to preserve meat and fish for ages.
Meat and fish are covered with dry salt to check the growth of bacteria. Salting is also
used to preserve amla, raw mangoes, tamarind, etc.
Preservation by Sugar: Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar. Sugar
reduces the moisture content and inhibits the growth of food spoiling bacteria
(microbes).
Preser vation by Oil and Vinegar: Use of oil and vinegar prevents spoilage of pickles
because bacteria cannot live in such an environment. Vegetables, fruits, fish and meat
are often preserved by this method.
What is nitrogen fixation?
The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into its usable forms is called
nnitrogen fixation.
Write one otherway, how nitrogen is fixed.
Sometimes nitrogen gets fixed through the action of lightning.
Describe nitrogen cycle in nature.
78% of the total gases in the atmosphere is nitrogen but it cannot be used by plants and
animals directly. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria and algae present in the soil fix nitrogen
from the atmosphere and convertinto nitrate forms. Once nitrogen is converted into
these usable forms, it can be utilised by plants through their root system. This is the
process of ‘fixing’ of nitrogen. Animals feeding on plants get proteins and other
nitrogenous compounds.
When plants and animals die, bacteria and fungi present in the soil convert various
nitrogenous compound into nitrates and nitrites. Centrain spedialized bacteria convert
nitrates and nitrites into nitrogen gas. As a result, the percentage of nitrogen in the
atmosphere remains more or less content.
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SECTION – A

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
Q. 8
Q. 9

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q .4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
Q. 8
Q. 9
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a_______.
Blue green algae fix_______ directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.
Alcohol is produced with the help of_________.
Cholera is caused by__________.
__________ spreads by the bite of female, Anopheles mosquito.
________ accidently discovered penicillin.
Bacteria such as_________ can fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into usable
nitrogenous compounds.
Common cold is a/an___________ borne disease.
Raw mangoes and tamarind can be preserved by_________.
SECTION – B
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Which microbes is used to make curd from milk?
(A) Bacteria (B) Virus
(C) Fungi
(D) Protozoan
The gas released during fermentation of sugar by yeast cells is(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Carbon monoxide
(C) Hydrogen
(D) Oxygen
Which disease is caused by virus?
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) Common cold (C) Typhoid (D) Malaria
Bacteria can be seen only(A) In light
(B) In darkness
(C) Under a microscope (D) Under a magnifying glass
Which of the following is a nitrifying bacteria?
(A) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
(B) Nitrosomonas and Pseudomonas
(C) Nitrobactor and Pseudomonas
(D) Nitrobactor and Lactobacillus
Which microorganisms is maller than bacteria?
(A) Protozoan
(B) Virus
(C) Fungi
(D) Algae
Microbes are an important part of the environment because they(A) Break down waste producets
(B) Cause the water cycle
(C) Protect the ozone layer
(D) Block global warming
Infectious diseases can spread
(A) From one person to another (B) By eating only frost fruit
(C) From washing your hands
(D) By Inheritance
What does you stomach use to kill microbes?
(A) Acid
(B) Water
(C) Salt
(D) Alkali
43 | P a g e
Q. 10 Which of the following correctly describes the size of fungi compared to the size of
bacteria?
(A) Fungi are larger
(B) Bacteria are larger
(C) They are about the same size (D) They are the same size but different shapes
Q. 11 Most bacteria can be killed by
(A) Cooking (B) Refrigeration
(C) Freezing (D) Salting
Q. 12 When a person is made immune to a disease by an injection they have usually been
(A) Vaccinated
(B) Infected (C) Infectious
(D) Communicable
Q. 13 Penicillium is a
(A) Algae
(B) Fungus (C) Bacteria (D) Yeast
Q. 14 Malaria is caused by
(A) Protozoa (B) Virus
(C) Algae
(D) Bacteria
Q. 15 Mushrooms belong to
(A) Protozoa (B) Virus
(C) Algae
(D) Bacteria
Q. 16 Rhizobium bacteria
(A) help in digestion
(B) help in nitrogen fixation
(C) cause various diseases (D) All of above
Q. 17 Coci are__________ shaped bacteria.
(A) Rod-shaped
(B) Round-shaped (C) Spiral
(D) Comma
Q. 18 Spirogyra is
(A) An algae (B) A fungi (C) A protozoa
(D) A bacteria
Q. 19 Amount of nitrogen in atmosphere is
(A) 58%
(B) 68%
(C) 78%
(D) 88%
Q. 20 Vaccine for small pox is discovered by
(A) Louis Pasteur (B) Alexander Fleming
(C) Edward Jenner (D) John Mendal

Q. 1
Ans.
Q. 2
Ans.
Q. 3
Ans.
Q. 4
Ans.
Q. 5
Ans.
Q. 6
SECTION – C
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Give two examples of microorganisms.
Bacteria and Fungi.
Name two habitats of microorganisms.
(i) Soil
(ii) Water
Write the names of some diseases caused by virus.
Influenza (Flu), Polio and Chicken Pox are some diseases caused by viruses.
Mention some diseases caused by bacteria.
Typhoid and Tuberculosis (TB) are the bacterial diseases.
Mention two groups of Microorganisms which live in colonies.
(i) Bacteria
(ii) Fungi
What are antibiotics?
44 | P a g e
Ans. The medicines which kill or stop the growth of the disease-causing microorganisms are
called antibiotics.
Q. 7 Who discovered the antibiotics?
Ans. Alexander Fleming in 1929.
Q. 8 Name a popular vaccination programme.
Ans. Pulse Polio Programme.
Q. 9 Name two communicable diseases.
Ans. Cholera and Chicken pox.
Q. 10 Which is the carrier of dengue virus?
Ans. Female Aedes mosquito.
Q. 11 Name a disease which is common in human and other animals.
Ans. Anthrax.
Q. 12 Write the name of viral disease in cattles.
Ans. Foot and Mouth disease.
Q. 13 Which microorganisms are called nitrogen fixing bacteria?
Ans. Rhizobium bacteria.
Q. 14 Where do Rhizobium bacteria commonly live?
Ans. Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants.

Q. 1
Ans.
Q. 2
Ans.
Q. 3
Ans.
Q. 4
Ans.
Q. 5
Ans.
Q. 6
Ans.
Q. 7
Ans.
Q. 8
Ans.
Q. 9
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
What are microorganisms or microbes?
The organisms which are not seen with our naked eyes are called microorganisms.
What are the four major groups of microorganisms?
(i) Bacteria (ii) Fungi
(iii) Protozoa (iv) Algae
What are viruses?
Very tiny microscopic organisms which reproduce only inside the cells of host
organisms are called viruses.
Name the microorganisms which promote the formation of curd.
Bacterium lactobacillus promotes the formation of curd.
What is fermentation?
The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is known as fermention.
What do you mean by the antibodies?
When a disease carrying microbe enters in the body, the body produces a substance to
fight the invader, these are called antibodies.
What is vaccine?
The medicine used to protect the children from several diseases is called vaccine.
What are pathogens?
The disease causing microorganisms are called pathogens.
What do you mean by food preservation?
45 | P a g e
Ans. Process to prevent food material from spoilage by the action of microbes is called
preservation.
Q. 10 What are preservatives?
Ans. The chemicals which are use to check the growth of microorganisms are called
preservatives.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)
Q. 1 Explain the formation of curd from the milk.
Ans. Curd contains several microorganisms. Of these, the Lactobacillus bacterium causes
the formation of curd. It multiplies in milk and converts it into the curd. Curd is an
important ingredient of rava idlis and bhaturas.
Q. 2 What is the role of yeast in baking industry?
Ans. Yeast plays an important role in the baking industry. Yeast reproduces rapidly and
produces carbon dioxide during respiration. Bubbles of the gas fill the dough and
increas its volume. This is the basis of use of yeast in the baking industry for making
breads, pastries and cakes.
Q. 3 How do microorganisms spoil food?
Ans. Microorganisms grow on the food materials and multiply reapidly. They release toxins in
the food and make them unfit to consume. They break down the food molecules into
amines and change the taste, texture and appearance of food.
Q. 4 What are communicable diseases? Explain with examples.
Ans. The microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person
through air, water, food or physical contact are called communicable diseases.
Examples of such diseases include cholera, common cold, chicken pox and
tuberculosis.
Q. 5 What is pasteurization of milk?
Ans. Pasteuirised milk can be consumed without boiling as it is free from harmful microbes.
The milk as heated to about 70̊c for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and
stored. By doing so the milk is prevented by the growth of microbes.
This process was discovered by Louis Pasteur so it is called Pasteurization.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
Q. 1 Explain the uses of Bacteria, Fungi and Algae.
Ans. (A)
Uses of Bacteria:
46 | P a g e
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(B)
(C)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
They are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.
Some bacteria are used to produce antibiotics.
Lactobacillus bacteria converts milk into curd. It also helps in digestion of
food.
(iv)
Some bacteria help in many functions of our body.
Uses of Fungi:
(i)
Yeast is used to prepare alcohol and vinegar by fermentation.
(ii)
Yeast is used to produce breads, cheese, bear, wine etc.
(iii)
Mushrooms are eaten as food.
(iv)
Yeast is used to produce vitamin B
(v)
Pencillin is an antibiotics formed by a fungs called Pencillium.
Uses of Algae:
Algae are used to make jellies.
They are used in soups, icecreams, jellies and jams as thickening agent.
Chlorella is used to obtain proteins.
Silica from diatoms are used in toothpastes.
Q. 2 Explain some indications which help to detect the spoilage in food.
Ans. Indications to detect spoilage in food:
(i)
Odour: The unpleasant and foul smell indicates that food is spoiled.
(ii)
Discolouration: the presence of the microorganisms in the food results in
discolouraion of food black. Some fungus and moulds cause change in original
colour.
(iii)
Taste: Sometimes the cooked food becomes sour. It is due to the production of
acids by the action of certain bacteria.
(iv)
Sliminess: Sometimes the food becomes slimy. It is also due to action of certain
bacteria, thread like slims also caused due to moulds.
(v)
Gas formation: Due to action of bacteria gases like carbon dioxide are produced.
They also spoil the food by making it swell or become spongy.

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
SECTION – A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ( WITH ONE CORRECT ANSWER):
Alcohol is produced with the help of(A) sodium chloride (B) yeast
(C) nitrogen (D) carbon dioxide
The status of algae in the aquatic food chain is(A) consumers
(B) producers
(C) host
(D) small in size
The rod shaped bacteria are called47 | P a g e
(A) Bacillus (B) Coccus (C) Vibrio
(D) Spirillum
Q. 4 Bacteria present in root nodules of pea(A) Coli
(B) Plasmodium
(C) Rhizobium
(D) Spirillum
Q. 5 The disease caused by protozoa is(A) tuberculosis
(B) polio
(C) typhoid (D) malaria
Q. 6 Which cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil?
(A) Rhizobium
(B) Clostridium
(C) Azotobacter
(D) Penicillin
Q. 7 The disease caused by virus is(A) measles (B) chicken pox
(C) polio
(D) hepatitis B
Q. 8 Which bacteria helps in settling of curd?
(A) Rhizobium
(B) Lactobacillus
(V) Vibriocholarae (D) Bacillus
Q. 9 Which microorganism causes AIDS?
(A) A protozoa
(B) A bacteria
(C) A virus (D) An algae
Q. 10 Which of the following is not used as food preservatives?
(A) Salt
(B) Sugar
(C) Vinegar (D) Methane
Q. 11 The process by which amount of nitrogen remains the same in the atmosphere is known
as(A) fermentation
(B) carbon cycle
(C) nitrogen cycle (D) photosynthesis

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
SECTION – B
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ( WITH ONE OR MORE THAN ONE
CORRECTANSWERS):
Which of the following diseases is caused by Virus?
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) Chicken pox
(C) Hepatitis (D) Thypoid
The preventive measures that need to be taken to prevent Hepatitis b are(A) Drinking boiled water
(B) Vaccination at suitable gas
(C) Maintaining personal hygiene (D) Destroying breeding grounds or mosquitoes
Which of the following is a communicable disease?
(A) Common cold (B) Chicken pox
(C) Cancer (D) Diabetes
Which of the following bacteria are called bacilli?
(A) Bacillus anthracis
(B) Salmonella
(C) Treponema
(D) Streptococcus
Which of the following is/are an Fungi?
(A) Rhizopus
(B) Penicillum
(C) Entamoeba
(D) Escherichia
Which of the following diseases spread by air?
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) Polio
(C) Typhoid (D) Hepatitis (B)
Yeast can be used in making(A) Bread
(B) Wine
(C) Alcohol (D) Curd
SECTION – C

ASSERTION & REASON:
48 | P a g e
Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3

Q. 1
Direction: Each of these questions contains an Assertion followes by reason. Read
them carefully and answer the question on the basis of following options. You have to
select the one that best describes the two statements.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion
(C) If assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(D) If Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct.
Assertion: Viruises can be seen with the help of electron microscope.
Reason: It is much smaller than bacteria.
Assertion: Rhizobium lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
Reason: If fixes nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship.
Assertion: Salt is added to chips and pickles.
Reason: Salting removes oxygen from the food item.
SECTION – D
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TOONE)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II. Only one entries of column-I may have the
matchine with the some entires of column-II and one entry of column-II only one
matching with entries of column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
Bacteriophage
(P)
Protozoa
(B)
Spirogyra
(Q)
Virus
(C)
Aspergillu
(R)
Algae
(D)
Paramecium
(S)
Fungi
SECTION - E

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
COMPREHENSION
Most of the disease of human beings are caused due to contaminated food and water.
These diseases spreads from person to person and are known as communicable
diseases.
Name any two communicable diseases?
Give any two preventive measures for communicable diseases?
What are the two main causes of non communicable diseases?

SECTION – F
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TO MANY)
49 | P a g e
Q. 1
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II one or more than one entries of column-I may
have the matching with the some entries of clumn-II and one entry of column-II may
have one or more than one matching with entries os column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
Unicellular organism
(P)
Nitrogen fixation
(B)
Rhizobium
(Q)
Protozoan
(C)
Cyanobacteria
(R)
Dysentry
(D)
Amoeba
(S)
Bacteria
ANSWER KEY
TRY YOURSELF
Q.1 C
Q. 2
Q. 8 B
Q. 9
Q. 15 A
Q. 16
Q. 22 B
Q. 23
Q. 29 B
Q. 1
Q. 4
Q. 7
microscope
bacteria
Rhizobium
Q. 1 A
Q. 8 A
Q. 15 C
Q. 1
Q. 8
Q. 1
Q. 1
D
A
C
C
B
B
B,C
A
Q. 3
Q. 10
Q. 17
Q. 24
C
C
D
B
Q. 4
Q. 11
Q. 18
Q. 25
C
C
C
A
Q. 2
Q. 5
Q. 8
SECTION – A
atmospheric nitrogen
Malaria
Air
Q. 2 A
Q. 9 A
Q. 16 B
SECTION – B
Q. 3 B
Q. 4 C
Q. 10 A
Q. 11 A
Q. 17 B
Q. 18 A
Q. 2
Q. 9
SECTION – A
Q. 3 A
Q. 4 C
Q. 10 D
Q. 11 C
Q. 2
Q. 2
B
C
A,B,C Q. 3
SECTION – B
A,B Q. 4 A,B
A
SECTION – C
C
Q. 3
Q. 5
Q. 12
Q. 19
Q. 26
B
B
C
C
Q. 6
Q. 13
Q. 20
Q. 27
B
B
B
C
Q. 7
Q. 14
Q. 21
Q. 28
Q. 3
Q. 6
Q. 9
yeast
Alexander Fleming
Salt
A
A
C
D
Q. 5 A
Q. 12 A
Q. 19 C
Q. 6 B
Q. 13 B
Q. 20 C
Q. 7 A
Q. 14 A
Q. 5
D
Q. 6
D
Q. 7
D
Q. 5
A,B
Q. 6
A,B
Q. 7
A,B,C
SECTION –D
50 | P a g e
Q. 1
(A)-(Q), (B)-(R), (C)-(S), (D)-(P)
Q. 1
SECTION – E
(A)-(Q,S), (B)-(P,S), (C)-(P), (D)-(Q,R)
51 | P a g e
3.1
3.2
INTRODUCTION
Cell is the structural and functional unit of all life forms. A single cell organism such as
bacteria, Amoeba and Chlamydomanas are also a type of life forms.
The simplest organism like amoeba consist of one cell while humans have as many as
few trillion cells. The microscopic study of cell is called Cytology. A cell may be defined
as a unit of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane.
A.V. Leeuwenhoek (1632 -* 1723), a first to construct a microscope. He discovered the
munute forms of life such as bacteria and single-celled animals like Infusoria in a drop
of water. He referred to them as the “sretched beasties”.
Leuwenhoek (1674) with the improved microscopek, discovered the free cells in the
form of bacteria etc. for the first time.
Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke (1665), ina cork slice. He gave details
about cell in his book ‘Micrographia” and describer cell as honey comb lattice.
It was Robert Brown in 1831, who discovered the nucleus in the cell.
J.E. Purkinje in 1839 gave the term ‘protoplasm’ for the living fluid substance of the cell.
Cell Theory
The cell theory was presented by two German biologists, M.Schleiden (1838) and T.
Schwann (1839).

All living things are composed of one or more cells

The cells is the smallest entity that still retains the properties of life.

In 1885, Rudolf Virchow added, “Omnis cellulae cellula”, to cell theory (cells arise
from pre-existing cells).
CELL STRUCTURE, SHAPE, SIZE AND NUMBER
3.2.1 Structure of Cell
All cells have three major functional regions, viz. plasma membrane, nucleus and
cytoplasm.
52 | P a g e
The cytologists used to divide the cell into two major components – the nucleus and the
cytoplasm,
3.2.1 Shape of Cell
There is a great variability in shape of cells. The shape of cell is usually related with its
function .
3.2.3 Size of Cell
The smallest cells (0.1 – 0.2 mm) are found in bacteria and some pleur opneumonia –
like or ganisms (PPLO), eg. Mycoplasma gallisepteum. The largest cell is the egg of an
Ostrich which measures 6 inches in diameter with shell and 3 inches, if its shell is
removed. The largest human cell is the female ovum (0.01 mm in diameter). The
smallest human cell is the red blood cell (0.0075 mm or 7.5 mm).
3.2.4 Number or Cell
The number of cells in living organisms also varies gtreatly. In unicellular organisms, a
single cell constitutes its body eg. Amoeba and Paramecium (Protist Organisms) and
Chlamydomonas On the other hand, in human body, the estimated number of cells is
about 26 trillion.
53 | P a g e
3.2.5 Types of Cell
Eukaryotic cells →
Prokaryotic cells →
S. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Size is Generally small (1-10 um)
Size is Generally large (1-100 um)
Protoplasm is relatively rigid, usually
Protoplasm is typically more fluid like,
Non acuolate.
Generally vacuolate.
true nucleus absent, i.e. nuclear
true nucleus present, i.e. nuclear
Membrane and nucleolus absent.
Membrane and nucleolus present.
They have incipent nucleus or nucleiod
Or genophore
membrane-bound cell organelles
membrane-bound cell organelles like
Like plastids, mitochondria, Golgi
plastids, mitocondria, Golgi bodies, E.R.
Bodies, E.R. absent.
Present.
Ribosomes are of 70S type.
Ribosomes are of 80S type.
Examples: Bacteria, blue-green algae, Examples: Cell of all higher organisms,
Mycoplasma.
Including plants and animals
54 | P a g e
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
Differences between Plants Cell and Anilam Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
In has a fefinite cell wall. Cellulose
Call wall is absent.
Cytoplasm is not as dense as in an
Cytoplasm is denser and fills up most of
Animal cell.
The spaces in the cell.
One or more vacuoles are present.
Vacuoles may or may not be present.
Plastids are usually present.
Plastids are absent.
Centrosome is absent.
Centrosome is present near the
nucleus.
3.2.6 Microscope
A Microscope is an instrument which magnifies and also resolves the object seen
through it. Resolving Power of a Microscope: In addition to magnifying a
specimen, a microscope must produce a clear image of the closely spaced parts
of the object. The ability to provide such an image is called the resolving power of
a microscope.
3.3
FUNDAMENTAL PART OF A CELL
3.3.1 Plasma or Cell Membrane

Every living cell is externally covered by thin, transparent, elastic, semipermeable membrane called-plasma or cell membrane.

Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Made up of protein and phospholipids.

Fluid-Mosaic model of plasma membrane is most acceptable. It was proposed by
Singer and Nicholson.

It helps in exchange of gases i.e. CO2 , O2 by the process of diffusion.

Through it movement of water take place by the process of osmosis.

The flexibility of the cell membrane help the cell to engulf in food and other
materials from surrounding. This process is called endocytosis. In take of solid
food by cells is called phagocytosis where as in take of liquid by cells called
pinocytosis.
55 | P a g e



It also surrounds the cell-organelles.
It allows selective molecules to pass through it, so called selectively premeable.
It also act as semi-permeable membrane and allow the passage of solvent
molecules i.e. water. On the basis of this property, cell shows change in it shape
according to concentration of surrounding solutions, which are
(i)
In isotonic solution, has the same concentration of water and solute as
inside a cell. Cell shows no change in its shape.
(ii)
In hypotonic solution, has lower solute concentration than inside the cell.
Cell become turgid.
(iii)
In hypertonic solution, has higher solute concentration than inside the cell.
Cell become flaccid.
3.3.2 Cell Wall

Outer most, rigid, dead, protactive and supportive layer found in all plant
cells, bacteria, cyanobacteria and some protists Absent in animal cells.

Discovered by Robert Hooke (1666).

If present it lies outside the plasma membrane.

Provide shape, rigidity to cell.

In plants, it is made up of cellulose.

In Fungi, it is made up of chitin.

In prokaryotes, it is made up of peptidoglycan.

Helps cell in withstanding the dillute solution without bursting.
3.3.3 Nucleus

Important and essential part of the cell, also called as director/master of the cell,
present in cytoplasm.

Most cells have single nucleus. RBCs of mammals are living but lacks nucleus at
maturity, Paramecium is binucleate (2 Nucleus), a voluntory muscle cell may
contain as much as 50,000 nucleus.

Firstdescribed by Robert Brown (1831).

In prokaryotic cells well defined nucleus is absent due to absence of nuclear
membrane. Such undefined nuclear reason is called a nucleoid or gen ophore.
56 | P a g e
Structure of Eukaryote Nucleus:

It is generally spherical or oval in shape.

It is formed of four components.
Nuclear Membrane

It is bilayer called nuclear envelope or nucleolemma.

Has nuclear pores that allow exchange of substances between nucleus and
cytoplasm etc.
Nucleoplasm

Transparent, homogenous, semifluid substance, having chromatin material and
nucleolus.

Having water, sugar, minerals and various enzymes.
Nucleolus

Ist observed by Fontana (1781).

It is most prominent in non diving cell.

It is a store house of RNA. Helps in synthesis of ribosomes.
Nuclear Chromatin

First reported by W. Flemming (1882).

It is thread like network called Chromosomes, which are visible only during cell
division.

Made up of DNA having genes.
Functions of Nucleus

Controls all cellular activities.

Chromosome contains hereditary informations of the cell and transfer the genetic
information from one generation to another.

Plays central role in cellular reproduction.
TRY YOURSELF
Q. 1 Which of the following lack cell wall?
(A) Bacterial cell
(B) Fungal cell
(C) Protozonal cell (D) Plant cell
Q. 2 The organisms with out cell is
(A) Fungi
(B) Bacteria (C) Virus
(D) Amoeba
Q. 3 Which of these can fix nitrogen of the atmosphere
(A) Cyanobacteria (B) Rhizobium
(C) Nitrobacter
(D) All of these
Q. 4 Who invented the microscope
(A) Robert Hooke (B) Leeuwenhoek (C) Schleiden
(D) Schwan
Q. 5 Which of the following is not correct for the cell?
(A) All cells posses cell wall and nucleus
(B) Cell is the structural and functional
unit of life
(C) Amoeba is a single cell
(D) Cells arise from pre existing cells
Q. 6 Which of the following is present in all living cell?
57 | P a g e
Q. 7
Q. 8
Q. 9
Q. 10
Q. 11
Q. 12
Q. 13
Q. 14
Q. 15
Q. 16
Q. 17
Q. 18
Q. 19
Q. 20
Q. 21
Q. 22
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Plastid (C) Cellwall (D) Cell membrane
Which of the following statement is correct
(A) Plant are mostly Unicellular (B) Basic unit of livings is organ
(C) Amoeba has irregular shape (D) Plastids are absent in plants
The term cell was proposed by
(A) Malpighi (B) Leueenhoek
(C) Schlieden
(D) Hooke
Example of unicellular animal is/are:
(A) Amoeba (B) Paremecium
(C) Plasmodium
(D) All of these
Who applied cell theory to plants?
(A) Schwann (B) Schleiden
(C) Swanson (D) Jensen
Cell theory states that
(A) All living cells do mitosis and metosis
(B) All cells are living
(C) All cells have nucleus
(D) Cell is structural unit of all living organisms
Semipermeability is the property of
(A) Cell Membrane (B) Cell wall (C) ER
(D) All of these
Major part of cell membrane is
(A) Lipid
(B) Protein (C) Carbohydrate (D) Nucleic acid
Outermost covering enclosing the plant cell is called
(A) Tonoplast
(B) ER
(C) Plasmalemma (D) Cell wall
What happens to a cell when its nucleus is removed
(A) Cell dies
(B) Cell shrinks
(C) It becomes non osmotic
(D) It’s metabolism decreases
What is the latest model for the structure of plasmalemma
(A) Unit membrane model
(B) Fluid mosaic model
(C) Molecular sieve model
(D) Sandwich model
Controling centre of a cell is
(A) Nucleus (B) Nucleolus
(C) Chloroplast
(D) Ribosome
A living cell that lacks nucleus at matunity is
(A) RBC
(B) WBC
(C) Platelates
(D) Muscle cell
Which of the following cells do not have a nucleus?
(A) Brain cell
(B) Cardiac muscle fibres
(C) Paraceium
(D) Mature human RBC
The following is a characteristic of a plasma membrane?
(A) It separates the cell contents from its environment
(B) It is permeable to certain substances
(C) It is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
(D) All of the above
Rigidity of cell wall is due to:
(A) Lignin
(B) Suberin (C) Pectin
(D) Cutin
Water enters the cell by:
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Q. 23
Q. 24
Q. 25
Q. 26
3.4
3.5
(A) Endosmosis
(B) Pinocytosis
(C) Phagocytosis (D) All of these
Mitochondria and nucleus are absent in
(A) Nerve cell
(B) Egg cell (C) RBC
(D) WBC
A non-living struchure of cell is
(A) Cell wall (B) Plasma membrane
(C) Cytoplasm
(D) Nucleus
Example of uni-membranous cell organelles are:
(A) Vacuole (B) Golgi body
(C) ER
(D) All of these
Organelle covered by double membrane is
(A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria
(C) Plastid (D) All of the above
CYTOPLASM

Parts of cell present outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane called
cytoplasm, having various organelles to perform various activities of cell like
digestion, synthesis, generation of energy etc.

Cytoplasm is an aqueous jelly having H2O, Oxygen, Carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, amino acids etc.

Organelles are absent in Prokaryotic cells.

The cell organelles are enclosed by membranes which helps in showing
characteristics of life. Membrane also keep organelles separate from the external
environment. So that, organelles can maintain their complex structure and
function.
VARIOUS CELL ORGANELLES FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE
3.5.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membranous network, enclosing a fluid-filled lumen present through out the
cytoplasm.

Abgsent in prokaryotes.

Made up of three types of elements i.e. Cisterae, Vesicles and Tubules.

On the basis of presence or absence of ribosomes, ER is of two types.
(a) Smooth or agranular endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
(b) Rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Helps in transportation of materials

Act as cytoskeleton and provide mechanical support and shape to cell.
59 | P a g e



RER helps in synthesisi of proteins
SER helps in lipid synthesis.
Some proteins and lipids sythesized in ER are used for producing cell membrane
called membrane biogenesis.

In liver cells of vertebrates, SER helps in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.
Note: RER is formed before SER
3.5.2 Golai Apparatus


First described by Camilo Golgi in nerve cells of Barn Owl.
In animals cells it lies above the nucleus. In plant cells, it is scattered in the
cytoplasm called dictyosomes.

Its membrane is connected with membrane of ER and make another cellular
membrane system.

Golgi apparatus helps in packing and dispatching various materials synthesized
near ER to inside and outside the cell. It helps in storage, modification and
packaging of products in vesicles.

Some time it may form complex sugar from simple sugar.

Also forms lysosomes or sucidial bag
3.5.3 Lysosomes

Discovered by de Duve (1955).

Membrane-bound vesicles formed by SER or golgi apparatus.

Contain strong hydrolytic enzyme capable of digesting or breaking down all
organic materials, these enzymes are synthesized by RER.

Helps in intracellular digestion, so called digestive bags.

Destroy any foreign material inside cell such as bacteria etc.

Also remove the worn-out and poorly working cell organelles by digesting them.
Hence, make a waste disposal system of the cell and keep the cell clean.

During distrubance in cellular metabolism i.e. cell get demaged. Lysosomes get
burst and its enzyme digest their won cell. Thus, Lysosomes are also called
suicidal bags of cell.
3.5.4 Mitochondria
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

Rod-shaped, double membranous cell organelles, called power-house of cell.
Outer membrane is smooth and porous but inner one is folded into finger like
cristals, to increase surface area, for ATP generating chemical reaction.

On cristae oxysomes are present, which are the main site of ATP generation.

Main cell organelles in aerobic respirations.

Releases energy required for various chemical activities needed for life in the
form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is called energy currency or coin of
the cell.

ATP is used for making new chemical compounds and for mechanical works.

Mitochondria contain it own circular DNA and ribosomes. So, regarded as semiautonomous and self-replicating cell organelles.
3.5.5 Plastids



(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Term plastid was given by Haeckel (1866).
Found in all plant cells and some protists.
These are double-membranous and having their own DNA. Thus, called semiautonomous and self-replicating cell organelles.
Leucoplasts: Colourless plastids, stores starch, oil and proteins.
Chromoplasts: Colourless plastids, other than green. Contain several pigments
and provide colour to petals, fruits etc.
Chloroplast: Green coloured plastids, found in leaf and other green parts of
plants. Help in photosynthesis to prepare carbohydrates. So, called kitchen of the
cell.
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3.5.6 Ribosome

First of all observed by Claude (1941) by electron mircroscope and called
microsome.

Name ribosome given by Palade (1955). Also known as Pallades particle.

Smallest cell organelle found in both pro and eukaryotic cells.

Main site of protein synthesis, known as engine of cell or protein factory.

Not surrounded by any membrane.

Are of two types on the basis of size and svedberg unit or sedimentation
coefficient i.e.
(a) 70S ribosomes: Found in prokaryotes and having two sub units i.e. 50S and
30S.
(b) 80S ribosomes: Found in eukaryotes and having two sub units that is 60S
and 40S.
3.5.7 Centrosome


Also called cell-centre, was first discovered by Von Benden (1887).
Formed by two granules called centroile, surrounded by transparent area called
centrosphere,

Found in all animal cells except mature RBC. Also found in most of protists and
motile plant cells.
3.5.8 Cilla and Flagella

Thread like projections, developes from the surface of motile unicellular algae,
bacteria, fungi and several spores and gametes.

Cilia are shorter (5-10 n,), flagella are longer (upto 150 nm), but both have the
same basic structure.

Both arises from basal bodies or kinetosome.

Both are responsible for the mobility of the cell.
3.5.9 Vacuoles

These are uni-membranous sacs for storage of solid or liquid.

Its outer mambrane is called tonoplast.
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



Structure
Small and few in animal cells but large and well developed in plant cell.
Store some proteins, amino acids, sugars, various organic acids etc., which are
essential for plants cells.
In amoeba, store food called food vacuoles.
In some unicellular, aquatic organisms vacuole helps in expelling excess water
and some wastes from the cell called contractile vacuole (CV).
Overview of Cell
Function
Prokaryotes
Plants
Animals
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chlorplasts
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysomosomes
Vacuole
Cytoskeleton
Centroiles
Cilia and flagella

Protects, supports cell
Present
Isolates cell contents from
Present
Environment, Selectively
Permeable
DNA is present on
Single, Circular,
Chromosomes
Histone Protein Absent
Master of cell
Absent
Regulates movement of
Absent
Materials into and out
Of nucleus
Synthesizes ribosomes
Absent
Produce energy by
Absent
Aerobic metabolism
Photosynthesis
Absent
Provide site of Protein
70 S
Synthesis
Protein and Lipid Synthesis Absent
Modifies and packages
Absent
Proteins and lpids;
Synthesizes carbohydrates
Sucidial bags
Absent
Storage house contains
Absent
Water and wastes; provides
Turgor pressure to support
Cell
Gives shape and support Absent
To cell
Synthesize microtubules
Absent
Of cilia and flagella; may
Roduce spindle in animal
Cell
Move cell through fluid or present
Move fluid past cell surface
Present
Prenset
Absent
Present
Many, Linear,
Many, linear, Histone
Histone Present Present
Present, Peripheral Present, central
Present
Present
Present
Present
Present
Present
Present
80 S
Absent
80 S
Present
Present as
dictyosome
Present
Present
Present
Permanent and
many
Present
Absent of few.
temporary present
Present
Present
Mostly Absent
Present
Mostly Absent
Present
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
S. No.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
1
Plant cells are usually larger
Animal cells are generally small in
Animal cells.
Size.
2
The plasma membrane of a plant Cell wall is absent.
Cell is surrounded by a rigid cell
Wall made up of cellulose.
63 | P a g e
3
4
5
6
7
8
Plastids (leucoplasts, chloroplast
Chromoplasts) are present in
Plant cells.
Vacuoles are present in
Abundance. They are larger in
Size.
Plant cells have many simpler
Units of Golgi complex, called
Dictyosomes.
Centroiles have not been found
In plant cells (except in a few
Lower plants).
Cytokinesis takes place by cellPlate formation.
Plant cells usually have a regular
Shape.
Plastids are absent.
Vacuoles are less in number and
smaller in size.
Animal cells have a single higly
elaborate Golgi complex.
Animal cells possess centroiles.
Cytokinesis takes place by constriction
During cell division.
Animal cells are usualy irregular in
Shape.
TRY YOURSELF
Q. 27 A prokaryotic cell does not possess
(A) Nuclear membrane
(B) Plasma membrane
(C) Cell wall (D) Cytoplasm
Q. 28 Who coined the term protoplasm?
(A) Dujardin (B) Purkinje (C) Nirenberg
(D) Francis P. Roux
Q. 29 Protoplasm includes
(A) Only cytoplasm
(B) Only nucleus and centrosome
(C) Both cytoplasm and nucleus (D) None of these
Q. 30 The endoskeleton of a cell is made up of
(A) Cell wall (B) ER
(C) Cytoplasm
(D) Mitochondria
Q. 31 Large vacoules are found in?
(A) Bacterial cell
(B) Viral cell (C) Animal cell
(D) Plant cell
Q. 32 Hydrolytic enzymes are located in
(A) Lysosomes
(B) Ribosomes
(C) Microsomes
(D) Mesosomes
Q. 33 Tonoplast is a membrane surrounding the
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Nucleus (C) Vacuole (D) Mitochondria
Q. 34 What type of protein is synthesized over ribosomes?
(A) Reserve food protein
(B) Enzymatic protein
(C) Flagellar protein
(D) All of these
Q. 35 Which of the pair resembles in having the prokaryotic ribosomes
(A) Chloroplast and nucleus
(B) Nucleus and cytoplasm
(C) Cytoplasm and nucleus
(D) Mitochondria and chloroplast
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Q. 36 Plant cell is characterized by
(A) Presence of wall, absence of vacuole
(B) Presence of wall, vacuole and starch and the absence of centriole or centrosome.
(C) Presence of vacuole and absence of plastids
(D) Presence of centriole and lysosomes and absence of plastids.
Q. 37 The pair correctly matched in regard to a cell organelle and its functions, is
(A) Ribosome-Synthesis of protein
(B) Endoplasmic reticulum-Production of ATP
(c) Golgi body-Cerries hereditary information (D) Mitochondira-Destroy foreign
substances
Q. 38 The infoldings of theinner membrane of mitochondria is referred to as
(A) Grana
(B) Stroma (C) Oxysome (D) Cristae
Q. 39 Mitochondria usually occur in
(A) Vegatative cells
(B) Reproductive cells
(C) Both vegetative and reproductive cells
(D) None of these
Q. 40 Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles are called
(A) Prokaryotic
(B) Eukaryotic
(C) Sperm (D) Egg
Q. 41 Which of the following cellular component can be used to distinguish a prokaryotic cell
from a eukaryotic cell?
(A) Nucleus (B) Plasma membrane
(C) DNA
(D) Proteins
Q. 42 Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
(A) Cell wall (B) Vacuole (C) Mitochondria
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Q. 43 The organelle regarded as sugar factory in an autotropic eukaryotic cell is:
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Chloroplast
(C) Ribosome
(D) E.R.
Q. 44 Golgi apparatus is lacking in:
(A) Liver cell (B) Higher plants (C) Blue-green algae
(D) Yeast
Q. 45 Choose correct option:
(A) Membrane biogenesis – ER (B) Power hourse - Golgi body
(C) Suicidal bags - Mitochondria (D) Director of cell – Chlorplast
Q. 46 Protoplasm excluding nucleus is called
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Endoplasm
(C) Ectoplasm
(D) Protoplasm
Q. 47 Eukaryotic cells devoid of ER are
(A) Liver cells
(B) Kidney cell
(C) WBC
(D) Mature erytorocytes
Q. 48 SER takes part in synthesis of
(A) lipids and steroids
(B) Kidney cell
(C) carbohydrate
(D) all of the above
Q. 49 Most abundant organelle of the active cells
(A) Mitochondria
(B)secretion (C)Ribosomes
(D) Golgi body
Q. 50 Golgi aparatus is concerned with
(A) excretion (B) secretion (C) ATP synthesis (D) RNA synthesis
Q. 51 Main function of lysosome is
(A) Secretion
(B) Respiration
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Q. 52
Q. 53
Q. 54
Q. 55
Q. 56













(C) Extracellular digestion
(D) Intra cellular digestion
Smallest cell organelle is
(A) Ribosome
(B) Palade’s particle (C) Both A and B (D) Mitochondria
Centrioles are found
(A) Singly
(B) In Pairs (C) In Triplets
(D) In Quadraplets
Liquid content of a vacuole is called
(A) cell sap (B) matrix
(C) nucleoid (D) core
___________ is known as protein factory.
(A) Ribosome
(B) Nucleoid (C) Centrioles
(D) None
Tonoplast is covering of
(A) Ribosome
(B) Nucleoid (C) Centrioles
(D) None of these
Cell is the basic unit of life that can carry out all the processes to life.
Rebert Hooke was the first person to observe cells under a microscope.
Schleidam and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory in 1838.
All organisms are made of smaller parts called organs. Organs are made of still smaller
parts called cell.
Tissue is a group of cells that are alike and work together to perform a specific function.
Organ is a relatively independent part of the body. It is agroup of tissue that carries out
one or more specialised function.
Organisms made of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms. Examples
plants and animals.
Organisms made of single-cell are called unicellular organisms. Examples, amoeba,
Paramecium.
The single cell of unicellular organism performs all the basic functions performed by a
veriety of cells in multicellular organisms.
A white blood cell (WBC) in human blood is an example of single cell which can change
in shape.
The cell has three main parts
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

vacuole
Cells without well organised nuclei (i.e., laking nuclear membrane) are called
prokaryotic cells. For example, bacterial cell.
Cells having well organised nuclei with a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic cells.
For example, onion cells and cheek cells.
66 | P a g e











Plasma membrance is a selectively permeable membrane. It regulates the movement of
molecules in and out of cell.
Plant cells differ from animal cells in having an additional layer around cell membrane
called cell wall.
When a plant cell is put in a hypertonic solution, it losses water due to osmosis
(exosmosis) and as a result, protoplast is shrinked away from the cell wall. This is called
plasmolysis.
Various membrane bound cell organelles present in eukaryotic cell are nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum,
Mitochondria from powerhous of cell. They use molecular oxygen and generate energyrich compounds.
Chloroplasts are chlorophyll containing green palstids. They use water and CO2 and
covert radiant energy of sunlight into chemical energy of carbohydrates.
Ribosomes are sites or protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulamare of two types – SER and RER, SER synthesizes lipids and
RER synthesises proteins.
Golgi apparatus is the site for the storage, processing and packaging of various cellular
secretions.
Lysosomes form garbage disposal system of animal cells.
Nucleus contains thread like structure called chromosomes, which carry genes and
helps in transmission of characters.
Q. 1 Make a sketch of the human nerve cell. What function do nerve cells perform?
Ans. Function of Nerve cells:
The nerve cell receives and transfers messages, thereby helping to control and
coordinate the working of different part of the body.
Q. 2
Write short notes on the following:
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Nucleus of a cell
Ans.
67 | P a g e
(a)
Q. 3
Ans.
Cytoplasm: This is jelly like substance found between the nucleus and the cell
mumbrene. Various other components or organelles of cells are present in the
cytoplasm. It is made up of basic elements like C, H, O and N. These are found
in the form of substances like carbohydrates, proteins and water. These
substances are present in all the cells of every organism irrespective of size,
shape and whether they are unicellular or multicellular.
(b)
Nucleus of a cell: It is an important component of the living cell. It is generally
spherical and located in the centre of the cell. It can be stained and seen easily
with the help of a microscope. Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane called the nuclear membrane. This membrane is also porous and
allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the
nucleus.
With a microscope of higher magnification, we can see a smaller spherical,
dense body in the nucleus. It is called the nucleolus. In addition, nucleus contains
thread-like structures called chromosomes. These carry genes and help in
inheriatance or transfer of characters from the parents to the next generation.
The chromosomes can be seen only when the cell divides.
Nucleus, in additions to its role in inheritance, acts as control centre of the
activities of the cell.
Make sketches of animal and plant cells. State three differeneces between them.
Plant cells
Animal cells
1. The outermost covering is cell
1.
The outermost covering is the plasma
Wall which is made of cellulose.
Membrane which is living material.
2. Plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) present. 2.
Plastids absent.
3. Large vacuoles present.
3.
No or small vacuoles are present.
Q. 4 State the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Ans.
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
1. Nucleus of the cell has nuclear
1.
Nucleus is not bound by membrane.
Membrane.
2. Possess membrane bound organelles.2.. Membrane bound organelles are absent.
3. Examples include all higher plants 3.
Examples are bacteria and blue green
68 | P a g e
Q. 5
Ans.
Q. 6
Ans.
Q. 7
Ans.
Q. 8
Ans.
Q. 9
Ans.
Q. 10
Ans.
And animals.
Algae.
Where are chromosomes found in a cell? State their functions.
Chromosomes found in nucleus. Functions of chromosomes carry genes on them and
help the transfer of character from parents to the next generation.
Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms. Explain.
Cells in the living organism are basic structural units. They have different designs,
shape and sizes in the living organsim. In living world, organsm differ from one another
cell but all are made up of cells. Cells in the living organism are complex living structure.
Explain why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells?
There are some coloured bodies found in the cytoplasm of the cell of tradescantia leaf.
These coloured bodies are scattered in the cytoplasm of the leaf cells. These are called
plastids. They are of different colours. Some of them contain green pigment called
chlorophyll. Green coloured plastids are called chloroplasts. They provide green colour
to the leaves. So we know that chlorophyll mostly found in plant cell. Therefore
chloroplast found in plant cells.
Distinguish between plasma membrance and cell wall.
Plasma Membrane
Cell wall
1. It is consisted of plasma protein
1. It is made up of complex carbohydrate
Is living.
Called cellulose and it is dead or non
Living.
2. It is found in both plant and
2. It is found in plant cells only.
Animal cells.
3. It is semi permeable.
3. It is permeable.
4. It is soft and elastic.
4. It is hard and rigid.
What is the significance of cell wall in a plant cell?
If performs the following functions in the plant cell:
(i)
It gives a dequite shape to the cell.
(ii)
It provides modity and strength to the cell.
(iii)
It protects the inner cell organelles bounding the cell.
(iv)
It also withstand the osmotic pressure which is developed by cell contents.
How do you differentiate protoplasm from cytoplasm?
Protoplasm is the liquid substance enclosed by cell membrane which cytoplasm is the
liquid between the nucleus and plasma membrane. The organelles appear as particles
in cytoplasm.
SECTION – A

Q. 1
Fill in the blanks
Ribosomes are located on the surface of___________.
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Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
Q. 8
Q. 9
Q. 10
Q. 11
Q. 12
Q. 13
Q. 14
Q. 15
______________store hydrolytic enzymes.
_____________regarded as director of cell.
______________and___________ are called semi-autonomous cell organelle.
____________ are the main sites for synthesis of ATP in mitochondria.
Protoplasm consist of two parts_______and ____________.
___________ is the basic unit of life.
_________ seprates the content of a cell from its surrounding medium.
Cell wall is absent in___________ cells
Cell wall is made up of_________ in plant cell.
____________ allows exchange of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
_____________ are units of hereditary meterial.
PER helps in the synthesis of__________.
When lysosomes bring self destruction of a cell, they are called____________.
Vacuoles are fluid filled sacs covered by a membrane called___________.
SECTION – B

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q. 1 All organism consist of smaller part called
(A) organs (B) cell
(C) cell wall (D) organell
Q. 2 Which part of the cell contains organells?
(A) Protoplasm
(B) Nucleoplasm
(C) Chromosomes (D) Cytoplasm
Q. 3 Which of the following is not a plastid?
(A) Chloroplast
(B) Chromoplast
(C) Leucoplast
(D) Ribosome
Q. 4 The colour of chlorophyll priment is
(A) yellow
(B) green
(C) red
(D) blue
Q. 5 Cell wall of plants is made up of
(A) starch
(B) lignin
(C) cellulose (D) protein
Q. 6 Which of the following is not a unicellular organism?
(A) WBC
(B) Paramecium
(C) Bacteria (D) Amoeba
Q. 7 Mitosis is a
(A) cell division
(B) cell death (C) cell elongation (D) cell wall
Q. 8 DNA stands for
(A) deoxy ribose nucleic acid
(B) deoxy ribonucleic acid
(C) dioxide nucleic acid
(D) dihydrogen ribose nucleic acid
Q. 9 Which of the following is the site for energy production?
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Nucleoplasm
(C) Cytoplasm
(D) Nuclear membrane
Q. 10 The largest cell is that of
(A) plant
(B) ostrich eg (C) hen egg (D) human cheek
Q. 11 Which is the outermost layer of an animal cell?
(A) Call wall (B) Cytoplasm
(C) Plasma membrane
(D) Protoplasm
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Q. 12 What is known as the power house of the cell?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Wacuoles
(D) Nucloeolus
Q. 13 what is responsible for pasing genetic characteristics from parents to offsprings?
(A) Chromosomes (B) Genes (C) Nucleoplasm
(D) Nucleolus

Q. 1
Ans.
Q. 2
Ans.
Q. 3
Ans.
Q. 4
Ans.
Q. 5
Ans.
Q. 6
Ans.
Q. 7
Ans.
Q. 8
Ans.
Q. 9
Ans.
Q. 10
Ans.
Q. 11
Ans.
Q. 12
Ans.
Q. 13
Ans.
Q. 14
Ans.
SECTION – C
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
What is cell?
A cell is the smallest unit of life which has definite structure and a specific function.
Name the scientist who had first observed the free cell undermicroscope.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.
Where organelles are embedded in a cell?
Cytoplasm.
Name the outer layer of an animal cell.
Cell membrane.
What is cytoplasm?
A jelly like substance that makes up most of the inside of a cell.
Write a function fo ribosome.
Protein synthesis.
Who had developed the first microscope?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.
Which cell has the ability to change its shape?
White blood cells.
In which part of the chloroplast all chemical reactions occurs.
Stroma.
Givn an example of unicellular organism.
Euglena.
Who discovered the cell and when?
Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.
Write the name of unit of inheritance in living things.
Gene
Name the part of the cell which helps in control of the activities.
Nucleus.
What is protoplasm?
The living substance of the cell is called protoplasm.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
Q. 1 Cells are the building blocks of the life. Explain.
Ans. Cells are the basic structural unit of life like bricks which are basic structural into of
buildings. Buildings are not same at all. In the same way organisms also differ from
71 | P a g e
each other. Both cells and bricks are basic units of structrure. So we can say that cells
are building blocks of life.
Q. 2 Explain various types of organisms on the basis of number of cells.
Ans. There are two types of organisms on the basis of number of cells:
(i)
Unicellular: The organisms that contain only single cell in the body are called
unicellular organisms. For example: amoeba and paramecium.
(ii)
Multicellular: The organisms made up of more than one cell are called
multicellular organisms. For example: human, cat, dog etc.
Q. 3 What are the functions performed by single cell organisms?
Ans. Single celled organisms capture and digest food, respire, excrete, grow and reproduce
like multicellular organisms. The multicellular organisms do these functions by groups of
specialised cells forming different tissues.
Q. 4 Explain the variation of size of cells.
Ans. Cells vary in their size. Some cells are very small like bacterial cell whose size is about
0.5 micrometre. Narve cell is about 1 metre long. Ostrich egg is heaviest cell.
Acetabulum is the largest unicellular algae which is about 10 cm long. In this way size of
a cell varies from cell to cell.
Q. 5 What is gene? What is its function?
Ans. Gene is a unit of inheritance in living organisms. It controls the transfer of a hereditary
characteristic from parents to offspring. This means that your parents pass some of their
characteristics on to you.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
Q. 1 Explain the structure of a cell.
Ans. There are three main components of a cell: (i) Cell membrane (ii) Cytoplasm (iii)
Nucleus. The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane. The cell
membrane is also called Plasma membrane. The membrane separates cells from one
another. The plasma membrane is porous and allows the movement os substances or
material both inward and outward.
Q. 2 Write the functions of cell wall.
Ans. In addition to the cell membrane, there is an outer thick layer in cells of plants called cell
wall. It gives the shape to the cell. Cell wall provides protection to the cells of the plants.
72 | P a g e
Plant cells need protection against variations in the temperature, high wind speed and
atmospheric moistur etc.
Q. 3 What is cytoplasm?
Ans. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance present between cell membrane and the nucleus.
Various other components called organelles are present in the cytoplasm. These are
mitochondria, golgi bodies, ribosomes etc.

LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
Q. 1 Write the functions of mitochondria, golgi bodies and ribosomes.
Ans. Mitochondria: it performs the function of respiration and provides the cell with energy. It
is called power house of a cell.
Golgi bodies: they sunthesise, store and secrete enzymes and proteins.
Ribosomes: they help in the synthesis of proteins.
Q. 2 Explain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ans. Prokaryotic Cells: The cells having nuclear material mwithout nuclear membrane are
termed as prokaryotic cells and organisms with these kinds of cells are called
prokaryotes. Examples: bacteria and blue green algae.
Eukaryotic Cells: the cells having well organised nucleus with a nuclear membrane are
called eukaryotic cells. The organisms with these kinds of cells are called eukaryotes.
For example, all organisms other than bacteria and blue green algae are eukaryotes.

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ONE CORRECT ANSWER):
Which of the following statements is not correct?
(A) In plant cells, vacuoles are absent.
(B) Vacuole is bounded by a single membrane.
(C) In Amoeba, contractile vacuole is important for exceretion.
(D) Flagellum is important for transport of bacteria.
Which of the following cell organelles are non-membranous and found in both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
(A) Lysosome
(B) Vacuoles (C) Ribosome
(D) Mitochondria
The sscientist who described cell as “many little boxes” was
(A) Roberty Hooke
(B) Theodar Schwann
(C) Ability to change shape
(D) Rudolf Virchow
The Characteristic of a nerve cell that relates directly to its function is its
(A) Long extensions
(B) Flat shape
(C) Ability to change shape
(D) Ability to engulf bacteria
Old organelles, viruses, bacteria etc. that a cell can ingests are broken down in
(A) Ribososmes
(B) RER
(C) SER
(D) Lysosomes
73 | P a g e
Q. 6
A cell that contains a cell wall, chloroplasts and a central vacuole is
(A) Plant cell (B) Animal cell
(C) Yeast cell
(D) Bacterial cell
Q. 7 Cells that have a high energy requirement generally have many
(A) Ribosomes
(B) Nucleus (C) Mitochondria
(D) Chloroplast
Q. 8 Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
(A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondrion (C) Chloroplast
(D) Golgi apparatus
Q. 9 Smallest cell organelle is
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Ribosome
(C) Vacuole (D) Lysosome
Q. 10 Plasma membrane is
(A) Pereable
(B) Selectively permeable
(C) Impermeable
(D) Semi-permeable

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER):
Q. 1 The power house of cell is called
(A) Cell wall (B) Mitochondria
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Nucleus
Q. 2 The kitchen of the cell is called
(A) Cell wall (B) Nucleus (C) Vacuoles (D) Plastids
Q. 3 The functional unit of the life is called
(A) Cell
(B) Egg
(C) Nucleus (D) None of these
Q. 4 Chloroplast is found in the
(A) Plant cell only (B) Animal cell only (C) Both of these (D) None of these
Q. 5 The control unit of cell is
(A) Nucleus (B) Cell wall (C) Cytoplasm
(D) All of these
Q. 6 Single called organisms are called
(A) Unicellular
(B) Multicellular
(C) Both ot these (D) None of these
Q. 7 Tissue is a
(A) Group of organs (B) Group of cells (C) Group of tissues (D) Group of organisms
Q. 8 Cell is discovered by
(A) Robert Brown (B) Robert Hooke (C) John Mendal
(D) Charse Darwin
Q. 9 The cell which can change its shape are
(A) Amoeba cell
(B) WBC
(C) Both ot these (D) None of these
Q. 10 Hen’s egg is a
(A) Tissue (B) Organ
(C) Organ system (D) Cell
SECTION – C

ASSERTION & REASON:
Direction: Each of these questions contains an Assertion followes by reason. Read
them carefully and answer the question on the basis of following options. You have to
select the one that best describes the two statements.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
74 | P a g e
Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5

Q. 1
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(D) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Assertion: Mitochondria does not help in photosynthesis.
Reason: Mitochondria have enzymes for photosynthesis.
Assertion: Lysosomes have basic enzymes.
Reason: Lysosomes are called autophogosomes.
Assertion: A cell membrane shows fluid-mosaic behavior.
Reason: A membrane is composite of lipids and proteins.
Assertion: The true nucleus is generally absent in prokaryotes.
Reason: An undifferentiated, unoranised fibrillar nucleus is observed in prokaryotic cells
Assertion: Mitochondria is called power house of cell.
Reason: Mitochondria produce ADP.
SECTION – D
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TO ONE)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II. Only one entries of column-I may have the
matching with the same entries of column-II and one entry of column-II Only one
matching with entries of column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
Mitochondria
(P)
Secretion
(B)
Golgi complex
(Q)
Sucidial bags
(C)
Lysosomes
(R)
ATP
(D)
Centrosome
(S)
Cell division
SECTION – E

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3

COMPREHENSION:
Rod shaped, double membranous cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of both plant &
animal cell called mitochondria. Mitochondria releases energy for various biological
activities so called power house of the cell.
Name the two semiautonomous self replicating cell organelles.
Which form of energy used by organisms?
Write the full form of ATP.
SECTION – F
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TO MANY)
Column- I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II. One or more than oneeitries of column-I may
75 | P a g e
Q. 1
have the matching with the same entries of column-II and one entry of column-II may
have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
Cell membrane
(P)
Biocatalyst
(B)
Enzyme
(Q)
Entry and exit
(C)
Polymer of amino acid
(R)
Protein and lipid
(D)
Ribosome
(S)
Protein
ANSWER KEY
TRY YOURSELF
Q. 1 C
Q. 2
Q. 8 D
Q. 9
Q. 15 B
Q. 16
Q. 22 C
Q. 23
Q. 29 C
Q. 30
Q. 36 B
Q. 37
Q. 43 B
Q. 44
Q. 50 B
Q. 51
C
B
A
C
B
A
B
D
Q. 3
Q. 10
Q. 17
Q. 24
Q. 31
Q. 38
Q. 45
Q. 52
B
D
A
A
D
D
C
C
Q. 4
Q. 11
Q. 18
Q. 25
Q. 32
Q. 39
Q. 46
Q. 53
A
A
D
C
A
C
A
B
Q. 5
Q. 12
Q. 19
Q. 26
Q. 33
Q. 40
Q. 47
Q. 54
SECTION – A
Q. 1 Endoplasmic reticulum
Q. 2 Lysosomes Q. 3
Q. 4 Plastid, mitochondria
Q. 5 Oxysome
Q. 6
Q. 7 Cell
Q. 8 Plasma membrane
Q. 9
Q. 10 Cellulose
Q. 11 Nuclear pore Q. 12
Q. 13 Proteins
Q. 14 Suicidial bags
Q. 1
Q. 8
Q. 1
Q. 8
Q. 1
A
C
B
B
C
Q. 2
Q. 9
Q. 2
Q. 9
Q. 2
D
A
D
D
C
A
D
A
Q. 6
Q. 13
Q. 20
Q. 27
Q. 34
Q. 41
Q. 48
Q. 55
D
D
C
A
D
A
A
A
Q. 7 D
Q. 14 D
Q. 21 C
Q. 28 B
Q. 35 D
Q. 42 A
Q. 49 A
Q. 56 D
Nuclues
Cytoplasm, nuclues
Animal
Genes
Q. 15 Tonoplast
C
B
SECTION – A
Q. 3 A
Q. 4 A
Q. 10 B
Q. 5
D
Q. 6
A
Q. 7
C
D
C
SECTION – B
Q. 3 A
Q. 4 A
Q. 10 D
Q. 5
A
Q. 6
A
Q. 7
B
D
SECTION – C
A
Q. 4 A
Q. 5
C
Q. 3
76 | P a g e
Q. 1
SECTION – D
(A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(Q), (D)-(S)
Q. 1
Q. 3
SECTION – E
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Q. 2 Organism used energy in the form of ATP
ATP ---- Adensin Tri phosphate
Q. 1
SECTION – F
(A)-(Q,R), (B)-(P,S), (C)-(S), (D)-(S)
77 | P a g e
4.1
4.2
INTRODUCTION
Man is closely related to an ecosystem and is dependent on it for his requirements of
air, land, food and water. Ecosystem consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non living)
components.
A balance is required to be maintained between various components of the ecosystem
so that enverything goes on smoothly.
Man. Being selfish by nature is trying to over extract nature by different ways which
goes against the natural equilibrium.
To maintain the equilibrium of nature conservation of resources is necessary.
Conservation means planned and regulated management to prevent the destruction or
exploitation of environment. It is different from the preservation or ‘no use’.
DEFORESTATION AND ITS CAUSES
Deforestation means cutting of trees or removal of forest cover on account of one of the
following reasons
(i)
Requirement of wood for cooking, lightening, heating purposes and shelter.
(ii)
Making hydrolectric dams to produce electricity and water channels for irrigation.
(iii)
Making roads, railway lines and township.
(iv)
Procuring land for cultivation.
(v)
Building houses, factories and furnitures.
(vi)
Forest fire (Natural Cause)
4.2.1 Consequences of Deforestation
Trees uses CO2 in photosynthesis and thus maintains level of CO2 in atmosphere.
Deforestation means less use of CO2 by plants thus resulting in increases in the CO2
78 | P a g e
concentration and temperature on the earth (Since CO2 Is a Green House Gas, excess
of it will lead to global warming).
Deforestation decreases the rainfall (Cutting of trees reduces transpiration and increase
in temperature disturbs water cycle) and may result in draught.
Due to deforestation there will be increase chances of natural calamities such as floods
and droughts. Root of trees holds the soil and thus in absence of trees there is more soil
erosion (Removal of top fertile soil). Fertile land is converted to dessert
(Dessertification)
Deforestation decreases water holding capacity and infiltration rate thus causing floods.
4.3
CONSERVATION OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE
Boisphere is the part of the earth in which living organisms exist, or which supports life.
Biological diversity or biodiversity., refers to the variety of organisms existing on the earth, their
interrelationships and their relationship with the environment.
Wildlife according to Gee is – wildlife embraces all living creatures and also implies their conservation
Causes of Extinction of Woldlife
4.3.1 Consevation of Woldlife
Conservation is management of the earth;s resources in a way which aims to restore
and maintain the balance between human requirements and the other species. There
are two basic startegies of conservation
Conservation
In situ
Ex situ
Conservation in natural habitats
conservation outside natural habitats
National Park
Zoo
79 | P a g e
Wildlife sanctuaries
Biospher reserve
Botanicar garden
Germplasm bank
4.3.2 Biosphere Reserves
Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas to preserve the genetic diversity
in representative ecosystems. The programme was launched by UNESCO in 1971
under ‘Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme.’
The main objectives of biosphere reserves are:
(1) To conserve diversity and integrity of plants, animals and microbes
(2) To promote research on ecological conservation and other enviornmental aspects.
(3) To provide facilities for education, awareness and training.
(4) To promote sustainable managements of the living resources.
The famous biosphere reserves of india are Nilgiri, Sundarbans, Pachmarhi, Manas etc.
The first part Is called the Core Zone. This zone is strongly protected for the
conservation of biological diversity. No human activity is permitted in this zone.
The second part is called a Buffer Zone. These zones surround the core zones and
provide a space for environmental research, recreation, and tourism thus limited human
activity is allowed.
The last part is called a Transition Zone. A transition zone is for local communities that
have a hand in managing the resources of the area through farming, fisheries, and other
non-govermmental activities. Human acitivities such as tourism, education and training
are allowed.
The biosphere reserve may also contains other protected areas like Pachmari
Biosphere reserve consist of one national park named Satpura and two wildlife
sanctuaries namely Bori and Pachmarhi.
4.3.3 Sanctuaries
In a sanctuary, protection is given only to the animals (fauna). Activities such as
harvesting of timber and collection of minor forest products are allowed so long as when
these activities do not interfere with the well being of animals. Here animals are
protected from any disturbance to them and their habitates. The famous sanctuaries are
(i)
Kaziranga Sanctuary (Assam) for one horned Rhinoceros.
80 | P a g e
(ii)
Bharatpur bir sanctuary (Rajasthan) for migratory birds specially Siberian Crane.
Comparison between various protected areas
National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary
Biosphere Reserve
Connected to the habitat
Connected with a particular
Connected with conserv
Of a particular wild animal’s
species or group of animals
ing a whole ecosystem.
Species like tiger, lion, rhino,
as Great Indian Bustard,
Etc. or plant species like pitcher Marsh crocodile etc.
Plant.
Boundaries defined by
Boundaries not defined by
Boundaries defined by
Legislation
legislation
legislation
Tourism permissible
Tourism permissible
Tourism not permissible
in except transition area
Total number of National
Total number of Sanctuary in
Total number of Biosphere
Park in India 96.
India 503.
Reserve in India 15.
No attention to Germpalsm
No attention to Germpalsm
Attention to Germpalsm
Conservation
conservation
conservation
Unplanned
unplanned
Planned research and
scientific management
4.4
FLORA AND FAUNA
The plant species a particular area is known as the flora of that area(eg mango, jamun
etc.) and the animal species present at the particular area constitutes the fauna (eg
Dog, wolf etc.) of that area. Flora is basically the plant life that is present in a particular
region or habitat or at a particular time and fauna is the animal life that is present in a
particular region or habitat or at a particular time.
By definition, flora is a word of Latin origin referring to Flora, the goddess of flowers.
Fauna is also of Latin origin. In Roman Mythology Fauna was the sister of Faunus, She
81 | P a g e
is a good spirit of the forest and plains. Flora and fauna forms a major part of
biodiversity.
TRY YOURSELF
Q. 1 Biological resources are
(A) Plants and animals
(B) Land, air & water
(C) Sunlight & water (D) Minerals
& energy
Q. 2 Biosphere reserves helps to
(A) Preserve endangered species
(B) Serve as rescue centers of animals
(C) Conserve biodiversity
(D) All of the above
Q. 3 The protected areas for conservation of wild life are
(A) National Parks (B) Sanctuaries
(C) Biosphere reserves
(D) All of the above
Q. 4 The plant species distributed in an area is known as its
(A) Vegetation
(B) Flora
(C) Greenery (D) None of these
Q. 5 Which of these is not the flora of Pachmari Biosphere reserve
(A) Sal
(B) Neem
(C) Jamun (D) Arjun
Q. 6 __________ is prohibited in the protected areas
(A) Poaching (B) Grazing (C) Cultivation
(D) All of the above
Q. 7 Global warming is caused due to
(A) Excessive CO2 in atmosphere
(B) Decrease in rainfall
(C) Melting of glaciers
(D) Excessive sunlight
Q. 8 Biosphere reserve may include
(A) National parks (B) Sanctuaries
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
4.5
SPECIES
Species is a group of population which is capable of interbreeding. This means that the
members of a species can reproduce fertile offspring only with the members of their
own species and not with members of any other species. Members of a species have
common characteristics. The species can be classified on following basis
4.5.1 Species-Depending upon their appearance

Epidemic species
Those species which are found naturally at most places are called the epidemic
species like eucalyptus, Acacia, Neem (Plants)
82 | P a g e

Dogs, lizard, cows (animals).
Endemic species
Those species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a particular
area. They are not naturally found anywhere else. A particular type of animal or
plant may be endemic to a zone.
Sal and wild mango are the endemic flora of the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Bison, Indian giant squirrel and flying squirrel are endemic fauna of Panchmarhi
4.5.2 Species-Depending upon their existence
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN, now
called the World Conservation Union) keeps and published detailed lists of species at
risk of becoming extinct. It recognised the following categories
(i)
Endangered species: the species which are in danger of extinction. Such species
are not likely to survive if the causal factors continue to operate. Examples:
Indian rhinoceros, Asiatic lion, crocodile, blue whale.
(ii)
Vulnerable species: The species which are likely to move into the endangered
category if the causal factors continue to operate. Examples, Golden langur,
chinkara deer.
(iii)
Rare species: These species at present occur in small numbers in the world.
Examples: Golden cat, Indian pied hornbill, Crestless Himalayan porcupine.
(iv)
Extinct species: Species that are no longer known to exist in the wild but survive
under captivity or cultivation. Eg. Cheetah
(v)
Threatened species: The species which are in any one of the above three
categories are called threatened species. Due to lack of sufficient is hard to say
which categories is appropriate for them.
(vi)
Out of Danger: These species were formerly included in the first three categories,
but they are now considered relatively secure because effective conservation
measures have been taken or the previous threats to their survival have been
removed.
Note: The Reason by which species are endangered includes
(i)
Increasing population – Make competition more severe
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Destruction of habitat – Each organism is well adapted to its natural habitat. It
may not adapt and survive when its habitat is destroyed.
(iii)
Introduction on alien species- foreign species may crowd out or replace native
species that are beneficial to a habitat.
PROJECT TIGER
Tigers are hunted in india in china as its body parts a found a wide variety of uses.
Illegal trade cause threat to species of tiger.
There were about 40,000 Bengal tigers in 1910. There was a sharp decline in their
numbers in 1972, when the number declines to 1800. The main reasons for the
extinction of tigers are hunting, deforestation and taming of rivers for human needs. In
1972 there were only 268 tigers in the country.
Looking at the decline, the Project Tiger Reserves have been set up all over the
country. Each of these reserves has a ‘core area’ where all human activities were
banned and only a buffer area for local use of the forest was allowed as long as it did
not endanger wildlife.
Most famous tiger reserve is the Satpura Tiger reserve which is unique in the sense that
significant increase in tiger population has been seen here.
RED DATA BOOK
A Red Data Book contains lists of species whose continued existence is threatened.
Species are classified into different categories of perceived risk. Each Red Data Book
usually deals with a specific group of animals or plants (e. reptiles, insects, mosses).
The Red Data books are published by the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature and Natural resources (IUCN). The books contain information on all the wild
animals and plants that are in danger of extinction throughout the world. Increasingly,
countries are developing their own lists.
Animals species are recorded in the Red Data books of Zoological survey of India (ZSI)
and plant species in red data book of Botanical survey of India (BSI).
Thus Red data books for plants and animals are separate
(ii)
4.6
4.7
4.8
MIGRATION
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4.9
4.10
Migration refers to the moving away of the organisms from their natural habitat to the
other geographical areas to voercome the adverse conditions of environment. The
trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, or the season of
the year. For instance, migratory birds fly to far way areas every year during a particular
time because of climatic changes they fly for laying eggs as the weather in their natural
habitat becomes very cold and inhospitable. The birds who cover long distances to
reach another land are known as migratory birds. For example, Artic tern.
Bharatpur Bird sanctuary is known for migratory birds specially Siberian Crane
Note: To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the
movement of the animals shouldbe an annual or seasonal occurrence.
RECYLING OF PAPER
Paper is also a plant product which is prepared from the pulp of trunk of the trees 17 full
grown trees are required to make one ton of paper. There for we should save the paper.
Paper can be saved by recycling. Paper can be recycled five to seve times for use.
The papers must be saved because saving the paper also saves the energy and water
required for its manufacturing. The manufacturing of paper also utilize the harmful
chemicals which are later released in the environment and cause pollution of air and
water.
REFORESTATION
Reforestation is the restocking and regrowing or replanting of the destroyed forests by
planting new trees the planted trees should generally be of the same species which are
found in that forests.
Reforestation is of two types:(i)
Natural-no role of humans. The deforested area is left undisturbed, it regains the
nutrients by decomposition of organic substances and re-establish itself
(ii)
Artificial-where humans are involved
Note: Reforestation versus Afforestation
Aforestation refers to the planting of trees on areas that were not covered with forests.
Reforestation refers to the re-planting of trees on areas that were once covered with
forests
3R’S RULE FOR CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE)
Reduce the amount to waste you produce.
Reuse old items: donate to the unfortunate, repair if broken.
Recycle as much as possible; buy recycled products to support recycling.
85 | P a g e
Q. 9
Q. 10
Q. 11
Q. 12
Q. 13
Q. 14
Q. 15
Q. 16
Q. 17
Q. 18
Q. 19
Q. 20
Q. 21
Q. 22
Q. 23
TRY YOURSELF
Wildlife is depleting due to
(A) Soil erosion
(B) Los of minerals (C) Scarcity of water
(D) Hunting &
poaching
Recycling means
(A) Use and throw
(B) Conversion & use
(C) Bury and decompose (D) Collect and spoil
Extinction of species is due to
(A) Destruction of habitats (B) Conservation of biodiversity
(C) Planting of trees
(D) Rearing of animals
Migration means
(A) Replacement (B) Transfer (C) Change of habitat
(D) Change of habitrs
The endemic species are
(A) Confined to a specific geographical area
(B) Distributed every where
(C) Found in the terrestrial habitats
(D) Found in the aquatic habitats
The species which in immenint danger of becoming extinct
(A) Epidemic (B) Endemic (C) Endangered
(D) Vulnerable
Which of these is not an endemic organism?
(A) Dog
(B) Bison
(C) Indian giant squirrel
(D) Flying squirrel
The project tiger was funded by
(A) WWF
(B) IUCN
(C) UNESCO (D) UNEP
How many tiger reserves are there under the project tiger
(A) 10
(B) 27
(C) 14
(D) 17
Red data book was published by
(A) WHO
(B) UNICEP (C) IUCN
(D) BSI
Recycling of paper is necessary for saving?
(A) Trees
(B) Engergy (C) Water
(D) All of these
Planting of trees in a destroyed forest is called
(A) Aforestation
(B) Deforestation (C) Reforestation (D) All of these
The sancutary famous for the visit of migratory birds is
(A) Kaziranga sanctuary
(B) Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
(C) Bharatpur bir Sanctuary
(D) Sariska sanctuary
Ddforestation causes:
(A) Soil erosion
(B) Food deficit
(C) Lowering of water table
(D) All the above
Afforestation is desirable because it provides:
(A) A solution to rapid urbanization
(B) A solution to ready stock availability of timber in minimum time
(C) A solution to environment and energy problems
(D) The best means of conserving natural resources
86 | P a g e
Q. 24 Natural deforestation is caused by
(A) Cutting of trees (B) Forest fires
(C) Urbanization
(D) Industrialization
Q. 25 Deforestation leads to increase in
(A) Temperature
(B) Pollution (C) CO2
(D) All of the above
Q. 26 Epidemic species are those
(A) Which are found in a particular area (B) Which are found everywhere
(C) Which are found in moderate conditions
(D) Which are found in adverse
conditions
Q. 27 The part of earth where living organisms exist
(A) Hydrosphere
(B) Atmosphere
(C) Biosphere
(D) Lithosphere










Conservation is the wise use of natural resources with an aim to preserve living and
non-living resources.
Biodiverssity refers to variety of living organisms in a specific area.
Plants and animals depend on each for survival.
Deforesation is the process of cutting trees from an area for industrial, agricultural or
other purposes. Causes of deforestation:
__
Man-made causes
__
Natural Causes
Consequences of deforestation:
__
Soil erosion
__
Loss of biodiversity
__
Floods an droughts
__
Climate change due to global warming
__
Disruption of water cycle
__
Desertification
Under the wild life protection act, a larger number of sanctuaries, national park and
biosphere reserve were established in different parts of the country.
Sanctuaries are area where animals are protected from any disturbance to them and
their habitat.
National park are areas reserved for wild life where they can freely use. The habitats
and natural resources.
Biosphere reserves are large protected areas for conservation of wildlife, plant and
naimal resources and tradition life of the tribals living on the area.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources) works
towards assesing the global conservation status of plants and animals.
87 | P a g e









Red data book is the source book which keeps a record of all the endangered plants
and animals plants and animals of a particular area are known as flora and fauna,
respectively, of that area.
Endangered animals are animals whose numbers are diminshing to a level that they
might face extinction.
Endemic species are those species of plants and animals that are found exclusively in a
particular area.
Extinct animals are animals that no longer exist in nature.
Project tiger was launched on 1st April 1973 by government to protect the tigers of our
country.
Migration is the phenomenon of movement of a species from its own habitat to some
other habitat for a particular trime period, every year for a specific purposs like breeding.
We should save, reuse and recycle paper to save trees, energy and water.
Reforestation is the restocking of destroyed forests by planting new trees.
If a forest area is left undisturbed for a long time, it restablished itself.
Q. 1
Fill in the blanks:
(a)
A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called________.
(b)
Species found only in a particular area is known as__________.
(c)
Migratory birds fly to far away placed because of_________ changes.
Ans. (a)
zoo (b)
Endemic species (c) Climatic
Q. 2 Differentiate between the following:
(a)
Wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve
(B) zoo and wildlife sanctuary
(c)
Endangered and extinct species (D) Flora and fauna
Ans. (a)
wildlife Sanctuary: The area that are reserve in a forest for the protection and
preservation of wild animals. It also provides suitable living conditions also.
Biosphere Reserve: The area, that are meant for the conservation of biodiversity. It also
help to maintain the culture of that area. One biosphere reserve may also contain other
protected area in it.
(b)
zoo: A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat.
Wildlife Sanctuary: The area, that are reserve in a forest for the protection and
preservation of wild animals.
(c) Endangered Species: The animal species whose numbers are diminshing to a level
that they might face extinction.
Extict Species: The animal species, whose numbers are nil (zero), because of changes
in their habitate and other calamities.
(d) Flora: The plants that are found in a particular area are called flora. For example,
Sal, teak, jamun etc.
88 | P a g e
Fauna: The animals, that are found in a particular area are called fauna. For example,
chinkara, cheeta, leopard etc.
Q. 3 Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following:
(a)
Wold anmials
(b)
Environment
(c)
Villages (Rural areas)
(d)
Cities (Urban areas)
(e)
Earth
(f)
The next generation
Ans. (a)
Wild Animals: The deforestation leads to the change in the natural climate or
Habitat for the animals, so may the species will become endangered and
ultimately extinct in the near future.
(b)
environment: The deforestation increases the temperature and pollution level on
the earth. It decreases the level of exygen in the atmosphere with the increase of
CO2 level and ground water level is also lowered. The fertility of the soil will
decrease and so, therefore-the chances of natural calamities increases.
(c)
Village (Rural areas): The ddecline in rainfall, the decrease in soil fertility and the
natural calamities like flood are the effects of deforestation, that will effect adversely
to the village.
(d)
Cities (Urban areas): The deforestation leads to increase in CO2 concentration in
the atmosphere, because of least plantation-this also elads to global warming as
increase concentration of carbon dioxide traps the heat of sun rays. All these
effects increases the pollution grade in the cities because of automobiles too.
(e)
Earth: The deforestation leads to soil erosion, change in the physical properties
of the soil, removal of humus layer by which the hard and rocky layer exposes.
All these ultimately converts the fertile land into desert.
(f)
The Next Generation: The deforestation shows the most ugly face to the survival
of next generation with problems at every step in their survival. The situation will
be so tough that all survival has to think first before taking even a step.
Q. 4 What will happen if:
(a)
we go on cutting trees.
(b)
the habitat of an animal is disturbed.
(c)
the top layer of soil is exposed
Ans. (a)
If we go on cutting trees then:
(i)
Survival of the mankind will become a threat, because of low oxygen
concentration in atmosphere.
(ii)
We have to face high temperature and increased pollution level.
(iii)
Natural calamities will disrupt our life.
(iv)
The water cycle will be disturbed.
(b)
If the habitat of an animal is disturbed, then:
(i)
The animals will lost their natural habitat and ultimately at the periphery to
become endangered.
89 | P a g e
(ii)
The survival of animal will be difficult, because of the drought and the rise
in temperature.
(c)
If the top layer of soil is exposed, then:
(i)
The exposed top layer looses all its nutrients, especially the humas
(ii)
The descrease in the water holding capacity of the soil
(iii)
The vegetation will go off from the field, and desertification will be the
result.
Q. 5 Answer in brief,
(a)
why should we conserve biodiversity?
(b)
Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why?
(c)
Some tribals depend on the jungle. How?
(d)
What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?
(e)
What is Red Data Book?
(f)
What do you understand by the term migration?
Ans. (a)
Biodiversity refers to the variety in life existing on Earth, their interrelationships
And their relationship with the environment, so we should conserve as the food
chain not to get disturb, otherwise whole of the ecosystem will be effected.
(b)
Protected forests are also not completely safe for the wild animals, because
poaching or capturing of the animal will be easy for the people living in the
neighbourhood and to destroy the wildlife.
(c)
Tribes, usually the residents of jungle, are dependent on it for the fulfillment of
their daily needs of life.
(d)
The causes and consequences of deforestation are:
(i)
It increases the temperature and pollution level on earth.
(ii)
It decreases the level of oxygen in the atmosphere and ground water level
is also lowered.
(iii)
The rainfall and the fertility of the soil will decrease.
(iv)
The chances of natural calamities are more because of deforestation.
(v)
It changes the soil properties.
(vi)
It effects the top layer of the soil, that exposes the lower hard and rocky
layers.
(e)
The Red Data Book is the only source as book, which keeps a record of all the
endangered animals and plants.
(f)
the term migration means the phenomenon of movement of a species from its
own habitat to some other habitat for a particular time period every year for a
specific purpose like breeding.
Q. 6 In order to meet the ever-increasing demand in factories and for shelter, trees are being
continually cut. Is it justified to cut trees for such projects? Discuss and prepare a brief
report,
90 | P a g e
Ans. It is not at all justified to cut trees for just to fulfill our demand, because the cutting of
trees has more disastrous effect than what we will get as benefit from its cutting.
Q. 7 How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your / locality? Make a
list of actions to be taken by you.
Ans. For the contribution to maintain of green wealth in my locality, the different actions to be
taken are:
(i)
Not to allow anybody to cut any trees;
(ii)
Always try to plant saplings in residing area;
(iii)
Never ever show for the neglection to water the plants;
(iv)
Always trimming to the plants time to time for the better growth of it.
Q. 8 Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall.
Ans. The deforestation leads to reduced rainfall, because the plants/trees that undergo
transpiration, converts the ground water turns into water vapour the water vapour goes
upward and makes the cloud-which is the basic reason for rainfall.
Q. 9 Find out about national parks in you state. Identify and show their location on the outline
map of India.
Ans. Do yourself.
Q. 10 Why should paper be saved? Prepare a list of ways by which you can save paper.
Ans. Paper should be saved for the following reasons:
(a) A large number of trees can be saved by saving paper. This application can check
the deforestation.
(b) Saving paper also saves the energy and water that is needed for manufacturing
paper.
(c) Amount of harmful chemicals used in paper making will show its least effect on
livings by saving paper.
The way to save paper are:
(1) Economical use of paper.
(2) Recycling of paper should be done.
(3) Paper should not be burnt.
SECTION - A

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
Q. 8
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Migratory birds fly to far a way places because of ______________ changes.
Species found only in a particular area is known as ___________.
A place where wild animals are protected in their natural habitat it called_______.
Wise and judicious use of resources is termed as _____________.
Biodiversity inclueds__________ __________ & ___________.
Corbett National Park is located in _______________.
Lions are found in_____________sanctuary located in ____________.
In a sanctuary, only ____________ are protected
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Q. 9 A book in which information on threatened species is available is___________.
Q. 10 Species existing but can no longer be seen are known as ____________.

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
Q. 8
Q. 9
Q. 10
Q. 11
Q. 12
Q. 13
Q. 14
SECTION – B
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ONE CORRECT ANSWER):
Which of the following method is not effective is controlling floods?
(A) Deforestation
(B) Afforestation
(C) To check rainfall
(D) Construction of dams
The term soil erosion means
(A) increasing the amout of soil (B) decreasing the amount of soil
(C) Removal the top fertile layers of soil (D) Removal of top sterile layers of soil
Clearing of forests and using that land for other purpose is called
(A) deforestation
(B) food chain
(C) biodiversity
(D) flora
Tiger project was launched on
(A)
(B) 1 April, 1973
(C) 15 August, 1969 (D) 1 July, 1973
Planting new trees is called
(A) species (B) deforestation
(C) desertification (D) reforestation
Examples of the endemic flora of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve are
(A) Sal and Wild mango
(B) Banana and Wheat
(C) Rose and Maize
(D) Neem and Grass
Purpose of deforestation are
(A) procuring land for cultivation (B) building houses and factories
(C) making furniture or using as fuel
(D) all of these
The book which keeps a record of all endangered animals and plants is called
(A) blue data record (B) red data book (C) white data record
(D) red data record
The conversion of fertile land into desert is known as
(A) desertification (B) globla warming (C) deforestation
(D) biosphere
The species which have been lost for ever are called
(A) threatened species
(B) rare species
(C) extinct species (D) endangered
species
Wildlife protection Act was enacted in the year
(A) 1952
(B) 1962
(C) 1972
(D) 1982
The seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another is known as
(A) Migration (B) Migrane (C) Habitation
(D) Isolation
Which is the reason for the loss of biodiversity?
(A) Increase in population
(B) Deforestation
(C) Habitat destruction
(D) All of these
The animals which are exclusively found in a aprticular area only are called
(A) extinct species (B) endemic species
(C) rare species
(D) migratory
species
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Q. 15 Which of the following is largest and multipurpose protected area?
(A) A zoo
(B) A biosphere reserve
(C) A sanctuary
(D) A national park
Q. 16 Species found only in a particular area is known as
(A) Endemic (B) Epidemic (C) Endangered
(D) None
Q. 17 Migratory birds fly to far away places because of__________changes.
(A) Climatic (B) Mood
(C) Both
(D) No
Q. 18 What are the four requirements of all habitats?
(A) Food
(B) Water
(C) Space (D) All
Q. 19 The number of animals that a given area will support (or “carry”) without damage to the
habitat or to the animals is called its:
(A) Biological surplus
(B) Renewable resource (C) Carrying capacity (D) All
Q. 20 The giant panda, a threatened species, was chosen as a logo by with of the following
organisation
(A) IUCN
(B) WWF
(C) NCC
(D) IBP
Q. 21 Name the only country in the world where both the Lion (Panthera Leo) and the tiger
(Panthera tigris)are found in the wild?
(A) Uganda (B) India
(C) Zaire
(D) Pakistan
Q. 22 __________ is champion migratory bird
(A) Artic tern (B) Pegion (C) Crow
(D) All of these
Q. 23 The most probable depleting of tiger population is
(A) Habitat destruction
(B) Diseases (C) Poaching (D) Malnutrition
Q. 24 Rare species is/are
(A) Golden cat
(B) Indian pied hornbill]
(C) Himalayan porcupine
(D) All.

Q. 1
Ans.
Q. 2
Ans.
Q. 3
Ans.
Q. 4
Ans.
Q. 5
Ans.
Q. 6
Ans.
SECTION – C
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
What is the major threat to survival of organisms?
Deforestation.
Write two natural causes of deforestation.
(i) Forest fire
(B) Severe droughts
Name some products which we get from forests.
Fruits, vegetables, timber, fodder and medicines.
Name the part of earth which supports the biodiversity.
Biosphere reserve.
Write the name of two wildlife sanctuaries hosted by Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Bori and Pachmarhi
What are flora?
The plants typically belonging to a particular area are called flora.
93 | P a g e
Q. 7
Ans.
Q. 8
Ans.
Q. 9
Ans.
Q. 10
Ans.
Q. 11
Ans.
Q. 12
Ans.
Q. 13
Ans.
Q. 14
Ans.
Q. 15
Ans.
What are fauna?
The animals typically belonging to a particular area are called flora.
Name any two endangered species protected in our wildlife sanctuaries.
black buck and golden cat.
Give examples of two endemic flora.
sal and wild mango.
Name two endemic fauna.
bison, and flying giant squirrel are endemic fauna.
Which is the first Reserve forest of India?
satpura National Park
When was Project Tiger launched?
1st April 1973.
Write the name of an extinct animal.
dinosaurs.
What are migratory birds?
Surkhab, Bar headed Goose, Arctictern, Siberian cranes, etc.
What is the revised Forest Policy of 1952 called?
Forest Act 1980.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
Q. 1 What do you mean by deforestation?
Ans. The clearing (cutting) of forests and using that land for other purposes is called
deforestation.
Q. 2 What is sanctuary?
Ans. The areas where animals are protected from any disturbance to them and their habitat
are called sanctuary.
Q. 3 What are National Parks?
Ans. The areas reserved for wildlife where they can freely use the habitats and natural
resources are called national parks.
Q. 4 What do you mean by species?
Ans. A group of population which is capable of inter-breeding is called species.
Q. 5 What is Satpura Tiger Reserve?
Ans. It is a Project Tiger which was launched by government to protect the tigers in the
country.
Q. 6 What is a Red Data Book?
Ans. A source book which keeps a record of all the endangered animals and plants is called
a Red Data Book.
Q. 7 Does the same Red Data Book keep the record of all plants and animals?
Ans. There are different Red Data Books for plants, animals and other species.
Q. 8 Name some migratory birds.
94 | P a g e
Ans. Surkhab, Bar headed Goose, Arctictern, Siberian cranes, etc.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
Q. 1 What are the causes of the deforestation?
Ans. Causes of deforestation:
(i)
Procuring land for coltivation.
(ii)
Building of houses and factories.
(iii)
Making furniture or using wood as fuel.
Q. 2 How does deforestation cause to decrease rainfall?
Ans. deforestation would mean that carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere. It causes
global warming as carbon dioxide traps the heat rays reflected by earth. The increase in
temperature on earth disturbs the water cycle and reduces rainfall. This could cause
droughts.
Q. 3 How does deforestation lead to a decrease in the water holding capacity of the soil?
Ans. Deforestation also leads to a decrease in the water holding capacity of the soil. The
movement of water from the soil surface into the ground is reduced. So there are floods.
The other properties of the soil like nutrient, content change because of deforestation.
Q. 4 What do you mean Biosphere Reserves?
Ans. The large areas of protected land for conservation of wildlife, plant and animal
resources and traditional life of the tribals living in the area are called biosphere
reserves. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is an example of such reserves.
Q. 5 How can we protect wildlife?
Ans. Wildlife plays an important role in maintaining balance in the environment. Wildlife can
be protected by making special and conserved areas. These areas are restricted for
human activities which are against wildlife. Poaching, hunting and cutting of trees are
strictly banned. Such areas are called Sancturaises and National Parks which conserve
flora and fauna of earth.
Q. 6 What do you mean by endemic species?
Ans. The species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a particular area are
called endemic species. They are not naturally found anywhere else. A particular type of
animal or plant may be endemic to a zone, a state or a country. Sal and wild mango are
two examples of the endemic flora of the pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve. Indian giant
squirrel and Bison are endemic fauna of this area
95 | P a g e
Q. 7 What are wildlife sanctuaries?
Ans. Woldlife sanctuaries are those places which provide protection and suitable living
conditions to wild animals. In sanctuaries killing (Poaching) or capturing or animals is
strictly prohibited.
Q. 8 What do you mean by a National Park?
Ans. The protected vast areas which conserve animals, plants, landscapes and even the
historical objects are called National Parks. They are very large areas which can protect
even whole sets of ecosystems in them. Satpura National Park, Kaziranga National
Park are some other National Parks in India.
Q. 9 Explain the term ecosystem.
Ans. The group of all the plants, animals and microorganisms in an area along with non-living
components such as climate, soil, river, deltas is called an ecosystem.
Q. 10 What do you mean by migration? Write the causes of migration of brids.
Ans. Some species of brids fly to far away areas every year in a particular season. This
phenomenon is called migration.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
Q. 1 Explain the main consequences of deforestation.
Ans. There are following consequences of deforestation:
(i)
Deforestation destroys the habitats of many organisms.
(ii)
It causes various natural calamities life floods and droughts etc.
(iii)
It reduces rainfall.
(iv)
It causes global warming.
(v)
It increases the amount of carbon dioxide and pollutes environment.
(vi)
Oxygen and water level are decreased.
(vii) It causes soil erosion and desertification.
(viii) It creates imbalance between oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.
Q. 2 Diferentiate between the following:
(a)
Wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
(b)
Zoo and wildlife sanctuary.
(c)
Endangered and extinct species.
(d)
Flora and fauna.
Ans. (a)
Wildlife Sanctuary: The area that are reserve n a forest for the protection and
Preservation of wild animals. It also provides suitable living conditions also.
Biosphere Reserve: The area, that are meant for the conservation of biodiversity.
It also help to maintain the culture of that area. One biosphere reserve may also
contain other protected area in it.
(b)
Zoo: A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat.
96 | P a g e
(c)
(d)
Wildlife Sanctuary: The area, that are reserve in a forest for the protection and
preservation of wild animals.
Endangered Species: The animal species, whose numbers are diminishing to a
level that they might face extinction.
Extinct Species: The animal species, whose numbers are nil (zero), because of
changes in their habitate and other calamities.
Flora: The plants, that are found in a particular area are called flora. For
example, Sal, teak, jamun etc.
Fauna: The animals, that are found in a particular area are called fauna. For
example, Chinkara, cheeta, leopard etc.

Q. 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ONE CORRECT OPTION):
The place of living of an organism in environment is called:
(A) Home
(B) Resort (C) Habitat (D) Reservior.
Q. 2 Cutting of a forest at a large scale is called:
(A) Deforestation (B) Reforestation. (C) Afforestation
(D) All of these.
Q. 3 Deforestation takes place:
(A) Only by human activities
(B) Only by natural reasons
(C) Both of these.
(D) None of these.
Q. 4 The species which are at the verge of the extinction are called:
(A) Endemic (B) Extinct (C) Endangered
(D) None of these
Q. 5 The growing of more and more plants is called:
(A) Deforestation (B) Reforestation (C)Both of these
(D) None of these
Q. 6 Fauna indicates for
(A) Plants
(B) Animals
(C) Both plants and animals
(D) None of these.
Q. 7 The places where animals receive protection are called
(A) Zoo
(B) National Parks (C) Rock shelter
(D) None of these
Q. 8 Project Tiger was launched on
(A) 1st April 1973
(B) 23 May 1973
(C) 21 September 1973
(D) 25 December 1973.
Q. 9 Sanctuary is a place where
(A) Animals arc protected
(B) Plants are protected
(C) Office of forest department (D) None of these.
Q. 10 Part of earth which supports the biodiversity is called
(A) Biosphere Reserve
(B) Sanctuary
(C) Ecosystem Reserve (D) Biotic Community.
97 | P a g e

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER):
Which of the following factors affect the natural habitat of endemic species?
(A) Destruction of their habitat
(B) Increasing human population
(C) Introduction of new species (D) Introduction of same species
Which of the following are examples of threatened and protected species?
(A) Python (B) Gharial (C) Dinosaur (D) Dodo
Which of the following statements is correct about deforestation?
(A) It increases the chances of soil erosion (B) It decreases the chances of soil erosion
(C) It decreases the level of oxygen
(D) It increases the level of carbon dioxide
The example of fauna of the Pachmarhi Biosphere reserve is
(A) Sal
(B) Arjun
(C) Chinkara (D) Cheetal
Which of the following organisms are protected in Rann of kutch sanctuary?
(A) Wild gas (B) Flamingo (C) Desert fox
(D) Asiatic Lion
Indian elephant is protected in
(A) Bandipur sanctuary
(B) Madumalai sanctuary
(C) Dachigam sanctuary
(D) Bharatpur sanctuary
Wildlife can be conserved by
(A) Habitat preservation
(B) Habitat preservation
(C) Building wildlife sancturies
(D) Poaching
SECTION – C

Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 3
Q. 4
ASSERTION & REASON:
Direction: Each of these questions contains an Assertion followes by reason. Read
them carefully and answer the question on the basis of following options. You have to
select the one that best describes the two statements.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(D) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Assertion: Spotted dear and black buck belongs to category of vulnerable species.
Reason: They are species whose number is declining and if not protected they can
become endangered species.
Assertion: The Earth was once dominated by disosaurs.
Reason: Dinosaurs got extinct due to natural resources.
Assertion: The great Indian Bustard has been threatened.
Reason: It is due to introduction of new species in their habitat.
Assertion: IUCN publishes a comprehensive list known as IUCN Red list of endemic
species.
98 | P a g e
Q. 5
Q. 6

Q. 1
Reason: IUCN Red list is to focus the attention of conservationists towards species that
are under threat of becoming exinct.
Assertion: Blue whale remainly killed for oil and blubber.
Reason: The blue whale is the largest mammal.
Assertion: Afforestation is a positive step towards restoration of forest and wildlife.
Reason: Afforestation is a slow process.
SECTION – D
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TO ONE)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II. Only one entries of column-I may have the
matching with the same entries of column-II and one entry of column-II only one
matching with entries of column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
National Park
(P)
Sariska
(B)
Sanctuary
(Q)
WWF
(C)
Biosphere reserve
(R)
Jim Corbett
(D)
Project Tiger
(S)
Pachmarhi
SECTION – E

Q. 1
Q. 2

Q. 1
COMPREHENSION
The red list is a compilation of endangered wildlife species. The red data book privides
information on population status of the endangered species.
What is a red data book?
Define a Red List.
SECTION – F
MATCH THE FOLLOWING (ONE TO MANY)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be
matched with some entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may
have the matching with the same entries of column-II and one entry of column-II may
have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
Column I
Column II
(A)
Pachmarhi
(P)
Sanctuary
(B)
Protected Areas
(Q)
Biosphere reserve
(C)
Conservation project
(R)
National Park
(D)
Hunting Prohibited
(S)
Project Tiger
ANSWER KEY
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TRY YOURSELF
Q. 1 A
Q. 2
Q. 8 C
Q. 9
Q. 15 A
Q. 16
Q. 22 D
Q. 23
Q. 1
Q. 5
Q. 8
Q. 1
Q. 8
Q. 15
Q. 22
Q. 1
Q. 8
Q. 1
Q. 6
D
D
A
B
Q. 3
Q. 10
Q. 17
Q. 24
D
B
B
B
A
B
B
A
C
A
Q. 2
Q. 9
Q. 16
Q. 23
Q. 2
Q. 9
A,B,C Q. 2
A,B,C
Q. 2
C
A
A
A
A
A
A,B
A
Q. 3
Q. 10
Q. 17
Q. 24
A
C
A
D
Q. 3 C
Q. 10 A
Q. 5
Q. 12
Q. 19
Q. 26
B
C
A
B
Q. 6
Q. 13
Q. 20
Q. 27
D
A
C
C
Q. 7 A
Q. 14 C
Q. 21 C
Q. 3
Q. 3
SECTION – A
Q. 4 B
Q. 5 D
Q. 11 C
Q. 12 A
Q. 18 D
Q. 19 C
Q. 6 A
Q. 13 D
Q. 20 B
Q. 7 D
Q. 14 B
Q. 21 B
SECTION – A
Q. 4 C
Q. 5
Q. 6
Q. 7
SECTION – B
A,C,D Q. 4 A,B Q. 5
A
Q. 1
(A)-(R), (B)-(P), (C)-(S), (D)-(Q)
Q. 1
B
A
C
D
SECTION – A
Climatic
Q. 2 Endemic sp. Q. 3 Sanctuary Q. 4 Conservation
Plants, animals & microbes
Q. 6 Uttrachal
Q. 7 Gir, Gujrat
Animals
Q. 9 Red Data book
Q. 10 Endangered Species Multiple
Q. 1
Q. 1
Q. 2
Q. 4
Q. 11
Q. 18
Q. 25
C
SECTION – C
Q. 4 D
Q. 5
SECTION – D
B
B
A,B,C Q. 6
A,B
B
B
Q. 6
A
SECTION – E
A source book which keeps the recoprd of all the endangered animals and plants
The Red List is a correction of endangered wild life species.
SECTION – F
(A)-(P,Q), (B)-(P,Q,R), (C)-(S), (D)-(P,Q,R)
100 | P a g e
101 | P a g e