(14pt.Times, bold, all capitals)
(10pt.Times, bold)
(10pt. Times)
PAPER TITLE
First Author1, Second Author1, Third Author2 and Fourth Author3
1 Department or Division Name, Company/Organization/College Name
Address, City, Country
2 Department or Division Name, Company/Organization/College Name
Address, City, Country
3 Department or Division Name, Company/Organization/College Name
Address, City, Country
ABSTRACT
Three (3) lines space should separate from the last line in the author listing. The ABSTRACT heading should be
set in 10pt, bold in all capitals, CG Times, Times New Roman or equivalent Times. The Abstract should be around
200 words.
KEYWORDS
One (1) line space should separate from the last line of the abstract. Keywords should be no more than 5 words.
Two (2) lines space to the next heading is preferred.
FIGURES/ PHOTOGRAPHS
All figures (only in black and white) should be inserted
directly in the text in the WORD file.
TEXT
The text of your paper follows the abstract and should
Photographs should be good quality halftones or black
be 10pt in CG Times, Times New Roman or equivalent
and white.
Times. The text should be a two-column format as
All figures/photographs should be numbered
shown on the cover page template (see MARGINS).
consecutively and captioned. The caption includes a
The spacing to the next paragraph should be one line
title or description of the figure/photograph and the
space.
figure/ photograph number. The caption should be 10pt
in CG Times, Times New Roman or equivalent Times,
and centered under the figure/photograph. All
HEADINGS
The primary text heading should be 10pt in bold type
callouts/text within the figure should be no smaller than
and all capitals, flush left with the left margin. If the
9 pt. There should be a minimum of two line spaces
heading should run to more than one line, the run-over
between figures/photograph and text.
text should also be flush left. The spacing to the next
paragraph should be one line space.
TABLES
All tables should be numbered consecutively and
captioned; the caption should be 10pt, in CG Times,
Subhead #2
The next level of heading should be 10 pt in bold type,
Times New Roman or equivalent Times, and centered
and underlined. The heading is flush left with the left
above the table. The body of the table should be no
margin.
smaller than 9 pt.
If a third level of heading is required, the third level of
heading is flushed left with the left margin, and
followed by a colon, two (2) spaces, and its text. The
spacing to the next paragraph should be one line space.
Subhead #3: The third level of heading should follow
the style of subhead #2, but it will be indented and
followed by a colon, two (2) spaces, and its text. The
spacing to the next paragraph will be one line space.
PAGE NUMBERING
Please do not number the page.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING METHODS
OF WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN THE LAKE TAIHU
Yuxian Liu1, Aimin Hao2, Yasushi Iseri3, Shunsuke Kurokawa1, Zhenjia Zhang4 and
Takahiro Kuba1
1 Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nisi-ku, Fukuoka
819-0395, Japan
2 Research Institute for East Asia Environments, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nisi-ku,
Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
3 West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Japan, 1-1-1Watanabe Road, Chuo-ku,
Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan
4 School of Environmental Science & Engineering, ShangHai JiaoTong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
ABSTRACT
The results of in situ surveys conducted in our study indicated that eutrophication characterized with cyanobacteria
water-bloom coupled with significantly high TP and TN value, is still serious, especially in the Meiliang Bay.
Although water quality in the East Lake Taihu is comparatively better, the pen culture of the Chinese mitten crab
(Eriocheir sinensis) which covers a large part of the lake surface, results in an increase of the organics and nutrients
loading. Aimed to solve the mentioned problems, the laboratory experiments were performed with the macrophyte
Vallisneria asiatica and the local economic pearl bivalve species Anodonta woodiana, separately. The results showed
that Vallisneria asiatica can absorb the nutrients such as N and P effectively, meanwhile this kind of macrophyte is
also the crab’s main food. Furthermore, the bivalve Anodonta woodiana showed an effective role in the water quality
improvement through its feeding behavior. As a result, the ecological engineering methods were proposed, using the
macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica and the pearl bivalve species Anodonta woodiana inside the Lake Taihu, which can
not only bring significant economic value to the local residents but also improve water quality.
KEYWORDS: Lake Taihu; Water quality improvement; Vallisneria asiatica; Anodonta woodiana; Ecological
engineering method.
INTRODUCTION
Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China,
with an area of about 2338 km2 and a mean depth of 1.9
m. It is a typical shallow lake located in the delta of
Changjiang River, which is the most industrialized and
urbanized area in China. Its main function is supplying
drinking water for the surrounding cities, such as Wuxi,
Suzhou, and Shanghai, but tourism, aquaculture,
fisheries, and navigation are important as well.
However, with economic development and increased
population in the lake basin, Lake Taihu has suffered
increasingly from serious eutrophication.
In this study, in order to get the latest water quality
condition information of Lake Taihu, in situ surveys
have been performed. In order to solve the
eutrophication problem, which was found in the survey
in Lake Taihu, through ecological engineering methods,
laboratory experiments were designed to perform with
the macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica and the local
economic pearl bivalve species Anodonta woodiana,
separately.
Lab experiments were performed to examine the effects
of ecological engineering methods on water quality
improvement in Lake Taihu.
Furthermore, in view of the average temperature and
the algae concentrations vary with seasons in Lake
Taihu, different temperatures were set up during the lab
experiments to make a primary study on the
relationship between water quality improvement
efficiency and temperature. Also the experiments
results can be relevant to the possible application of
ecological engineering methods in the Lake Taihu.
IN SITU SURVEY
Study area
In July, 2011 a lake survey was completed. Water
samples were collected from Mayliang Bay, East Lake
Taihu and Southwestern Costal Lake Taihu.
In situ survey results
Table 1 The components and initial
concentrations of culture solutions (mg/L)
Culture solution No.
3.2
0.01
3.2
0.32
B
2.7
0.71
3.4
0.30
C
0.9
2.51
3.4
0.35
Tap water
0.9
0.01
0.9
0.06
TDN
NOx-_N
NH4+_N
TDP
4
0.4
20℃
3
the
macrophyte
Materials and methods: The macrophyte Vallisneria
asiatica were collected from the Ongagawa River,
Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan. After washing carefully
under running tap water for five times, 10.5±0.5 g of
Vallisneria asiatica was selected and submerged in
culture solution of 1 L without sediment. Absorption
experiments were performed at three different
temperatures 10℃, 20℃ and 30℃, under a light:dark
regime of 12:12 h. At each temperature condition, three
different culture solutions A, B and C with three
different quantities of the mixture KNO3, NH4Cl,
KH2PO4 dissolved in the tap water were supplied.
Meanwhile, experimental vessels with only Vallisneria
asiatica submerged in tap water were used as controls.
The initial concentrations and components of culture
solutions are shown in Table 1.
Water samples were taken every 7 days on the day 0, 7,
14, 21th separately and the concentrations of TDN (total
dissolved nitrogen), TDP (total dissolved phosphorus),
NH4+-N, NOx--N were measured.
TDN, NOx-_ N, NH4 +_ N (mg/L)
with
A
Results: The nutrients concentrations in solution A, B,
C at three different temperatures during the culture
periods were observed. It is shown that among all the
nutrients components, NH4+-N was absorbed by the
macrophyte
Vallisneria
asiatica
preferentially.
Meanwhile, the concentration of TDP at each condition
can be dropped to 0.2 mg/L with the first seven days.
At 10℃, in solution A without the mixture of NH4+-N,
the concentration of NOx--N and TDN were almost not
changed; in solution B and C containing extra NH4+-N,
the NH4+-N were disappeared within the first seven
days while the NOx--N were almost remained the same
as the initial concentration (Figures are not shown
here).
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Absorption experiments
Vallisneria asiatica
+_
NOx-_N NH4 N TDN TDP
A
0.3
2
0.2
1
0.1
0
4 0
7
14
21
B
3
0
0.4
0.3
2
0.2
1
0.1
0
4 0
7
14
21
C
3
TDP (mg/L)
In situ survey results showed that eutrophication
problem is still serious in Lake Taihu, especially in
Mayliang Bay and Southwestern Costal Lake Taihu.
Compared with other parts of Lake Taihu, water quality
in the East Lake Taihu is better. However, freshwater
crab Eriocheir sinensis culturing, which will increase
the input of feed, and further increase the deposit of
organic materials from the remnants of feed is
increasingly popular in this part of Lake Taihu. Thus,
the aquaculture will aggravate the deterioration of water
quality and degradation of ecosystem.
In order to solve the eutrophication problem in Lake
Taihu, a lot of methods have been applied in Lake
Taihu. Such as chemical methods, dredging, diverting
water from Yangze River to Lake Taihu.
Compared with the previous methods, ecological
engineering is the study and practice of fitting
environmental technology with ecosystem self design
for maximum performance. It is the self regulating
process of nature that makes ecological self designs low
energy, sustainable, inexpensive, and different4).
Laboratory experiments were designed to be performed
with the macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica and the local
economic pearl bivalve species Anodonta woodiana,
separately.
0
0.4
0.3
2
0.2
1
0.1
0
0
0
7
14
21
Fig.1 The nutrients concentrations in culture solutions
at 20℃.
At 20℃ (Fig.1), the nutrients concentrations showed
the same trends with that at 10 ℃ . Moreover, the
absorption speed of NOx--N and TDN were found
higher than that at 10℃.
At 30℃, it was shown that compared with the initial
solution concentrations, the concentrations of TDN and
NOx--N increased. Meanwhile, it was observed that the
absorption efficiency of NH4+-N was a little lower than
that at the other temperature conditions (Figures are not
shown here).
Feeding experiments
woodiana
with
bivalves
and homogeneous.
Table 2 (b) The initial algae solution conditions of each group
in the grazing experiment
Anodonta
Group
Materials and methods: Anodonta woodina were
supplied by the municipal government of Kanoya City
in Japan. The bivalves were collected with a trawl and
kept at 4℃ before transporting them to the laboratory.
Immediately upon arrival, the bivalves were transferred
to 35 L aquaria with 30 L aerated dechlorinated tap
water at room temperature (13℃-15℃), under a light :
dark regime of 12:12 h for at least one week, before
being used for experiments. They were daily fed with
green algae Chlorella sp. at saturating levels. The water
was completely refreshed three times per week.
One week before the start of grazing experiments, 10
active bivalves were selected and placed in a tank filled
with 20 L aerated dechlorinated tap water. The animals
were gradually acclimated from the temperature in the
aquaria (13℃-15℃) to that in the thermostatic chamber
(20℃). They were fed daily with Chlorella sp. Before
placing in the grazing vessels bivalves were gently
cleaned with a brush under running de-ionized water to
remove phytoplankton adhered to the shell and not fed
for 4h in clean aerated dechlorinated tap water to clear
the guts6).
Grazing experiments were performed in the
thermostatic chamber, with Anodonta woodiana feeding
on the green algae Chlorella sp. as the single food
resources. The bivalves were exposed to 2 L algae
solution with a range of five food concentrations. Table
2 (a) and (b) show the concentrations of Chlorella sp.
Group
4
(×10 cellls/ml)
Temperature
(℃ )
50
1
190
2
3
Initial algae concentration
9.3
4298
4
14063
5
33803
20
Per grazing vessel, two bivalves were placed and the
biological indexes are shown in Table 3.
Experimental vessels with only phytoplankton and no
bivalves were used as controls to check for changes in
phytoplankton concentration. The algae solution was
stirring gently each time suspended food was sampled
at certain intervals of time to keep food in suspension
Initial algae concentration
(×104 cellls/ml)
1
40
2
335
8.5
3
2624
4
9390
5
12529
Temperature
(℃ )
25
Table 3 The biological indexes of the bivalves used
in each group
Group
Individual
weight (g)
Average
weight (g)
Shell length
(mm)
1
125.84
151.29
138.57
112.83
135.11
2
170.27
164.57
167.42
134.92
130.33
3
150.38
145.21
147.80
137.86
138.86
4
5
166.20
158.46
216.62
173.84
162.33
195.23
133.13
131.10
119.70
129.89
Weight-specific Ingestion rate (IR, cells/g FW/hour) for
each bivalve was defined as the cell numbers of the
algae ingested per unit time per gram of bivalve fresh
weight. And IR was determined by the following
formula, which has been used in modified form by
many other authors2):
Table 2 (a) The initial algae solution conditions of each group
in the grazing experiment
DO
(mg/L)
DO
(mg/L)
IR= (V/[wt]) (C0 - Ct)
In which V is the volume of the food suspension (2000
ml), w is the fresh weight of the bivalves in each vessel
(g FW), t is the duration of the experiment (in hour), C0
is the algae concentration (cells number/ml) at 0 or one
time step before t and Ct is the algae concentration at
time t. In the vessels with bivalves the algae
concentration was corrected for changes observed in the
control vessels. In the experiments, a proportion of the
filtered cells may return to the water in the form of
pseudofeces and hence their chlorophyll may be
reanalyzed. The ingestion rates reported here for the
bivalve experiments are therefore net ingestion rates.
Results:
Crab pen culture
100
IR
Ratio
400
80
300
60
20℃
200
40
100
20
0
Ratio (%)
IR (10 6 cells/g FW/h)
500
0
0
100
200
300
400
Algae concentration (10 6 cells/ml)
Fig.2 (a) Mass-specific ingestion rates (IR) (cells/g
FW/h) and ratio of cells filtered against concentrations
of algae solutions offered related to various initial food
concentrations of Chlorella sp. at 20℃.
500
100
Ratio
400
80
300
25 ℃
60
200
40
100
20
0
Ratio (%)
IR (10 6 cells/g FW/h )
IR
0
0
100
200
300
400
Algae concentration (10 6 cells/ml)
Fig.2 (b) Mass-specific ingestion rates (IR) (cells/g
FW/h) and ratio of cells filtered against concentrations
of algae solutions offered related to various initial food
concentrations of Chlorella sp. at 25℃.
The ingestion rates are plotted against the initial algae
concentrations (millions of cells/ml) of offered algae
solutions. With increasing initial algae concentrations,
the absolute cell numbers which were swept off the
solution per bivalve fresh weight in unit time increased
steadily, yet the percent of algae removed from solution
(shown in Fig.2 (a), (b) as the ratio of algae cells
filtered against concentrations of algae solutions
offered related to various initial food concentrations of
Chlorella sp. supplied) fluctuated with increasing algae
concentrations. The values of ingestion rates at both
temperatures show a quite good correlation between
algae concentration and ingestion rate, which are shown
in Fig.2 (a) and Fig.2 (b).
DISCUSSION
Feasibility of an ecological engineering method:
Recently, freshwater crab culturing has produced
significant economic and social benefits for the local
fishermen and aquaculturists around the Lake Taihu
region and become popular especially in the East Lake
Taihu. However, enclosed pen aquaculture will increase
the input of feed, and further increase the deposit of
organic materials from the remnants of feed. The large
parts of nitrogen and phosphorous from the artificial
food are not assimilated and are subsequently released
into the overlying water. Therefore, aquaculture
activities bring about increases in nutrient loading and
eutrophication (Fig.3).
It was estimated that crab culture ponds discharged
308.12 t nitrogen and 89.32 t phosphorous to the Lake
Taihu annually1). In crab pen culture areas, increased
nutrient loading leads to the rapid growth of
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria. Due to the
waste excretion of the crab, the concentration of
NH4+-N is relatively higher compared with other parts
of the East Lake Taihu.
The high absorption rates of phosphorous by the
macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica as shown in this study
indicated that there is high potentiality to apply this
kind of macrophyte as the nutrient absorber in the East
Lake Taihu.
Also it is obvious that Vallisneria asiatica preferred to
absorb NH4+-N at first to NOx--N, which indicates that
this macrophyte can make use of the waste excretion of
the crab sufficiently. Therefore, the concept of
ecological culture farm was proposed as shown in Fig.3.
The conservation and restoration of Vallisneria asiatica,
and the creation of the vegetation in the Lake Taihu can
stimulate the material recycling, which can reduce the
nutrient loading in sediment from the crab culture.
Artificial food,
Macrophyte
Lake Taihu
Macrophyte
Collected
and sale
Excretion
Crab
Culture
N. P
Eutrophi
cation
Redundant
Food, Feces
Fig.3 The crab pen culture situation in the Lake Taihu
at present (shown as dotted line) and the concept of
ecological crab culture farm as one of integrated
ecological engineering methods (solid line).
Feasibility of an ecological engineering method:
Fresh pearl bivalve culture farm
With increasing algae concentration the bivalves filtrate
more algae per hour, although the ratio of filtered algae
through the gills fluctuated. It indicated that when
eutrophication occurred with quite large density,
although the individual of bivalve increases its
ingestion rate, the percentage of algae filtered by
bivalves were still low. It seems necessary to pay
attention to the appropriate density when applying this
method.
The bivalve Anodonta woodiana is widely distributed
throughout Chinese freshwaters and is an important
economic pearl bivalve; as a benthic suspension filter
feeder, it is also capable of filtering a variety of sestonic
particles, including phytoplankton, detritus, small
zooplankton and bacteria, as well as dissolved organic
matter7).
In China, Anodonta woodiana is considered a useful
animal, because: (1) it is the natural main food source
for the healthy culture of Eriocheir sinensis3), and (2)
intensive Anodonta woodiana culture has been
promoted as a tool in biomanipulation of lakes in China
and strong suppression of phytoplankton, apparent
changes of phytoplankton community structure and the
improvement of water transparency were observed10).
Therefore, the prospect of ecological culture farm of
Anodonta woodiana was shown as Fig.4.
This concept is based on the principle of two alternative
stable states in shallow-lake ecosystems: a clear-water
state dominated by submerged macrophytes and typical
of low nutrient content water and a turbid state
characterized by high algae biomass and high nutrient
concentrations. The key factors controlling which state
is present in a waterbody are nutrients, macrophytes
and turbidity. Macrophytes and turbidity oppose with
each other, with high turbidity preventing the growth of
submerged macrophytes by reducing transparency. At
low nutrient concentrations, submerged macrophytes
tend to dominate and the water is clear. At high nutrient
concentrations, phytoplankton proliferates, increasing
turbidity and preventing the growth of submerged
macrophytes.
It may be possible to transform a system by increasing
the numbers of algae grazers, causing a flip from the
turbid state to the clear state. Bivalves feed directly on
phytoplankton and also reduce turbidity through their
filtering of small particles (both algae and suspended
sediments); in addition, their feces and pseudofeces
help bind the sediment together, reducing resuspension
of sediments. The reduced turbidity from less
resuspension of sediment, can allow the growth of
submerged macrophytes. Once macrophytes are present,
they stabilize the system: they compete with algae for
nutrients; they may release allelopathic chemicals
which prevent algae growth; they reduce resuspension
of sediment because they buffer the action of waves on
the sediment and they also bind the sediment with their
roots; and they provide refuges for zooplankton from
fish.
Bivalves
Sediment
resuspension
Algae
Turbidity
Nutrients
Waves
(wind)
Submerged
macrophytes
Planktivore &
benthivore fish
Allelop.
Subs.
Zooplankton
Positive effect
Negative effect
Fig.4 The prospect of ecological culture farm of
Anodonta woodiana.
The effect of temperature on ecological engineering
methods
As shown in the experiment, the absorption efficiency
of the macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica on NOx--N is
affected by water temperature seriously. In this
experiment, when the experimental temperature was
20 ℃ , Vallisneria asiatica performed the highest
absorption efficiency on nitrogen and phosphorous.
However, when the temperature was 30 ℃ , the
concentration of NOx--N and TN was even higher than
the initial concentration. One possibility is that at 30℃,
the physiology of the macrophyte was disturbed and
thus they cannot perform well in absorbing nutrients
especially on nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen.
Another possibility is that at this temperature, the
activity of nitrifying bacteria adhesive to the surface of
Vallisneria asiatica was stimulated and the ammonia
nitrogen in the solutions was transformed to nitrate
nitrogen.
This is in accordance with the conclusion that was
found by Tong et al. (2004)8). Using aquatic plants as a
eutrophication purification tool, the efficiency to
remove nutrients varies with seasons5).
On the other hand, as shown in Fig.2 (a) and Fig.2 (b),
the feeding behavior of the bivalve Anodonta woodiana
was also effected by temperature. It seems that the
ingestion rate at 25℃ was larger than that at 20℃. This
result seems consistence with the conclusion that 25℃
is the optimum temperature that was examined by Xu et
al. (2007)9).
Therefore, it can be inferred that temperature can affect
the absorption efficiency of Vallisneria asiatica and the
ingestion rate of Anodonta woodiana obviously. As a
result, in order to apply these ecological methods
effectively, much work should be done in the future for
the strategy adjustment according to the seasonal
changes in the application practice.
submerged macrophytes in the lake ecosystem.
Therefore, it is possible that combine the crab pen
culture farm and the fresh pearl bivalve culture farm
together in practice. The material recycling process and
the ecological balance are expected as shown in Fig.5.
As a result, the ecological engineering methods which
will bring significant economic efforts to the local
residents should be developed and applied in the East
Lake Taihu.
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was financially supported in part by “the
Kyushu university’s commemoration project for the
2011 centenary” and by a grant from Mitsubishi
Corporation.
Lake Taihu
Pearl
Bivalves
Crab
REFERENCES
Algae
Macrophyte
N , P
Fig.5 The prospect of ecological aquatic culture farm in
the Lake Taihu.
Results from the laboratory experiments in this study
imply that the macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica can play
an important role in the East Lake Taihu not only as
nutrient remover but also as natural food for freshwater
crab. Therefore, there is much significance for the
restoration and conservation of the macrophyte
Vallisneria asiatica especially in the East Lake Taihu.
Also, the bivalve Anodonta woodiana can be applied in
Mayliang Bay as algae controller, which can promote
the lake from algae dominated turbid state to
macrophytes dominated clear state and can also bring
large income to the local residents.
According to the temperature influence on the nutrient
absorption rate of Vallisneria asiatica and the ingestion
rate of Anodonta woodiana as shown in the laboratory
experiments, much attention should be paid to different
responses to the seasonal effect when these
eco-engineering methods are applied in the field. For
example, the macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica should be
harvested in the late autumn and supplied to the crab as
bait food. Meanwhile, the excretion of the dead plant
bodies can be avoided. Furthermore, the bivalve can be
used as algae controller.
Furthermore, as mentioned in Fig.4, the introduction of
bivalves in the lake can feed on the algae and reduce
turbidity, which promote the dominant state of
1) Chen J.Z., Hu G.D., Qu J.H., et al. (2005) The
study on the nitrogen and phosphorous discharges
from crab farming in the Taihu Valley. Rural
Eco-Environment, 21 (1): 21-23 (in Chinese).
2) Coughlan, J. (1969) The estimation of filtering rate
from the clearance of suspension. Marine Biology,
2: 356-358.
3) Guo R.B., Xu G.C & Wen H.B. (2005) Effect of
Anodonta woodiana pacifica application in healthy
culture of Eriocheir sinensis. Freshwater Fisheries,
35 (2): 31-33 (in Chinese).
4) Howard T.O., Odum B. (2003) Concepts and
methods of ecological engineering. Ecological
Engineering (on line), 20: 339-361.
5) Hu C.H., Pu P.M., Wang G.X., et al. (1999) Effects
and mechanism on purifying lake Water quality in
winter. China Environmental Science, 19 (6):
561-565 (in Chinese).
6) Lei J., Payne B.S. & Wang S.Y. (1996) Filtering
dynamics of the zebra mussel, Dreissena
polymorpha. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences, 53: 29-37.
7) Liu Y.Y., Zhang W.Z & Wang Y.X. (1979)
Economic fauna of China. Freshwater mollusk.
Beijing: Science Press, 107-108 (in Chinese).
8) Tong C.H., Yang X.E. & Pu P.M. (2004)
Purification of eutrophicated water by aquatic plant.
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15 (8):
1447-1450 (in Chinese).
9) Xu G.C., Gu R.B., Wen H.B., et al. (2007)
Influence of water temperature and pH on filtration
rate of Anodonta woodiana pacifica. Acta
Hydrobiologia Sinica, 31 (4): 600-603 (in
Chinese).
10) Yang D.M, Chen Y.W, Liu Z.W, et al. (2008)
Top-down effects of Anodonta woodiana on the
nutrient concentration & phytoplankton community
composition in a microcosm ecosystem Lake
Sciences, 20 (2): 228-234 (in Chinese).