Learning
1
Print out the handouts
•
•
•
•
1. Classical conditioning - Q (Questions)
2. Classical conditioning – A (Answers)
3. Reinforcement & Punishment
4. Reinforcement schedules
Classical
conditioning
Pavlov
Learning to associate one
thing (the stimulus) with
another, producing a behavior
(the response).
3
Classical
conditioning
Pavlov
Classical conditioning Questions
4
Classical
conditioning
Pavlov
1. Complete the classical conditioning
questions handout
2. The answers for the first two cases
are on the slides below
3. Complete remainder on your own
4. The answers are in the
“Classical Conditioning - A “
handout
5
1. Omar at the dentist
While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve
that had not been dulled by anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets
anxious each time he sees the dentist.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus:
Unconditioned Response:
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
6
1. Omar at the dentist
While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve
that had not been dulled by anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets
anxious each time he sees the dentist.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: Drill hitting the nerve
Unconditioned Response:
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
7
1. Omar at the dentist
While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve
that had not been dulled by anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets
anxious each time he sees the dentist.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: Drill hitting the nerve
Unconditioned Response: Cringing
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
8
1. Omar at the dentist
While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve
that had not been dulled by anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets
anxious each time he sees the dentist.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: Drill hitting the nerve
Unconditioned Response: Cringing
Conditioned Stimulus: Seeing the dentist
Conditioned Response:
9
1. Omar at the dentist
While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve
that had not been dulled by anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets
anxious each time he sees the dentist.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: Drill hitting the nerve
Unconditioned Response: Cringing
Conditioned Stimulus: Seeing the dentist
Conditioned Response: Cringing
10
2. Maria eats fried chicken
Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night.
Luckily, she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of
fried chicken makes her nauseated.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus:
Unconditioned Response:
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
11
2. Maria eats fried chicken
Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night.
Luckily, she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of
fried chicken makes her nauseated.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: E. Coli
Unconditioned Response:
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
12
2. Maria eats fried chicken
Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night.
Luckily, she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of
fried chicken makes her nauseated.
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus: E. Coli
Unconditioned Response: Vomiting
Conditioned Stimulus:
Conditioned Response:
13
2. Maria eats fried chicken
Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night.
Luckily, she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of
fried chicken makes her nauseated.
• Unconditioned Stimulus: E. Coli
• Unconditioned Response: Vomiting
• Conditioned Stimulus: Thought or sight or
smell of fried chicken
• Conditioned Response:
14
2. Maria eats fried chicken
Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night.
Luckily, she recovers within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of
fried chicken makes her nauseated.
• Unconditioned Stimulus: E. Coli
• Unconditioned Response: Vomiting
• Conditioned Stimulus: Thought or sight or
smell of fried chicken
• Conditioned Response: Nausea
15
Classical
conditioning
Pavlov
Complete remainder on your own
All answers are in the
“Classical Conditioning - A” Handout
16
Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Behavior is influenced by its consequences.
Reinforcement increases behavior
Positive reinforcement – getting what you do want
Negative reinforcement – eliminating what you don’t want
Punishment reduces behavior
Positive punishment – Getting what you don’t want
Negative punishment – Not getting what you do want
Skinner Box
17
Reinforcement & punishment
B. F. Skinner
Skinner Box
Class handout
18
Reinforcement & punishment handout
B. F. Skinner
Determine the type of reinforcement
or punishment for these cases.
The answers for cases 1- 4
are in the slides below
Complete the rest on your own
All Answers are provided
in a slide below
Skinner Box
19
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 1. When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she
gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn’t make
rude noises that often anymore.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
20
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 1. When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she
gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn’t make
rude noises that often anymore.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
“Positive” does not mean good.
21
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 2. Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now
he’s acting up even more.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
22
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 2. Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now
he’s acting up even more.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
23
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 3. Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she
doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this
month. She’s studying even more now.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
24
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 3. Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she
doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this
month. She’s studying even more now.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
25
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 4. Ray came home past curfew, so he was not allowed to
drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed a curfew
since.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
26
Reinforcement & punishment
What behavior is changing?
Reinforcement increases behavior
Punishment decreases behavior
Something added = positive
Something subtracted = negative
• 4. Ray came home past curfew, so he was not allowed to
drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed a curfew
since.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
27
Reinforcement & punishment handout
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Here are the answers for your reference:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Positive punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
28
Reinforcement schedules:
Complete this before going on
Class handout
29
Answers
= Variable Ratio
30
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
31
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
32
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
33
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
34
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
= Fixed ratio
35
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
= Fixed ratio
= Variable
interval
36
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
= Fixed ratio
= Variable
interval
= Variable interval
37
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
= Fixed ratio
= Variable
interval
= Variable interval
= Fixed ratio
38
= Variable Ratio
= Fixed Ratio
= Variable ratio
= Variable ratio
= Fixed interval
= Fixed ratio
= Variable
interval
= Variable interval
= Fixed ratio
= Fixed interval
39
What reinforcement schedule, when stopped, will
cause the behavior to continue the longest?
• A. Fixed schedule
• B. Variable schedule
40
What reinforcement schedule, when stopped, will
cause the behavior to continue the longest?
• A. Fixed schedule
• B. Variable schedule
41
What reinforcement schedule, when stopped, will
cause the behavior to continue the longest?
• Which schedule do slot
machines use?
A. Fixed schedule
B. Variable schedule
42
What reinforcement schedule, when stopped, will
cause the behavior to continue the longest?
• Which schedule do slot
machines use?
A. Fixed schedule
B. Variable schedule
43
Reinforcement & punishment
• What would cause reinforcements and punishments to not
work?
– Cognitive (thought) processes – Is the reinforcement worth it?
– Opposing reinforcers – Do I like doing something else better?
– Is the punishment worse than the reward?
44
• Jim is a forest ranger because he needs the
money, whereas, Matt is a forest ranger
because he wants to save the forests.
•
•
•
•
Jim has what type of motivation?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. None of the above
45
• Jim is a forest ranger because he needs the
money, whereas, John is a forest ranger
because he wants to save the forests.
•
•
•
•
Jim has what type of motivation?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. None of the above
46
• Jim is a forest ranger because he needs the
money, whereas, Matt is a forest ranger
because he wants to save the forests.
•
•
•
•
Matt has what type of motivation?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. None of the above
47
• Jim is a forest ranger because he needs the
money, whereas, Matt is a forest ranger
because he wants to save the forests.
•
•
•
•
Matt has what type of motivation?
A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Extrinsic motivation
C. None of the above
48
• Little Jimmy was bitten by a dog. Now he is
afraid of the little dog next door even when
that dog is friendly. What happened?
• A. Shaping
• B. Positive punishment
• C. Classical conditioning
• D. None of the above
49
• Little Jimmy was bitten by a dog. Now he is
afraid of the little dog next door even when
that dog is friendly. What happened?
• A. Shaping
• B. Positive punishment
• C. Classical conditioning
• D. None of the above - Generalization
50
• When potty training little Jonny, his Mother
praise him when he went into the bathroom.
Then only praised him when he sat on the toilet,
then only when he went in the toilet.
•
•
•
•
•
•
What method was Mommy using?
A. Secondary reinforcement
B. Generalization
C. Shaping
D. Spontaneous recovery
E. None of the above
51
• When potty training little Jonny, his Mother
praise him when he went into the bathroom.
Then only praised him when he sat on the toilet,
then only when he went in the toilet.
•
•
•
•
•
•
What method was Mommy using?
A. Secondary reinforcement
B. Generalization
C. Shaping
D. Spontaneous recovery
E. None of the above
52
What type of learning is shown here?
•
•
•
•
A. Classical learning
B. Operant learning
C. Reinforcement learning
D. None of the above
53
What type of learning is shown here?
•
•
•
•
•
A. Classical learning
B. Operant learning
C. Reinforcement learning
D. None of the above
(Observational learning)
54
Believe in yourself!
You can do more than you think you can!
55