2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS
__________________ – the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
The Chemistry of Carbon
- Why is carbon special?
o It has __ _________ (outer) electrons to form strong ____________ bonds
o Can bond with many __________ and itself, including H, O. P, S, and N
o Can form ________ and ________ to create large complex structures
Macromolecules
- Means “_____________ __________________”
- Built by a process called ___________________
- ________________ – smaller units of macromolecules
- ________________ – a macromolecule (made of monomers that are similar or different)
- 4 major groups: ___________, ___________, ___________, and _______________
Carbohydrates
o Compounds made up of _____, ______ and ______, usually in a __:__:__ ratio
o ___________ ___________ source
o Also used for ___________ purposes
o Simple Sugars
 ___________ – simple sugars, carbohydrate monomer
 Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
 ___________ – two simple sugars joined together
 Ex: table sugar – glucose and fructose
o Complex Carbohydrates
 ___________ molecules formed from ___________
 Ex: Glycogen “animal starch” store of excess sugar for muscle
contraction
 Ex: Starch (stores excess sugar) and Cellulose (for strength)
Lipids
o Made mostly of ___________ and ___________
o Many different kinds
o Not ___________ in water
o Used as a ___________ ___________ source
o Used in biological ___________ and ___________ coverings
o Some are used as chemical ___________ (ex. Steroids, ___________)
o Monomer
 ___________
 ___________
o ___________ – No carbon double bonds, saturated with hydrogen in fatty acid
o ___________ – At least one carbon double bond in fatty acid (liquid at room
temperature)
o Polyunsaturated – More than one carbon ___________ bond in fatty acid (liquid
at room temperature)
Nucleic Acids
o Macromolecules containing ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________
and ___________
o Monomer – ___________, which consists of three parts: 5- carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
o Used to ___________ and transmit ___________ information
o Used to ___________ and transfer ___________ energy ___________ term
o Two types: DNA and RNA
Protein
o Macromolecules that contain ___________, ___________, ___________ and
___________
o Monomers – ___________ ___________
 Made of an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
 More than ________are found in nature
 Differ in the ___________ which gives each amino acid ___________
properties
 Form covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds with one another, as well as use van
der waals forces to create their ___________ structure of fold
o ___________ bonds – are covalent bonds that link amino acids together
o Used to ___________ the rate of reactions and ___________ cell processes
o Used to ___________ cell structures
o Used to ___________ substances into and out of cells
o Used to help ___________ diseases
o The most diverse macromolecules