The Underground Railroad
Anna Schreiner
Maddie Akay
Erin Cohee
pd. 4
Textbook
● Early 1830s a group of free slaves and white abolitionists started
helping slaves to freedom
● The slaves would travel along routes that led them to northern states
or into Canada
● Many people would leave little secret signs out to show slaves the
right way to go, for example they used noises or a certain symbol to
lead them
● Not real railroads, but network of transportation for runaway slaves
● No central leadership; no one was in charge
● Slaves left at night in disguises
Database
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Noted as the more significant humanitarian efforts in U.S. history
Operated through the civil war
Hidden network of people and place
Escaped to north, towards Canada
Northerners provided slaves with food, shelter, and directions
Consisted of routes hiding places and assistants
Need money for food,transportation, and bribes
Traveled by foot, small boats, covered wagon, in shipping crates
Heavily used routes went through Indiana, Ohio, western PA
Tension between north and south grew
Book
● Difficult to know who was going to help slaves escape or report
runaway slaves
● Slaves went days without eating and sometimes even drinking
● Disguised northerners had a symbol on their house to represent
that they would help the slaves
● Harriet Tubman was a conductor on the railroads in 1849
● Railroads were established between 1830-1840
Artifact
● Knapsack- to keep all their belongings in
● Roll- something to eat
● Knife- for protection and hunting
● Gourd- to hold water
● Extra shirt- in case the one they’re wearing gets dirty
Quiz Questions
● What did they drink out of?
● Where did the railroads lead to?
● Who was in charge of the railroads?
● What are two ways slaves traveled?
Quiz Answers
● Water gourd
● North and sometimes canada
● No one
● by foot, small boats, covered wagon, in shipping crates
Cotton Gin
Abby Baram, Clara Ferrigno, Emma Benson
Eli Whitney
● Born December 8, 1765
● Lived in Massachusetts
● Was a farmer
● His family emigrated from England
● He attended Yale
Cotton Gin
● A machine that removes seeds from a short
staple crop
● 1790’s, a demand for cotton increased rapidly
● Cotton gin invented in 1793
● The South became known as the Cotton Belt
How the cotton Gin works
● Put cotton into the top of the machine
● Turn the handle to clean the cotton
● Combs pull the seeds out of the cotton
● On the other side of the machine the cotton
comes out clean
Progression of cotton gin
April 1, 1793 when
the cotton gin was
designed
January 1, 1890 The
cotton gin was
improved
How did it affect the 1800’s
● It increased the demand for slave labor in the fields
● Increased child labor in the booming cotton mills
● It increased cotton trade
● Made production of cotton faster
Quiz question
When was the cotton gin invented? And why?
Answer:
It was invented in 1793 because there was an
increasing demand for cotton.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eli Whitney’s
Interchangeable Parts
Mary Baniewicz & Hannah Thomson
INTERCHANGABLE PARTS
TEXTBOOK INFO
•
•
•
•
•
•
1798
Interchangeable parts are parts of a machine that are identical
Easier to assemble and replace broken parts
1801 called to Washington D.C. to give a demonstration
With assortments of parts he made, he quickly made muskets
Sped up mass production- efficient production of large number of identical
goods
INTERCHANGABLE PARTS
LIBRARY BOOK INFO
• Fire arms and muskets-used to be by hand
• Took 3 years for 1000 muskets before Whitney- People had different hand
sizes so they all made different size parts
•
•
•
•
Basic manufacturing process- Because he didn’t know how to make musket
Business with federal government
Not dependent on one wealthy man
Put his company on a mill site because he needed water for machines
INTERCHANGABLE PARTS
DATABASE INFO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
His greatest contribution to society- firearms/muskets
One part could fit any part
Established future of assembly line
Hired unskilled workers not craftsmen
Received lots of financial support
Simple steps
War of 1812 request
Much more profitable than cotton gin- people took the idea
Quote
• “One of my primary objects is to form the tools
so the tools themselves shall fashion the work and
give to every part of just proportion.”
Why was there such a big difference in the
amount of muskets made, before and after Eli
Whitney came up with his idea?
• Eli Whitney used the basic manufacturing process. Before Eli, each musket
was hand made, with the maker depending on the size of his hands and eyes
to choose the size of the parts. The sizes varied from one size to the next.
Whitney used simple steps, he kept and made the same parts over and over
again, so if something broke you could fix it easily, and they are very easy to
make.
Artifact
PRISON REFORM
Mikey Sylvester and Max Harar
PD 4
THE BEGINNINGS
Prisons had many unfavorable conditions, some examples are
• Overcrowding
• Very dirty
• Men and women sometimes kept in the same cell block
• A lot of sexual abuse
DOROTHEA DIX
• Dorothea Dix was a middle-class reformer, who studied teaching and
writing
• In 1841 she started to work with prisoners and mentally ill
• Visited Prisons and reported illness
• Advocated for the reform of mental health institutions
• Had a nationwide effect
• Tried to end overcrowding and cruel conditions
AFTER
• Prisons became cleaner and less crowded
• However today they are still not perfect
• In 1812 most children were removed from prisons
• Tried to increase educational activities for inmates
• Water closets were cleaned up and improved
QUIZ QUESTION
• Who was the person who lead the push for Prison Reform?
• Dorothea Dix
1830`S
TEMPERANCE
MOVEMENT
Grace Needham & Kara Hill / Period 4
Info from textbook
◦Took place during the 1830’s
◦Urged people to stop drinking hard liquor
◦American Temperance Society and American Temperance
Union helped spread this message
◦Minister Lyman Beecher spoke about evil of alcohol. He
said, “neglecting the education of their families--and corrupting
their lives.”
Info from Database
◦Began in the nineteenth century
◦American Temperance Society was founded in New
England in 1826
◦Meant the imposition of middle-class and middle-aged
values on the poor, immigrants, African Americans, Native
Americans, and young men
Info from a book
◦ To much attention to alcohol and not enough to God
◦ Dr. Benjamin published a pamphlet about the effect alcohol had on the
body
◦ This debunked the widespread belief that alcohol promoted good
health
◦ American Temperance Society under direction of Rev. Justin Edwards
◦ Women’s War of the 1870’s – women marched into liquor store
singing and praying until the store owner surrendered and promised to
stop selling alcohol
Quiz Question (Hide the answer)
◦When did the temperance movement begin?
The early nineteenth century or the 1800’s
Reference
◦ Hill, Jeff. Defining Moments Prohibition. Detroit, Peter E. Ruffner, 2004.
◦ "Temperance Movement." Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth
Century, edited by Paul Finkelman, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. U.S. History
in Context,
link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2350040398/UHIC?u=newt92343&xid=1a41f
b2e. Accessed 19 Apr. 2017.
◦ Deverell, Wiiliam, and Deborah Gray White. United States History Beginnings
to
1877. Austin, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2007.
Frederick Douglass and
Sojourner Truth
Blake Silber and Ethan Rappaport / Period 4
Info from a book
Frederick Douglass
• Campaigned for Abe Lincoln.
• Looked at Civil War as a way to end Slavery.
• He got colored men to join Union Army(20,000 colored men joined).
• He was an editor, writer and publisher.
Info from textbook
• Frederick Douglass was a former slave who later joined the anti- slavery
movement
• Douglass escaped slavery at the age of 20.
• Frederick Douglas became one of the most important African American
leaders of the 1800’s
• Despite the law against slaves learning to read Frederick learned in secret
and was later asked by the Anti- Slavery movement to deliver speeches
• Spoke on the Fourth of July in 1852 which helped the Anti-Slave moment
gain the approval of the people listening
Info from Database
• She sued Solomon Gedney for freedom of her son
• Won Slander Suit
• After the war was over, Sojourner continued to work with and visit freed
slaves
• She also came to realize that women were some of the most important
members of the abolitionist movement,
Quiz Question
How many colored men did Frederick Douglass
convince to join the army?
We will be taking 5 guesses
The Answer
20,000
Railroads
pd.4
Justin Burns, Sean McCafferty, Joey Zelinsky
Info from Textbook
● Part of the Transportation Revolution
● The first locomotive was called Tom Thumb and was built in
1830 by Peter Cooper
○ It was faster than the horse drawn railcar being used at the
time
People grew a passion for more railroads
Wagons moved 2mi/hr whereas early trains were able to move
20mi/hr
Continued Info from Textbook
Railroads began in the Northeast then spread westward
connecting major cities
By 1840 about 2,800mi of track were laid, By 1860 about
30,000mi
Info from Database
Railroads originated on July 28, 1828
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company made the first line of
railroads
By 1900 200,000 miles of track spread across the country
Railroads connected Midwest and south to the Northeast
From 1860 to 1900 the U.S economy grew by 400%
The U.S led the world in manufacturing
Info from a Book
Before railways they had dirt paths and waterways.
In 1807 railways started out as a tramway of wooden rails
powered by horse and gravity, operating in Boston.
New Jersey Legislature grants charter to first railroad to John
Stevens. However, did not succeed in building the railroad.
John Steven’s operation begins on a half-mile
Quiz Question
Why were trains so popular in U.S. cities and why did people love
them so much?
Labor
Unions
By: Raj Kansara
and Connor
Atkinson
Database Information
Organize groups of workers that go on strike and protest the
conditions and salaries about their work.
All work environments can have labor unions.
Teachers, bus drivers, miners, doctor's, office workers can all
start labor unions.
(Database)
Book Information
“At the same time, factories were rapidly replacing the
artisan’s shop and the home as the center of
production...Skilled craftspeople saw their business slip
away, and the apprenticeship system broke down.
Manufacturers relied on cheap, unskilled labor, including
young children women from rural communities and
children.” (Reef, xvii)
Textbook Information
They tried to improve conditions for work and their pay
Skilled workers and unskilled factory workers formed these
unions
Usually strikes didn't work because courts and police
supported companies more often that strikes
The reason they striked was because they weren't treated
nicely and worked a lot for less wage….
(
Quiz
Why were employers not kind with their employees?
Answer
There were so many workers that were available that if
they died or couldn't work they could get another person
to do the job.
Steam Boats
By: Blake Koch, Derrick Lukomski-Pizzo, Kersh Pandya
Info from textbook
The first full sized commercial steamboat was called Clermont
Steamboats were well suited for river travel
Steamboats increased trades and profits
Steamboats were employed along the east coast by the time of the War of 1812,
and Fulton held a legal monopoly on design
Info from database
Robert Fulton gets well-deserved credit for building an economically useful
combination of steam engine and hull design, but he was certainly not the first
person to build a steamboat
Steamboats were a vital element of the U.S. transportation system from their
invention in the late eighteenth century until the late nineteenth century.
Their use for the transport of people and goods was central to the development of
the U.S. economy after independence and before the proliferation of rail lines in
the late 1800s.
Info from book
Steamboats were the trains of rivers and lakes, in the day. Meaning, it cause
travel to decrease by months from some places.
They allowed for supplies to move up rivers without support of donkeys or mules.
The Hudson river was a place of extreme success for the steamboat.
Wealthy people road in luxurious double or triple decker steam boats that had
rugs, paintings, and chefs.
The Mississippi was the main user of steamboats in the US.
Quiz Question
What Impact did steamboats have on the
economy and social life at the time?
The Nativist Movement
By Cameron Flurry and Ellie Halterman/ pd.4
Info from the Textbook
Native born Americans feared losing their job to immigrants who
would work for lower wages - they were called nativists
Conflict between Catholic immigrants and Protestant Americans
Know-Nothing Party supported measures that would make it
difficult for foreigners to become citizens
Some success getting elected in the 1850s but disagreements
Info from Database
nativism can be directed towards native born Americans
Believed the church endangered people
anti-Catholicism reappeared in the 1820’s
Didn't want catholics to be American citizens
Lots of protests
Info from a book
Nativism - general hostility towards foreigners
Nativist attacks directed towards Catholics
Hatred for Catholics became an outlet for common anxieties of
the day
Know-Nothing Party founded in 1849 as the Order of the Star
Spangled Banner
Quiz question
Who was allowed into the Know-Nothing Party?
White Protestant
Men without
Catholic wives or
parents
Seneca Falls
Anushka Rajmohan
Caroline Daniel
Emma Profitt
Period 4
Info from Database
1. Women had very few rights in pre-Civil War America
a. were denied equal access to education/employment,
not allowed to vote
b. basically second-class citizens
2. No organized women's-rights movement until Seneca
Falls Convention of 1848.
a. organizers: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
both Quaker abolitionists.
Info from Database (cont’d)
● A newspaper editorial called it "shocking and unnatural,"
but more than 300 people attended, including abolitionist
Frederick Douglass.
● Day 1: Stanton and Mott presented Declaration of
Sentiments, a statement of demands based on
Declaration of Independence.
● After two debating days, convention adopted long-term
goals.
Info from Textbook
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton went to
World’s Anti-slavery Convention in Europe
Denied seats for being women, even though many men
disagreed
Mott and Stanton wanted a convention for solely
women’s rights, but slavery was still being fought
over, so they had to wait
1848 was Seneca Falls convention, Frederick Douglass
Info from Book
● The first convention for women’s rights was held in
Seneca Falls, New York on July 1848
● Martha Coffin Wright, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Jane Hunt and Mary Ann M’Clintock
● Stanton wrote the Declarations of Sentiments which
were 18 points that she called “injuries and
usurpations” that men had committed against women
● Almost 300 people showed up including some men
Quiz Question
How did the Seneca Falls
Convention affect women’s
rights and equality for the time
period?