Homophonic Substitution
Ciphers
Cracking the Code of a Killer
Feb 9th, 2017 – Houston Perl Mongers
Robert Stone
BrainStorm Incubator
Overview
• Substitution Ciphers
• Key Definition
• Encryption / Decryption
• Weaknesses / Attacks
• Homophonic Substitution Ciphers
• Key Definition
• Encryption / Decryption
• Overcoming Weakness of Substitution Ciphers
• Zodiac Killer
•
•
•
•
Biographical Information
History of Z408
Analysis of Z408
Solution
PERL MONGERS
UHGD TZBRHGK
Substitution Cipher - Key
• Replaces One Letter With Another
• Key A
H
J
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
I
D
X
M
V
C
J
N
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
U
E
S
Q
Y
P
Z
B
T
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
R
L
W
O
K
F
G
A
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
L
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
L T
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
L T W
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
L T W M
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
L T W M
G R E A T N E S S
C T M H L Y M R R
I S
N R
M E A S U R E D
Q M H R W T M X
Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
L T W M
T
C T M H L Y M R R
N R
Q M H R W T M X
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
L T W M
T R
C T M H L Y M R R
N R
Q M H R W T M X
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
L T W M
T R U
C T M H L Y M R R
N R
Q M H R W T M X
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
L T W M
T R U E
C T M H L Y M R R
N R
Q M H R W T M X
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
L T W M
T R U E
C T M H L Y M R R
G R E A T N E S S
N R
I S
Q M H R W T M X
M E A S U R E D
Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW
CNOM LP PLJMTR YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
Substitution Cipher - Summary
• Symmetric Encryption
• Same Key Used for Encryption and Decryption
• NOT a Reciprocal Cipher
• Length of Alphabet == Length of Key
• Vulnerable To
• *** Known Plaintext Attacks ***
• Frequency Analysis
Substitution Cipher - Attacks
• Frequency Analysis
• Count of Occurrences of Letters
Letter Frequency
e
12.70%
t
9.06%
a
8.17%
o
7.51%
i
6.97%
n
6.75%
s
6.33%
h
6.09%
r
5.99%
d
4.25%
l
4.03%
c
2.78%
u
2.76%
m
2.41%
w
2.36%
f
2.23%
g
2.02%
y
1.97%
p
1.93%
b
1.49%
v
0.98%
k
0.77%
j
0.15%
x
0.15%
q
0.10%
z
0.07%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l m n o p q
r
s
t
u
v w x
y
z
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
15
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
10
5
0
A B C D E F G H
I M N O R S T U V W Y
15
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
10
5
0
C D G H
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
15
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
10
5
0
A B C D E F G H
I M N O R S T U V W Y
15
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
10
5
0
C D G H
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
15
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
10
5
0
A B C D E F G H
I M N O R S T U V W Y
15
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
10
5
0
C D G H
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
• Frequency Analysis
• Count of Occurrences of N-Grams
BiGram Frequency
TH
3.56%
HE
3.07%
IN
2.43%
ER
2.05%
AN
1.99%
RE
1.85%
ON
1.76%
AT
1.49%
EN
1.45%
ND
1.35%
TI
1.34%
ES
1.34%
OR
1.28%
TE
1.20%
OF
1.17%
ED
1.17%
IS
1.13%
IT
1.12%
AL
1.09%
AR
1.07%
ST
1.05%
TO
1.04%
NT
1.04%
NG
0.95%
SE
0.93%
4.00%
3.50%
3.00%
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
AL AN AR AT ED EN ER ES HE IN IS IT ND NG NT OF ON OR RE SE ST TE TH TI TO
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
3
2
1
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
0
4
3
2
1
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
3
2
1
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
0
4
3
2
1
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
3
2
1
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
0
4
3
2
1
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
Homophonic Substitution Cipher - Key
• Replaces One Letter With One From A List of Letters
• Key
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
H
I
D
X
M
V
C
J
N
(
* $
5 ^
& 4
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
U
E
S
Q
Y ! )
P 1
Z
B
T
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
R 3 #
L % 2
W
O
K
F
G
A
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
%
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
% T
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
% T W
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
% T W 0
G R E A T N E S S
I S
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
T R U E
% T W 0
G R E A T N E S S
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
I S
N 3
M E A S U R E D
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
TRUE GREATNESS IS
OTHERS NOT BY HOW
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3
P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K
MEASURED
MUCH YOU
Q0(RWT0X
QWDJ GPW
BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU
CAN COERCE OTHERS TO DO
IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
D() D1MTD0 125*T# %1 XP
GIVE
WHAT
CNOM
KJ(2
TO
YOU WANT
2P
GPW KH!L
2TWM CT0H2)*33 &# Q*HRWT*X IG JPK QWD^ VT*0X1Q GPW C4OM %P 12JMT# )1% IG 5PK
QWD^ GPW DH! D1MTD* P%5MT# LP XP K5(% GPW K(!L
LTW* CT0(L!MR# N3 QMH3WT0X IG 51K QWD^ VT**X1Q GPW C4OM LP 12J0TR )P2 IG J1K QWDJ G1W
D(Y D1MTD0 125*TR 2P X1 K^H% G1W KH!%
2TW0 CT*H%Y0#3 NR Q*(RWTMX IG ^PK QWDJ VT*MXPQ G1W C4OM 21 PL^0TR )P2 IG JPK QWD5 GPW
D(Y D1*TD0 P%J*T# 2P XP K5(% G1W K()%
LTW0 CT*H2Y*33 43 QM(RWT0X IG J1K QWD^ VT*0XPQ G1W CNO0 21 PL5MT# )PL IG 51K QWD5 G1W DHY
D10TDM 1%5*TR 2P X1 K5(2 G1W KH)%
%TW* CTMH%!0R# N3 Q*H3WT0X IG J1K QWDJ VTM*X1Q G1W C&O0 L1 P%JMT3 !1L IG 51K QWDJ GPW D(! D1MTD* PL^*T# %1 X1
K^HL G1W K()2
%TW* CT0(2)03R NR Q0H#WT0X IG 5PK QWD^ VT**X1Q G1W C4OM 21 1250T3 )1% IG 51K QWD^ GPW D(! DP*TDM PL^*TR LP XP
KJ(% G1W KH!%
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO
OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
2TWM
2TW0
%TW0
%TW*
%TW*
LTWM
2TW0
2TW*
%TW*
%TW0
LTWM
%TW*
LTWM
LTWM
LTW*
2TW*
2TWM
%TWM
%TW*
LTWM
2TW*
LTW0
LTW0
CTMH%Y*##
CT*(%)0#3
CTMH%!033
CTMHL)0RR
CT*H2)0#3
CTM(L!0#3
CT0HL)0R3
CT*H%YM##
CTMH2YM##
CTM(%!M3#
CTMHL!03#
CT*(LY*RR
CT*HLYM##
CT*(2)0#R
CT*(2)M#3
CTMHL!M#R
CT0HL)0##
CT*H%!*RR
CT*(2Y0##
CTM(%)*##
CT0H2YM##
CTM(2)*3R
CT*(%)0#R
43
&#
&#
43
&#
&#
NR
&3
4R
N3
N#
NR
&#
&R
N3
NR
43
N#
N3
&3
NR
&3
4R
Q*HRWT0X
Q0(3WTMX
Q0H3WTMX
QM(3WT*X
QM(RWT*X
Q*(RWTMX
Q*(RWT*X
Q0(#WT0X
QM(#WT0X
Q0(#WTMX
Q*H#WT*X
Q*H3WT*X
Q*HRWT0X
QM(#WT*X
Q0(RWT0X
Q0HRWTMX
Q*H3WTMX
QM(RWT0X
QM(3WT*X
Q*(3WT0X
QM(#WT0X
Q*HRWT0X
QM(#WT0X
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
5PK
51K
5PK
^PK
5PK
^PK
^PK
^1K
5PK
JPK
J1K
^PK
51K
5PK
^1K
51K
JPK
^PK
JPK
JPK
5PK
J1K
JPK
QWDJ
QWD^
QWDJ
QWDJ
QWD^
QWD^
QWDJ
QWD^
QWDJ
QWD^
QWD^
QWD^
QWD^
QWDJ
QWDJ
QWD^
QWDJ
QWDJ
QWD5
QWD^
QWDJ
QWDJ
QWD^
VT*MXPQ
VTMMX1Q
VTM*X1Q
VTMMXPQ
VTM0XPQ
VT*MXPQ
VT*0X1Q
VTM*XPQ
VT00XPQ
VT0*X1Q
VTMMXPQ
VT*0X1Q
VT*0X1Q
VT0MX1Q
VT0MXPQ
VTM0XPQ
VT**XPQ
VTM*X1Q
VT**XPQ
VTMMXPQ
VT00X1Q
VT**XPQ
VTM*X1Q
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
G1W
G1W
G1W
G1W
GPW
G1W
G1W
GPW
GPW
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
G1W
GPW
CNO0
CNO0
C4OM
C4O*
C4O0
C&OM
C&O0
C4O0
C4O0
C&O0
C4O0
CNO0
C4OM
C4OM
C4OM
CNOM
C4OM
CNO*
C4O*
C4O*
C&O0
C4OM
C4OM
21
%1
21
2P
%1
21
%1
21
L1
2P
L1
LP
2P
L1
%P
%P
2P
%P
L1
%1
%P
%P
%1
P2^*T#
1%^0TR
1LJMT3
1L5*T#
125*T#
P%J0T#
1L5MTR
1LJ*T#
1%J*T3
P%5*T3
PL^0T3
P2^0T3
P2^*T#
1%J*TR
P2^0T#
P%^0TR
PLJ*T#
P2^MT3
PL^MT#
P250T#
1%5MT#
1250T3
PLJMT#
YP%
)P%
!PL
YPL
)P2
!1%
!12
Y12
!P%
YP%
)PL
!P%
!1L
YP2
!P2
)1%
)1%
Y12
Y12
)P%
Y12
)12
!1%
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
J1K
J1K
^PK
JPK
JPK
JPK
51K
JPK
^1K
51K
^1K
51K
J1K
51K
51K
JPK
51K
51K
5PK
^PK
5PK
^PK
5PK
QWD^
QWD5
QWDJ
QWD5
QWD5
QWD^
QWDJ
QWD5
QWDJ
QWD5
QWD5
QWDJ
QWD^
QWD^
QWD^
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G1W
G1W
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G1W
G1W
GPW
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G1W
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GPW
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G1W
GPW
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GPW
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DP0TD0
DP0TDM
DP0TD0
D1*TD*
D1*TD*
DP*TDM
DPMTD0
D1*TD0
D10TDM
DP0TD*
D10TD0
DP0TD0
DP0TD0
D1MTD*
D1MTDM
DP0TD0
D1*TDM
D1MTD*
DP0TD0
DP*TD*
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D10TD0
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PL^MT#
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1%50T#
PL^*T#
P2^*T3
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PL^*TR
PL^MT#
PL50T3
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PLJMT3
125*TR
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1%5MTR
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P2^*TR
1%^0T3
PLJMTR
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12J*TR
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K(YL
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Encrypt
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO
OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
2TW0
LTW0
%TW*
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CT*(L!M33
CT0(%!0R#
CT0(L!03#
CTM(LY03#
CT0(2)M#3
CTM(2)03#
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CT*(L)*RR
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CT*(2Y0#3
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CT*(L!M33
CT0(L!M3R
CT*(L)M##
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CTM(2)*##
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CT*(%!033
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CT0H%!MR#
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CTM(LY03#
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CTM(2)03#
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CT*(L)*RR
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CT0(2!*3R
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QM(RWT0X
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Q*H#WT0X
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Q0(RWT*X
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Q0(RWTMX
Q0HRWTMX
QM(RWT*X
QMH#WT*X
QMH#WT*X
Q*(RWT*X
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QM(RWT*X
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Q*(3WT0X
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QMH3WT0X
QM(RWT*X
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Q*(3WTMX
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QMH#WT*X
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Q*H3WT*X
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QM(RWT0X
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Q*H#WT0X
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Q0(RWT*X
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Q0(RWTMX
Q0HRWTMX
QM(RWT*X
QMH#WT*X
QMH#WT*X
Q*(RWT*X
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
^1K
^1K
J1K
^1K
^PK
^1K
^PK
^1K
5PK
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J1K
^1K
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51K
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51K
51K
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QWD5
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QWDJ
QWDJ
QWDJ
QWD^
QWD5
QWD5
QWD5
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VT00X1Q
VTMMX1Q
VT0MXPQ
VTM*X1Q
VT*MX1Q
VTMMX1Q
VT*MX1Q
VT0*X1Q
VT0*XPQ
VT0*X1Q
VT*0X1Q
VT0MX1Q
VTM*X1Q
VT*MX1Q
VTM*XPQ
VT0MX1Q
VT*0X1Q
VTM0XPQ
VT0*XPQ
VT**X1Q
VT0*XPQ
VTM*X1Q
VT00XPQ
VTM0X1Q
VT0*XPQ
VTM*X1Q
VT00X1Q
VTM0XPQ
VTM0X1Q
VT**X1Q
VTM*X1Q
VT**X1Q
VT*MXPQ
VTM0X1Q
VTMMX1Q
VT*MX1Q
VT00X1Q
VTMMX1Q
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VTMMX1Q
VT*MX1Q
VT0*X1Q
VT0*XPQ
VT0*X1Q
VT*0X1Q
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GPW
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CNO*
C&OM
C&O*
CNOM
C&O*
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C&O0
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1%5MT#
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125*T3
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D(Y
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DPMTDM
DP*TD0
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D1MTD0
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DPMTDM
DPMTD0
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D1MTD*
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125*T#
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QMH#WT0X
Q0HRWT*X
Q*H#WT0X
Q0(#WT0X
Q*(RWT0X
QM(#WTMX
Q*(3WT0X
Q0(3WTMX
Q*(#WT*X
Q0(RWT0X
Q*(#WTMX
Q*H3WT*X
Q*HRWTMX
Q0(3WT*X
Q*(RWTMX
Q0(RWT0X
Q*HRWTMX
Q0(3WT0X
Q0H3WT0X
QMH#WT0X
QMH3WT*X
QMH3WT*X
Q*(RWT0X
Q0HRWTMX
Q*(3WTMX
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Q*(#WT*X
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Q*(3WT*X
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Q*H#WT*X
QM(#WTMX
QM(#WTMX
Q*H3WT0X
Q*H3WTMX
Q0(3WTMX
QMH#WT0X
Q0HRWT*X
Q*H#WT0X
Q0(#WT0X
Q*(RWT0X
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
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IG
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IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
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IG
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51K
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VT00XPQ
VTMMXPQ
VT*MXPQ
VT0MXPQ
VT*0X1Q
VT0MXPQ
VTMMX1Q
VT00X1Q
VT00XPQ
VT0*X1Q
VT**XPQ
VTM0XPQ
VTMMXPQ
VTM0XPQ
VT**XPQ
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VT00X1Q
VTM0XPQ
VT*MX1Q
VTM0XPQ
VT*0X1Q
VT0*XPQ
VTM0X1Q
VT*MX1Q
VT*MXPQ
VT**XPQ
VTM0XPQ
VTM0XPQ
VTM*XPQ
VTM0X1Q
VT**X1Q
VT*MXPQ
VTMMX1Q
VT0*XPQ
VT0MX1Q
VTM0X1Q
VT00XPQ
VTMMXPQ
VT*MXPQ
VT0MXPQ
VT*0X1Q
VT0MXPQ
VTMMX1Q
VT00X1Q
VT00XPQ
VT0*X1Q
VT**XPQ
VTM0XPQ
G1W
GPW
G1W
G1W
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1L5MT#
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1%^MT#
1%5*T3
1LJ*TR
12^MT3
1L5*T3
1LJ*T3
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PL50T3
PL50TR
1%^MT3
12J0TR
P%J*T#
1L^0TR
1LJMT#
1250TR
P2^*T#
1L5*TR
12^MT#
P%^0TR
P%^*TR
P250TR
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1250TR
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1%^*T#
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P2J*TR
12^MT#
P%^0TR
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1%5*T3
1LJ*TR
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1L5*T3
1LJ*T3
1LJMT3
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12J0TR
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Y1%
)1%
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IG
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IG
IG
IG
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IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
IG
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IG
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IG
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IG
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5PK
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DH)
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D(Y
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D1*TD*
D10TD0
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DP*TD*
DP*TDM
P%J*T3
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P%^MT#
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P%5*TR
125*TR
1L^*T3
P2JMTR
1%J*T3
1%5MT3
P25MT#
1%^*T3
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12^0TR
1%5*T3
1L5*T#
1%^0TR
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PL^0T3
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P%50T#
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PL5MT#
P%^MTR
P%^*T#
P%^MT#
1%JMTR
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P%^MT#
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P%5*TR
125*TR
1L^*T3
P2JMTR
1%J*T3
1%5MT3
P25MT#
1%^*T3
PLJ*T#
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LP
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21
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LP
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LP
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XP
XP
XP
X1
X1
X1
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
X1
X1
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
XP
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
XP
X1
X1
X1
XP
XP
X1
XP
XP
X1
K5H%
K^(2
KJHL
K^H2
KJ(L
K^H2
K5H2
K^H2
K5(L
K^(L
KJ(%
KJH%
K5(L
K^H%
K^HL
K^H%
K^H%
KJH%
KJ(2
KJH2
K^HL
K5(L
K^HL
K5H%
K^(2
KJ(L
K^HL
K^H2
K5H%
K^(L
K^(%
KJ(2
K5(L
K5(L
K^H%
KJ(%
K5H%
K^(2
KJHL
K^H2
KJ(L
K^H2
K5H2
K^H2
K5(L
K^(L
KJ(%
KJH%
K5(L
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
G1W
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
G1W
G1W
GPW
G1W
GPW
G1W
G1W
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
G1W
G1W
G1W
G1W
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
G1W
G1W
G1W
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
G1W
GPW
G1W
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
GPW
KH)2
K(Y%
K()2
KH!2
K(!L
K()L
K(!%
KH)%
KH!L
K(Y2
KH)2
KH)2
KH)2
K(!%
K()2
K()%
K(!%
KHY2
KH)2
K(Y%
KH!2
KH)%
KH!%
KHY%
KHYL
K(Y%
K(Y2
K(!L
K(YL
KH)2
K(Y%
K(Y2
KH!%
KH!2
K()2
KH)%
KH)2
K(Y%
K()2
KH!2
K(!L
K()L
K(!%
KH)%
KH!L
K(Y2
KH)2
KH)2
KH)2
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
% T W 0
T
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
N 3
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
% T W 0
T R
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
N 3
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
% T W 0
T R U
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
N 3
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
% T W 0
T R U E
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
N 3
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
% T W 0
T R U E
C T M ( 2 ) * 3 #
G R E A T N E S S
N 3
I S
Q 0 ( R W T 0 X
M E A S U R E D
Homophonic Substitution Cipher – Decrypt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
HIDXMVCJNUESQYPZBTRLWOKFGA
(
*
5&
!1
3%
0
^4
)
#2
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK QWDJ
CNOM 2P P%5MT3 !PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D()
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW MUCH
GIVE TO OTHERS NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
VT0MXPQ G1W
D1MTD0
FREEDOM YOU
COERCE
Homophonic Substitution Cipher - Summary
• (Not Quite But Mostly) Symmetric Encryption
• Same Key Used for Encryption and Decryption
• Complexity Introduced Due to Homophones
• Length of Alphabet > Length of Key
• Additional “Letters” are needed to accommodate Homophones
• Vulnerable to Frequency Analysis?
Homophonic Substitution Cipher –
Frequency Analysis
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
20
10
0
A B C D E F G H
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
20
10
0
C D G H
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
I M N O R S T U V W Y
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 5 P W T D GMQ ( K J X % ! N ) C I * L # H ^ R V O
Homophonic Substitution Cipher –
Frequency Analysis
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
20
10
0
A B C D E F G H
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
20
10
0
C D G H
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
I M N O R S T U V W Y
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 5 P W T D GMQ ( K J X % ! N ) C I * L # H ^ R V O
Homophonic Substitution Cipher –
Frequency Analysis
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
20
10
0
A B C D E F G H
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
20
10
0
C D G H
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
I M N O R S T U V W Y
I
J
K L M N O P Q R T V W X Y
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 5 P W T D GMQ ( K J X % ! N ) C I * L # H ^ R V O
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
0
4
2
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
2
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
4
2
0
12
25
WD
GP
XP
DJ
QW
MT
PW
KQ
IG
PK
(2
T0
5%
#%
*T
OM
5M
5*
)*
CN
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
0
4
2
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
2
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
4
2
0
12
25
WD
GP
XP
DJ
QW
MT
PW
KQ
IG
PK
(2
T0
5%
#%
*T
OM
5M
5*
)*
CN
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
Substitution Cipher – Frequency Analysis
4
0
4
2
0
DJ
GJ
GP
HL
HY
IG
JM
JP
KQ
LJ
LP
MH
MT
MX
PK
PL
PW
QW
TM
TR
WD
XP
LTWM CTMHLYMRR NR QMHRWTMX IG JPK
QWDJ VTMMXPQ GPW CNOM LP PLJMTR
YPL IG JPK QWDJ GPW DHY DPMTDM
PLJMTR LP XP KJHL GPW KHYL
2
AN
AT
BY
CH
DO
EA
ED
ER
HE
HO
MU
OT
OU
OW
RE
RS
TH
TO
UC
WM
YH
YO
TRUE GREATNESS IS MEASURED BY HOW
MUCH FREEDOM YOU GIVE TO OTHERS
NOT BY HOW MUCH YOU CAN COERCE
OTHERS TO DO WHAT YOU WANT
4
2
0
12
25
WD
GP
XP
DJ
QW
MT
PW
KQ
IG
PK
(2
T0
5%
#%
*T
OM
5M
5*
)*
CN
%TW0 CTM(2)*3# N3 Q0(RWT0X IG 5PK
QWDJ VT0MXPQ G1W CNOM 2P P%5MT3
!PL IG ^1K QWDJ GPW D() D1MTD0
125*T# %1 XP KJ(2 GPW KH!L
Zodiac Killer – Biographical Information
• Zodiac Killer
• Active Late 1960s – Early 1970s
• Northern California
• Victims
Wikipedia
• Confirmed 5 Murders – 2 Attacked But Escaped
• Claimed 37 Murders
aftermath.com
• Investigated By
•
•
•
•
San Francisco Police Department
United States Navy
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Fun Loving Amateur Cryptographers!
Revenge of the Nerds
Zodiac Killer – History of Z408 Cipher
• August 1st 1969 - 3 Letters Were Received By Major Newspapers
• Vallejo Times Herald
• The San Francisco Examiner
• San Francisco Chronicle
zodiackillerciphers.com
Zodiac Killer – History of Z408 Cipher
• If not Published, Zodiac Killer Threatened to
• “cruse [sic] around all weekend killing lone people in the night then move on
to kill again, until I end up with a dozen people over the weekend”
• In materials that accompanied the letters, Zodiac Killer claims that the
encrypted messages contain his identity.
• All three letters are published
zodiackillerciphers.com
Zodiac Killer – Analysis of Z408 Cipher
• Three parts
• Unique
• In Unknown Order
• All Contain Exactly 136 Characters
• Expanded Alphabet
• Hints towards Homophonic Substitution Cipher
• Why would he uses a Homophonic Substitution Cipher?
zodiackillerciphers.com
Zodiac Killer – Analysis of Z408 Cipher
• Due to “Strange” Characters, Remap each Z408 Letter to a Computer
Friendly Letter
• Single Letter Frequency
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
5 6 7 8 9 q R B % I P # e U Y VW E k X _ ) A L M Z + H O = t T r G / p d c S J @ ^ N F D l ! Q \ K ( z f j
Zodiac Killer – Analysis of Z408 Cipher
• Due to “Strange” Characters, Remap each Z408 Letter to a Computer
Friendly Letter
• BiGram Frequency
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9% 85 #B %% )S /9 @X ^R _T 6q 9# A9 AP B% BP BV c+ cZ DR eG EH GY HM I)
Ik
L) LM OR P# PO q_ qE qG qW r\
r9 RU S(
Tt TY UI VE VW WI Wq WV Xq
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
• Frequency Analysis is a bust!
• Or is it…?
• Frequency Analysis in concert with a Known Plaintext attack
• If you were a homicidal serial killer with severe mental problems, a superiority
complex, reaching out for help so that someone can stop you, AND a flair for
cryptography, what do you think would be the most common word in your
lexicon?
• Hint – It’s not “Perl” :p
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
10
5
0
9% 85 #B %% )S /9 @X ^R _T 6q 9# A9 AP B% BP BV c+ cZ DR eG EH GY HM I) Ik L) LM OR P# PO q_ qE qG qW r\ r9 RU S( Tt TY UI VE VW WI Wq WV Xq
/ 9 # B
? ? L L
A 9 # B
? ? L L
/ P # B
? ? L L
A P # B
? ? L L
Q S # B
? ? L L
r 9 # B
? ? L L
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
9 % P / Z / U B % k O R = p X = B
W V + e G Y F 6 9 H P@ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( / 9 # B P O R A U% f R l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D 9 K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
R N t I Y E l O 8 q G B T Q S # B
L d / P # B @ X q E HMU ^ R R k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r 9 #
B P D R + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p O V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ R 6 H
I 9 D R _ T Y r \ d e / @ X J Q A
P 5 M 8 R U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 9 8 L M l N A ) Z ( P
z U p k A 9 # B VW\ + V T t O P
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E / 9 %% Z f A P # B V
p e X q W q _ F # 8 c + @ 9 A 9 B
% O T 5 R U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A 9 % # L t _
H ! F B X 9 z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d # # 6 e 5 P O R X Q F %G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r B P QW 6
V E X r 9 W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
9 % P / Z / U L % k O R = p X = L
W V + e G Y F 6 9 H P@ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( / 9 L L P O R A U% f R l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D 9 K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
R N t I Y E l O 8 q G L T Q S L L
L d / P L L @ X q E HMU ^ R R k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r 9 L
L P D R + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p O V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ R 6 H
I 9 D R _ T Y r \ d e / @ X J Q A
P 5 M 8 R U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 9 8 L M l N A ) Z ( P
z U p k A 9 L L VW\ + V T t O P
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E / 9 %% Z f A P L L V
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c + @ 9 A 9 L
% O T 5 R U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A 9 % L L t _
H ! F L X 9 z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d L L 6 e 5 P O R X Q F %G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r L P QW 6
V E X r 9 W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
10
5
0
9% 85 #B %% )S /9 @X ^R _T 6q 9# A9 AP B% BP BV c+ cZ DR eG EH GY HM I) Ik L) LM OR P# PO q_ qE qG qW r\ r9 RU S( Tt TY UI VE VW WI Wq WV Xq
/ 9 # B
K I L L
A 9 # B
? I L L
/ P # B
K I L L
A P # B
? I L L
Q S # B
? ? L L
r 9 # B
? I L L
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
K
I
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
I
9 % P / Z / U L % k O R = p X = L
W V + e G Y F 6 9 H P@ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( / 9 L L P O R A U% f R l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D 9 K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
R N t I Y E l O 8 q G L T Q S L L
L d / P L L @ X q E HM U ^ R R k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r 9 L
L P D R + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p O V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ R 6 H
I 9 D R _ T Y r \ d e / @ X J Q A
P 5 M 8 R U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 9 8 L M l N A ) Z ( P
z U p k A 9 L L VW\ + V T t O P
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E / 9 %% Z f A P L L V
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c + @ 9 A 9 L
% O T 5 R U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A 9 % L L t _
H ! F L X 9 z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d L L 6 e 5 P O R X Q F % G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r L P QW 6
V E X r 9 W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
I % I K Z K U L % k O R = p X = L
W V + e G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( K I L L I O R A U% f R l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
R N t I Y E l O 8 q G L T Q S L L
L d K I L L @ X q E HMU ^ R R k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I L
L I D R + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p O V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ R 6 H
I I D R _ T Y r \ d e K @ X J Q A
I 5 M 8 R U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 I 8 L M l N A ) Z ( I
z U p k A I L L VW\ + V T t O I
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E K I %% Z f A I L L V
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c + @ I A I L
% O T 5 R U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A I % L L t _
H ! F L X I z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I O R X Q F %G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r L I QW 6
V E X r I W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
K
I
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I % I K Z K U L % k O R = p X = L
W V + e G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( K I L L I O R A U% f R l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
R N t I Y E l O 8 q G L T Q S L L
L d K I L L @ X q E HMU ^ R R k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I L
L I D R + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p O V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ R 6 H
I I D R _ T Y r \ d e K@ X J Q A
I 5 M 8 R U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 I 8 L M l N A ) Z ( I
z U p k A I L L VW\ + V T t O I
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E K I %% Z f A I L L V
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c + @ I A I L
% O T 5 R U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A I % L L t _
H ! F L X I z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I O R X Q F % G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r L I QW 6
V E X r I W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
I % I K Z K U L % k N
W V + e G Y F 6 I H I
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t
S ( K I L L I N G A U
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F
@ + q G D I K I ) 6 q
G N t I Y E l N 8 q G
L d K I L L @ X q E H
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8
L I D G + j = 6 \ N (
Z c p N V W I 5 + t L
I I D G _ T Y r \ d e
I 5 M 8 G U t % L ) N
r I ! J k 5 I 8 L M l
z U p k A I L L VW \
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D
N k ) S c E K I %% Z
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c
% N T 5 G U c + _ d Y
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A
H ! F L X I z X A D d
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I N G
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I +
V E X r I W I 6 q E H
G = p X = L
@ K ! q Y e
N Q Y D 5 )
% f G l q E
H V We 8 Y
X 8 5 z S (
L T Q S L L
MU ^ G G k
5 L M r I L
e E U H k F
) l ^ G 6 H
K @ X J Q A
V E K H = G
N A ) Z ( I
+ V T t N I
z G %% I M
f A I L L V
+ @ I A I L
q _ ^ S q W
I % L L t _
\ 7 L ! = q
X Q F % G c
r L I QW 6
M ) = U I k
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I % I K Z K U L % k NG = p X = L
W V + e G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
S ( K I L L I N G A U% f G l q E
k ^ L M Z J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
@ + q G D I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
G N t I Y E l N 8 q G L T Q S L L
L d K I L L @ X q E HMU ^ G G k
c Z K q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I L
L I D G + j = 6 \ N ( e E U H k F
Z c p N V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ G 6 H
I I D G _ T Y r \ d e K@ X J Q A
I 5 M 8 G U t % L ) N V E K H = G
r I ! J k 5 I 8 L M l N A ) Z ( I
z U p k A I L L VW\ + V T t N I
^ = S r l f U e 6 7 D z G %% I M
N k ) S c E K I %% Z f A I L L V
p e X q W q _ F L 8 c + @ I A I L
% N T 5 G U c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
V Z e G Y K E _ T Y A I % L L t _
H ! F L X I z X A D d \ 7 L ! = q
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I N G X Q F % G c
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J I + r L I QW 6
V E X r I W I 6 q E HM ) = U I k
I L I K Z K U L L
W V + e G Y F 6 I
M J Y ^ U I k 7 q
S ( K I L L I N G
k ^ L M Z J d r \
@ + q G D I K I )
G N t I Y E l N 8
L d K I L L @ X q
c Z K q p I ) Wq
L I D G + j = 6 \
Z c p N V W I 5 +
I I D G _ T Y r \
I 5 M 8 G U t L L
r I ! J k 5 I 8 L
z U p k A I L L V
^ = S r l f U e 6
N k ) S c E K I L
p e X q W q _ F L
L N T 5 G U c + _
V Z e G Y K E _ T
H ! F L X I z X A
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I
Z @ J T t q _ 8 J
V E X r I W I 6 q
k N
H I
T t
A U
p F
6 q
q G
E H
! 8
N (
t L
d e
) N
M l
W \
7 D
L Z
8 c
d Y
Y A
D d
N G
I +
E H
G = p X = L
@ K ! q Y e
N Q Y D 5 )
L f G l q E
H V We 8 Y
X 8 5 z S (
L T Q S L L
MU ^ G G k
5 L M r I L
e E U H k F
) l ^ G 6 H
K @ X J Q A
V E K H = G
N A ) Z ( I
+ V T t N I
z G L L I M
f A I L L V
+ @ I A I L
q _ ^ S q W
I L L L t _
\ 7 L ! = q
X Q F L G c
r L I QW 6
M ) = U I k
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
I
I L I K Z K U L
W V + e G Y F 6
M J Y ^ U I k 7
S ( K I L L I N
k ^ L M Z J d r
@ + q G D I K I
G N t I Y E l N
L d K I L L @ X
c Z K q p I ) W
L I D G + j = 6
Z c p N V W I 5
I I D G _ T Y r
I 5 M 8 G U t L
r I ! J k 5 I 8
z U p k A I L L
^ = S r l f U e
N k ) S c E K I
p e X q W q _ F
L N T 5 G U c +
V Z e G Y K E _
H ! F L X I z X
_ e d L L 6 e 5
Z @ J T t q _ 8
V E X r I W I 6
L
I
q
G
\
)
8
q
q
\
+
\
L
L
V
6
L
L
_
T
A
I
J
q
k NG = p X
H I @ K ! q
T t N Q Y D
A U L f G l
p F H V We
6 q X 8 5 z
q G L T Q S
E HMU ^ G
! 8 5 L M r
N ( e E U H
t L ) l ^ G
d e K@ X J
) N V E K H
M l N A ) Z
W\ + V T t
7 D z G L L
L Z f A I L
8 c + @ I A
d Y q _ ^ S
Y A I L L L
D d \ 7 L !
N G X Q F L
I + r L I Q
E HM ) = U
= L
Y e
5 )
q E
8 Y
S (
L L
G k
I L
k F
6 H
Q A
= G
( I
N I
I M
L V
I L
q W
t _
= q
G c
W 6
I k
I L I K E K I L L
W V + e G Y F 6 I
M J Y ^ I I I 7 q
S ( K I L L I N G
I ^ L M E J d r \
@ + q G D I K I )
G N t I Y E l N 8
L d K I L L @ X q
c E K q p I ) Wq
L I D G + j = 6 \
E c p N V W I 5 +
I I D G _ T Y r \
I 5 M 8 G I t L L
r I ! J I 5 I 8 L
z I p I A I L L V
^ = S r l f I e 6
N I ) S c E K I L
p e X q W q _ F L
L N T 5 G I c + _
V E e G Y K E _ T
H ! F L X I z X A
_ e d L L 6 e 5 I
E @ J T t q _ 8 J
V E X r I W I 6 q
I N
H I
T t
A I
p F
6 q
q G
E H
! 8
N (
t L
d e
) N
M l
W \
7 D
L E
8 c
d Y
Y A
D d
N G
I +
E H
G = p X = L
@ K ! q Y e
N Q Y D 5 )
L f G l q E
H V We 8 Y
X 8 5 z S (
L T Q S L L
M I ^ G G I
5 L M r I L
e E I H I F
) l ^ G 6 H
K @ X J Q A
V E K H = G
N A ) E ( I
+ V T t N I
z G L L I M
f A I L L V
+ @ I A I L
q _ ^ S q W
I L L L t _
\ 7 L ! = q
X Q F L G c
r L I QW 6
M ) = I I I
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
I L I K E
W V + e G
M J Y ^ I
S ( K I L
I ^ L M E
@ + q G D
G N t I Y
L d K I L
c E K q p
L I D G +
E c p N V
I I D G _
I 5 M 8 G
r I ! J I
z I p I A
^ = S r l
N I ) S c
p e X q W
L N T 5 G
V E e G Y
H ! F L X
_ e d L L
E @ J T t
V E X r I
K I L
Y F 6
I I 7
L I N
J d r
I K I
E l N
L @ X
I ) W
j = 6
W I 5
T Y r
I t L
5 I 8
I L L
f I e
E K I
q _ F
I c +
K E _
I z X
6 e 5
q _ 8
W I 6
L
I
q
G
\
)
8
q
q
\
+
\
L
L
V
6
L
L
_
T
A
I
J
q
I NG = p
H I @ K !
T t N Q Y
A I L f G
p F H V W
6 q X 8 5
q G L T Q
E HM I ^
! 8 5 L M
N ( e E I
t L ) l ^
d e K @ X
) N V E K
M l N A )
W \ + V T
7 D z G L
L E f A I
8 c + @ I
d Y q _ ^
Y A I L L
D d \ 7 L
N G X Q F
I + r L I
E HM ) =
X
q
D
l
e
z
S
G
r
H
G
J
H
E
t
L
L
A
S
L
!
L
Q
I
=
Y
5
q
8
S
L
G
I
I
6
Q
=
(
N
I
L
I
q
t
=
G
W
I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
A
G
I
I
M
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
I L I
W V +
M J Y
S ( K
I ^ L
@ + q
G N t
L d K
c E K
L I D
E c p
I I D
I 5 M
r I !
z I p
^ = S
N I )
p e X
L N T
V E e
H ! F
_ e d
E @ J
V E X
K E K I L
e G Y F 6
^ I I I 7
I L L I N
M E J d r
G D I K I
I Y E l N
I L L @ X
q p I ) W
G + j = 6
N V W I 5
G _ T Y r
8 G I t L
J I 5 I 8
I A I L L
r l D I e
S c E K I
q W q _ F
5 G I c +
G Y K E _
L X I z X
L L 6 e 5
T t q _ 8
r I W I 6
L
I
q
G
\
)
8
q
q
\
+
\
L
L
V
6
L
L
_
T
A
I
J
q
I
H
T
A
p
6
q
E
!
N
t
d
)
M
W
7
L
8
d
Y
D
N
I
E
N
I
t
I
F
q
G
H
8
(
L
e
N
l
\
D
E
c
Y
A
d
G
+
H
G = p X = L
@ K ! q Y e
N Q Y D 5 )
L D G l q E
H V We 8 Y
X 8 5 z S (
L T Q S L L
M I ^ G G I
5 L M r I L
e E I H I F
) l ^ G 6 H
K @ X J Q A
V E K H = G
N A ) E ( I
+ V T t N I
z G L L I M
D A I L L V
+ @ I A I L
q _ ^ S q W
I L L L t _
\ 7 L ! = q
X Q F L G c
r L I QW 6
M ) = I I I
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
W
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
I L I K E
W V + e G
M J Y ^ I
S ( K I L
I ^ L M E
@ + q G D
G N t I Y
L d K I L
c E K q p
L I D G +
E c p N V
I I D G _
I 5 M 8 G
r I ! J I
z I p I A
^ = S r l
N I ) S c
p e X q W
L N T 5 G
V E e G Y
H ! F L X
_ e d L L
E @ J T t
V E X r I
K I L
Y F 6
I I 7
L I N
J d r
I K I
E l N
L @ X
I ) W
j = 6
W I 5
T Y r
I t L
5 I 8
I L L
D I e
E K I
q _ F
I c +
K E _
I z X
6 e 5
q _ 8
W I 6
L
I
q
G
\
)
8
q
q
\
+
\
L
L
V
6
L
L
_
T
A
I
J
q
I NG = p
H I @ K !
T t N Q Y
A I L D G
p F H V W
6 q X 8 5
q G L T Q
E HM I ^
! 8 5 L M
N ( e E I
t L ) l ^
d e K @ X
) N V E K
M l N A )
W \ + V T
7 D z G L
L E D A I
8 c + @ I
d Y q _ ^
Y A I L L
D d \ 7 L
N G X Q F
I + r L I
E HM ) =
X
q
D
l
e
z
S
G
r
H
G
J
H
E
t
L
L
A
S
L
!
L
Q
I
=
Y
5
q
8
S
L
G
I
I
6
Q
=
(
N
I
L
I
q
t
=
G
W
I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
A
G
I
I
M
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
I L I
W V +
M J Y
S ( K
I ^ L
@ + q
G N t
L d K
c E K
L I D
E c p
I I D
I 5 M
r I !
z I p
^ = S
N I )
p e X
L N T
V E e
H ! F
_ e d
E @ J
V E X
K E K I L L I N G = p X = L
e G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
^ I I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
I L L I N GW I L D G l q E
M E J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
G D I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
I Y E l N 8 q G L T Q S L L
I L L @ X q E HM I ^ G G I
q p I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I L
G + j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I F
N V W I 5 + t L ) l ^ G 6 H
G _ T Y r \ d e K @ X J QW
8 G I t L L ) N V E K H = G
J I 5 I 8 L M l NW ) E ( I
I W I L L VW \ + V T t N I
r l D I e 6 7 D z G L L I M
S c E K I L L E D W I L L V
q W q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I L
5 G I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
G Y K E _ T YW I L L L t _
L X I z XWD d \ 7 L ! = q
L L 6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G c
T t q _ 8 J I + r L I QW 6
r I W I 6 q E HM ) = I I I
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
• Lets Look at BiGrams
• Most Common BiGram in English is ‘TH’
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
W
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
I L I K E
W V + e G
M J Y ^ I
S ( K I L
I ^ L M E
@ + q G D
G N t I Y
L d K I L
c E K q p
L I D G +
E c p N V
I I D G _
I 5 M 8 G
r I ! J I
z I p I W
^ = S r l
N I ) S c
p e X q W
L N T 5 G
V E e G Y
H ! F L X
_ e d L L
E @ J T t
V E X r I
K I L L I NG = p X =
Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y
I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5
L I N GW I L D G l q
J d r \ p F H V W e 8
I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S
E l N 8 q G L T Q S L
L @ X q E HM I ^ G G
I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I
j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I
W I 5 + t L ) l ^ G 6
T Y r \ d e K @ X J Q
I t L L ) N V E K H =
5 I 8 L M l NW ) E (
I L L VW \ + V T t N
D I e 6 7 D z G L L I
E K I L L E DW I L L
q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I
I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q
K E _ T YW I L L L t
I z XWD d \ 7 L ! =
6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G
q _ 8 J I + r L I QW
W I 6 q E HM ) = I I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
W
G
I
I
M
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
• ‘VW’
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
58 85 VW LM qG tL S( qE pV EH c @X I)
(
L) r\ 6H MJ Tt
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
• Lets Look at BiGrams
• Most Common BiGram in English is ‘TH’
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
W
L
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
I L I K E
W V + e G
M J Y ^ I
S ( K I L
I ^ L M E
@ + q G D
G N t I Y
L d K I L
c E K q p
L I D G +
E c p N V
I I D G _
I 5 M 8 G
r I ! J I
z I p I W
^ = S r l
N I ) S c
p e X q W
L N T 5 G
V E e G Y
H ! F L X
_ e d L L
E @ J T t
V E X r I
K I L L I NG = p X =
Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y
I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5
L I N GW I L D G l q
J d r \ p F H V W e 8
I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S
E l N 8 q G L T Q S L
L @ X q E HM I ^ G G
I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I
j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I
W I 5 + t L ) l ^ G 6
T Y r \ d e K @ X J Q
I t L L ) N V E K H =
5 I 8 L M l NW ) E (
I L L VW \ + V T t N
D I e 6 7 D z G L L I
E K I L L E DW I L L
q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I
I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q
K E _ T YW I L L L t
I z XWD d \ 7 L ! =
6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G
q _ 8 J I + r L I QW
W I 6 q E HM ) = I I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
W
G
I
I
M
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
• ‘VW’
• ‘LM’
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
58 85 VW LM qG tL S( qE pV EH c @X I)
(
L) r\ 6H MJ Tt
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
W
L
T
H
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
I L I K E
W V + e G
M J Y ^ I
S ( K I L
I ^ L M E
@ + q G D
G N t I Y
L d K I L
c E K q p
L I D G +
E c p N V
I I D G _
I 5 M 8 G
r I ! J I
z I p I W
^ = S r l
N I ) S c
p e X q W
L N T 5 G
V E e G Y
H ! F L X
_ e d L L
E @ J T t
V E X r I
K I L L I NG = p X =
Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y
I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5
L I N GW I L D G l q
J d r \ p F H V W e 8
I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S
E l N 8 q G L T Q S L
L @ X q E HM I ^ G G
I ) Wq ! 8 5 L M r I
j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I
W I 5 + t L ) l ^ G 6
T Y r \ d e K @ X J Q
I t L L ) N V E K H =
5 I 8 L M l NW ) E (
I L L VW \ + V T t N
D I e 6 7 D z G L L I
E K I L L E DW I L L
q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I
I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q
K E _ T YW I L L L t
I z XWD d \ 7 L ! =
6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G
q _ 8 J I + r L I QW
W I 6 q E HM ) = I I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
W
G
I
I
M
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
I L
W V
H J
S (
I ^
@ +
G N
T d
c E
L I
E c
I I
I 5
r I
z I
^ =
N I
p e
L N
V E
H !
_ e
E @
V E
I
+
Y
K
T
q
t
K
K
D
p
D
H
!
p
S
)
X
T
e
F
d
J
X
K
e
^
I
H
G
I
I
q
G
N
G
8
J
I
r
S
q
5
G
L
L
T
r
E K I L L I N G = p X = L
G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
I I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5 )
L L I N GW I L D G l q E
E J d r \ p F H V We 8 Y
D I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
Y E l N 8 q G L T Q S L L
L L @ X q E H H I ^ G G I
p I ) Wq ! 8 5 T H r I L
+ j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I F
V W I 5 + t T ) l ^ G 6 H
_ T Y r \ d e K @ X J QW
G I t L T ) N V E K H = G
I 5 I 8 T H l NW ) E ( I
W I L L VW \ + V T t N I
l D I e 6 7 D z G L L I H
c E K I L L E D W I L L V
W q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I L
G I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
Y K E _ T YW I L L T t _
X I z XWD d \ 7 T ! = q
L 6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G c
t q _ 8 J I + r L I QW 6
I W I 6 q E H H ) = I I I
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
I
W
L
N
T
H
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
I
E
D
I
R
I L
W V
H J
S (
I ^
@ +
G N
T d
c E
L I
E c
I I
I 5
r I
z I
^ =
N I
p e
L N
V E
H !
_ e
E @
V E
I
+
Y
K
T
q
t
K
K
D
p
D
H
!
p
S
)
X
T
e
F
d
J
X
K
e
^
I
H
G
I
I
q
G
N
G
8
J
I
r
S
q
5
G
L
L
T
r
E
G
I
L
E
D
Y
L
p
+
V
_
G
I
W
l
c
W
G
Y
X
L
t
I
K I L L I NG = p X =
Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y
I I 7 q T t N Q Y D 5
L I N GW I L D G l q
J d r \ p F H V W e 8
I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S
E l N 8 q G L T Q S L
L @ X q E H H I ^ G G
I ) Wq ! 8 5 T H r I
j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I
W I 5 + t T ) l ^ G 6
T Y r \ d e K @ X J Q
I t L T ) N V E K H =
5 I 8 T H l NW ) E (
I L L VW \ + V T t N
D I e 6 7 D z G L L I
E K I L L E DW I L L
q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I
I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q
K E _ T YW I L L T t
I z XWD d \ 7 T ! =
6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G
q _ 8 J I + r L I QW
W I 6 q E H H ) = I I
L
e
)
E
Y
(
L
I
L
F
H
W
G
I
I
H
V
L
W
_
q
c
6
I
I L
W V
H J
S (
I ^
@ +
G N
T d
c E
L I
E c
I I
I 5
R I
z I
^ =
N I
p e
L N
V E
H !
_ e
E @
V E
I
+
Y
K
T
q
t
K
K
N
p
N
H
!
p
S
)
X
T
e
F
d
J
X
K
e
^
I
H
G
I
I
q
G
N
G
8
J
I
R
S
q
5
G
L
L
T
r
E K I L L I N G = p X = L
G Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y e
I I I 7 q T t N Q Y N 5 )
L L I N GW I L D G l q E
E J d R \ p F H V We 8 Y
N I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S (
Y E l N 8 q G L T Q S L L
L L @ X q E H H I ^ G G I
p I ) Wq ! 8 5 T H R I L
+ j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I F
V W I 5 + t T ) l ^ G 6 H
_ T Y R \ d e K @ X J QW
G I t L T ) N V E K H = G
I 5 I 8 T H l NW ) E ( I
W I L L VW \ + V T t N I
l D I e 6 7 N z G L L I H
c E K I L L E D W I L L V
W q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I L
G I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q W
Y K E _ T YW I L L T t _
X I z XWN d \ 7 T ! = q
L 6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G c
t q _ 8 J I + R L I QW 6
I W I 6 q E H H ) = I I I
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
Decryption Key
!
#
%
(
)
+
/
5
6
7
8
9
=
@
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
L
L
K
T
I
W
L
N
T
H
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
\
^
_
c
d
e
f
j
k
l
p
q
r
t
z
N
I
G
O
I
E
O
D
I
R
I L
W V
H J
S (
I ^
@ +
G N
T d
c E
L I
E c
I I
I 5
R I
z I
^ =
N I
p e
L N
V E
H !
_ e
E @
V E
I
+
Y
K
T
q
t
K
K
N
p
N
H
!
p
S
)
X
T
e
F
d
J
X
K
e
^
I
H
G
I
I
q
G
N
G
8
J
I
R
S
q
5
G
L
L
T
r
E
G
I
L
E
N
Y
L
p
+
V
_
G
I
W
l
c
W
G
Y
X
L
t
I
K I L L I NG = p X =
Y F 6 I H I @ K ! q Y
I I 7 q T t N Q Y N 5
L I N GW I L D G l q
J d R \ p F H V W e 8
I K I ) 6 q X 8 5 z S
E l N 8 q G L T Q S L
L @ X q E H H I ^ G G
I ) Wq ! 8 5 T H R I
j = 6 \ N ( e E I H I
W I 5 + t T ) l ^ G 6
T Y R \ d e K @ X J Q
I t L T ) N V E K H =
5 I 8 T H l NW ) E (
I L L VW \ + V T t N
D I e 6 7 N z G L L I
E K I L L E DW I L L
q _ F L 8 c + @ I W I
I c + _ d Y q _ ^ S q
K E _ T YW I L L T t
I z XWN d \ 7 T ! =
6 e 5 I N G X Q F L G
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Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
• Donald and Bettye Harden
• High School History and Economics Teacher
• Cracked the Cipher in 8 Days
I LIKE KILLING PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH FUN
IT IS MORE FUN THAN KILLING WILD GAME IN THE
FORREST BECAUSE MAN IS THE MOST DANGEROUE
ANAMAL OF ALL TO KILL SOMETHING GIVES ME THE
MOST THRILLING EXPERENCE IT IS EVEN BETTER
THAN GETTING YOUR ROCKS OFF WITH A GIRL THE
BEST PART OF IT IS THAE WHEN I DIE I WILL BE
REBORN IN PARADICE AND THEI HAVE KILLED WILL
BECOME MY SLAVES I WILL NOT GIVE YOU MY NAME
BECAUSE YOU WILL TRY TO SLOI DOWN OR ATOP MY
COLLECTIOG OF SLAVES FOR MY AFTERLIFE
EBEORIETEMETHHPITI
zodiackillerciphers.com
Zodiac Killer – Solution of Z408 Cipher
• The Final 18 Characters
• No Agreed Upon Solution/Meaning
• Possibilities
• Filler for Sizing
• The Zodiac Killer’s Real Name
• As an anagram
• Encrypted with another cipher
• Due to small size, we’ll likely never know conclusively
EBEORIETEMETHHPITI
Closing Thoughts
• Homophonic Substitution is an effective, but imperfect cipher
• Very challenging to write a program to solve
• Creating a Fitness Function
• Based on Letter Frequencies
• Ngram Frequencies
• Large Solution Space
• BTW…
• The Zodiac Killer was never caught
• OMG What’s that behind you!!!
• Questions?
References / Links
• Web Based Frequency Analysis
• http://www.dcode.fr/frequency-analysis
• English Language Letter Frequency
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency
• English Language Bigram Frequency
• http://norvig.com/mayzner.html
• Newspaper Article About z408 Solution
• https://www.flickr.com/photos/seanutbutter/2462841231
• Zodiac Killer Cipher Wiki
• http://zodiackillerciphers.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page