Cell organelle
function
Plant or animal cell
Cell wall
Rigid structure that surrounds and
protects cell
Plants
Centriole
Involved in cell division
Animals
Chloroplast
Converts suns energy to food
(photosynthesis)
Plants
Cytoskeleton
Structural framework inside the cell
Both
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Series of folded membranes that
create pathways for transportation
throughout the cell (Rough ER– has
ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Smooth ER produces lipids)
Both
Flagella
Whip-like tail used for movement
Both
Cilia
Tiny hair-like projections for
movement or sweeping
Both
Golgi Apparatus
Flat stacks of membranes for
packaging and shipping proteins
Both
Lysosome
Digestive enzymes break down
waste for disposal
Both
Mitochondria
Converts glucose to ATP – energy
Both
Nucleus
Control center – contains DNA
Both
Plasma membrane
(cell membrane)
Flexible membrane that controls
what goes into and out of cell
Both
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
All cells
Vacuole
Storage of water and food
1 large in plant cells, can
have a few small ones in
animal cells
Prokaryotic
No nucleus
No organelles (except
ribosomes)
Smaller and simpler
Only single-celled organisms
Both
Plasma
membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
Larger and more complex
All multicelled organisms (& some
single-celled)
All plants and animals are
eukaryotic
Cell Theory
•
All living things are made
of cells
•
Cells come from other cells
•
The cell is the smallest unit
of structure and function in
living things
Enzymes
Proteins
Catalyst – speeds up chemical reactions,
lowers activation energy
Specific – enzymes are specific to a
certain reaction
Optimal Conditions - Each enzyme has a
certain temperature and pH range
where they work best
Plasma Membrane
of a cell
• Phospholipid
bilayer –
hydrophilic heads
and hydrophobic
tails
• Transport
Proteins – allow
certain
substances to
pass through the
membrane
Osmosis
Human Health and Disease
pathogen
example
Method of
transmission
Treatment or
prevention
Bacteria
Lyme disease
Vector (ticks)
Antibiotics
Strep Throat
Direct contact/
Airborne droplets
Antibiotics
Influenza
Direct contact/
Airborne droplets
vaccines
Virus
Measles
Vaccines prepare your body for an immune
response- Exposure to weakened form of
virus
Protist
Malaria
Vector (mosquito)
Mosquito control
Fungus
Athletes foot
Direct contact or
contaminated
object
Avoid direct
contact, antifungal
medications
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle
Energy Flow through a Food Pyramid
Carbon Cycle
Analyzing Food Webs
*Remember*- Arrows point towards consumer
Levels of
Organization in
the Biosphere
Nitrogen Cycle
DNA/RNA Structure
BIG IDEA:
DNA → RNA → proteins
→ traits
Genes, Chromosomes, and Proteins…
• Chromosomes are tightly coiled strands of
DNA in the nucleus
• DNA carries the genetic code in a series of
nucleotide bases (Adenine- A, Thymine-T,
Cytosine-C, Guanine-G)
• A gene is a specific stretch of DNA that
codes for one particular protein
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction
Body Cells
PMAT
2 identical diploid cells
46 chromosomes in humans
Meiosis
Production of sex cells
Sperm and Egg (gametes)
PMAT twice!
4 genetically different haploid cells
23 chromosomes in humans
Embryology
A fertilized egg (zygote) divides by mitosis.
Cells are identical until the Gastrula stage,
at which point they become 3 distinct
layers
DNA replication: Double
stranded DNA unzips,
A ←→ T C ←→ G to make 2
new copies, each one contains 1
old strand and 1 new strand
From DNA to protein!
Single-stranded mRNA is copied from DNA in
Transcription (A → U, instead of T). It then leaves the
nucleus to carry the message to a ribosome where
Translation occurs (protein synthesis!). tRNAs bring
specific amino acids to the ribosome according to a 3
letter codon. The long chain of amino acids is a
protein.
Why are proteins such a big deal???
They do almost everything in our bodies!
Proteins are expressed as traits- determine an
organism’s Phenotype (physical appearance)
Genetic Engineering
the process of extracting DNA from one organism and combining it with the
DNA of another organism, thus introducing new hereditary traits into the
recipient organism.
Recombinant DNA
-“Combining” the DNA from 2 organisms
Examples:
KARYOTYPE= picture of chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes,
containing 3 billion letters of DNA code and
24,000 genes.
One set comes from MOM and one set
comes from DAD.
There are 22 pairs of autosomes and
1 pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y.
XX = female
XY = male
Pedigrees allow us to look at patterns of
genetic inheritance in families over
generations…
•
•
•
•
Human insulin produced by bacteria
Bacteria that “eat” oil for cleaning up oil spills
Crops that are resistant to pesticides
“Golden rice” with more nutrients to prevent diseases cause by vitamin
deficiency.
Punnett Squares allow us to predict
the probability of outcomes among
potential offspring
Interpreting a Pedigree Chart
1. Determine if the pedigree
chart shows an autosomal or
X-linked disease.
If most of the males in the
pedigree are affected the
disorder is X-linked
If it is a 50/50 ratio between
men and women the disorder
is autosomal.
2. Determine whether the
disorder is dominant or
recessive.
If the disorder is dominant,
one of the parents must have
the disorder.
If the disorder is recessive,
neither parent has to have the
disorder because they can be
heterozygous.
→ Capital letters represent dominant trait
→ Lower-case letters represent recessive
trait
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an
individual
Phenotype: Physical appearance or
observable characteristics
Allele: one of two or more alternative forms of a gene- Example: P
or p/ A or a
Homozygous: two of the same allele- AA or aa
Heterozygous: two different alleles- Aa
Traits and
Classification of the
Diversity of Life
Dichotomous Key
Binomial nomenclature: 2-word naming system proposed by
Linnaeus to standardize organisms’ identification in the
scientific community – Genus species (ex. Homo sapiens)