Biochemistry
Chapter 6
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain
CARBON ATOMS
• And have been alive or are alive
Quiz
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
Coal- ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
Complex chemistry and sci-fi creatures
Silicon (Si) sits just below carbon in the
periodic table.
Like carbon, it can also form bonds with
four other atoms at once, form long chains
(polymers), and bind to oxygen.
There are huge amounts of it on Earth
– in it is the second-most abundant element
in the Earth’s crust after oxygen.
ORGANIC COMPOUND or
INORGANIC COMPOUND?
CARBON BONDING
• FOUR electrons in its outermost energy level
– to be stable a Carbon Atom needs EIGHT
Electrons in its outermost level
– Carbon Atom therefore READILY forms FOUR
COVALENT BONDS with other Elements.
• Which makes it a very stable element!!
CARBON BONDING
CARBON MOLECULES
• 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from
Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS
(MONO = ONE).
CARBON MOLECULES
• 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from
Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS
(MONO = ONE).
• 2. Monomers can Bind to one another to form
Complex Molecules known as POLYMERS.
(POLY = MANY).
CARBON MOLECULES
• 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from
Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS
(MONO = ONE).
• 2. Monomers can Bind to one another to form
Complex Molecules known as POLYMERS.
(POLY = MANY).
• 3. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units,
forming Large Polymers called
MACROMOLECULES. (MACRO = LARGE)
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• Four main classes of organic compounds
are essential to the life processes of all
organisms:
– CARBOHYDRATES
– LIPIDS (FAT)
– PROTEINS
– NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA).
CARBOHYDRATES
• The cells of the human body obtain most of
their ENERGY from CARBOHYDRATES.
• Sugars, Starches and Cellulose are
Carbohydrates.
• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES-THREE TYPES
• MONOSACCHARIDES
• DISACCHARIDES
• POLYSACCHARIDES.
Sugars are carbohydrates
• MONOSACCHARIDES ARE SINGLE
SUGARS (Simple Sugar)
• GLUCOSE
• GALACTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN MILK
• FRUCTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN FRUITS.
Sugars are carbohydrates
• DISACCHARIDES- DOUBLE SUGARS,
CONSIST OF TWO SINGLE SUGARS
(Monosaccharides)
• Common disaccharides include
– SUCROSE- TABLE SUGAR
– LACTOSE- MILK SUGAR
– MALTOSE- CEREAL GRAINS
Sugars are carbohydrates
• POLYSACCHARIDE IS A
CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG
CHAINS OF SUGARS ("Many Sugars",
Three or More Monosaccharides).
– The prefix POLY means "Many".
– Starches
• BREAD, PASTA, AND POTATOES
Plant ENERGY storage
• Plants convert excess sugars into
Starches for long-term storage.
Animal ENERGY storage
• Animals store Glucose in the form of
Polysaccharides, Glycogen in the Liver
and Muscles to be used as Quick Energy.
• Glycogen consist of hundreds of Glucose
Molecules strung together
Break time
• I know you think Biochem is boring and
you are probably right.
• But this isn’t boring
Break time
PROTEINS
• 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH
AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD.
PROTEINS
• 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH
AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD.
• 2. Our cells need proteins to make other
proteins.
PROTEINS
• 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH
AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD.
• 2. Our cells need proteins to make other
proteins.
• 3. The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein.
AMINO ACIDS.
PROTEINS
• 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different
proteins. All these proteins are made from about
20 Different Amino Acids.
PROTEINS
• 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different
proteins. All these proteins are made from about
20 Different Amino Acids.
• 5. Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R
Group they Carry.
PROTEINS
• 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different
proteins. All these proteins are made from about
20 Different Amino Acids.
• 5. Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R
Group they Carry.
PROTEINS
• 6. Two Amino Acids bond to form a DIPEPTIDE
• 7. Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a
PEPTIDE BOND.
• 8. Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a
time, forming a long chain called a
POLYPEPTIDE.
Meat is Protein
• How to tell if a hunter has had a DUI.
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions
Proteins are
the building
blocks of life!
LIPIDS OR FATS
• 1. Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic
Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water.
LIPIDS OR FATS
• Lipids store Energy Efficiently.
• They have Large Numbers of CarbonHydrogen Bonds, which store More
Energy than Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
common in other Organic Compounds.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA AND RNA
• Nucleic Acids are very Large
and Complex Organic
Molecules that STORE
Important Information in the
Cell. (Genetic or Heredity
Information)
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA AND RNA
• Both DNA and RNA are
Polymers, composed of
thousands of linked Monomers
called NUCLEOTIDES.
Metabolism- turning
cheeseburgers into
energy (ATP’s)
ENERGY CURRENCY - ATP
• Life processes require a constant supply of ENERGY.
An example of biochemistry
• Biology and Medicine have
enjoyed enormous benefit
from a biochemical
approach to life.
• One example uses the fact
that spinning nuclear
protons can interact with an
external magnetic field in a
way that depends on their
environment.
• To the right is an MRI scan
of the head of a human
using technology based on
these principles.
• The technology produced
high quality images of soft
tissue.
The END