TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF INTRODUCING CARBON NANOPARTICLES
PRODUCED BY ARC DISCHARGE IN DIFFERENT PARAFFIN OIL GRADES
TRACK
Nanotribology V (Session 8D)
AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONS
Hesham M. M. El-Sherif†, Mokhtar O. A. Mokhtar, Ali A-F. Mostafa, Badr S. N. Azzam
Mechanical Design and Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
†
Corresponding author. Tel.: +201156597918; Fax: +20235693025. E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Electric arc discharge can be used to provide plasma required for synthesis nanoparticles [1]. The arc
discharge process may be performed in vacuum or liquid medium. Various nanoparticles were
synthesized by arc discharge process in hydrocarbon mediums like toluene [2], benzene [3], and paraffin
oil [4]. The main purpose of using hydrocarbon mediums is hopefully to increase the yield amount of
resultant nanoparticles or provide a suggestion that carbon nanotubes may be synthesized by using
hydrocarbon medium. However, there is not any observed previous work that assess the possibility of
using the resultant hydrocarbon after the arc discharge process in an engineering application.
One of the novel applications of nanotechnology is the use of nanoparticles as oil additive in order to
enhance tribological behavior of lubricants. A wide range of both nanotubes and nanoparticles were
studied as additives into oils. Carbon nanotubes [5], carbon nanoparticles [6],and onions [7] are examples
of carbonous nanomaterials used as additive into lubricating oils. As concluded from literature,
nanoparticles and nanotubes describe a significant modification on tribological behavior thought the
boundary lubrication regime.
EXPERIMENTAL
A test apparatus was developed based on the arc discharge technique in liquid medium. Control unit was
devised and attached into apparatus to adjust the gap distance between electrodes and maintain
constant arc discharge process.
The arc process was performed between two graphite electrodes of 99.8% purity and 6 mm diameter with
flat ends. Electrodes were submerged in 1.7 litter paraffin oil at room temperature (22:26 ̊C) and about 3
cm depth from the paraffin surface. AC welding machine was used to provide input power of 22 Amperes
and 24 voltage between electrodes.
A set of experiments were conducted at relatively Low Viscosity (LV) paraffin oil medium of 24 CSt.
kinematic viscosity. The arc discharge was performed for 6 minutes. Samples were extracted for
morphology and dispersion study after 1 minutes of arc discharge. Other samples were extracted for
physical and tribological assessment after applying 6 minutes of arc discharge.
Page 1 of 3
Another set of experiments were performed at relatively High Viscosity (HV) paraffin oil medium of 110
CSt. Kinematic viscosity. The arc discharge was applied for 3 minutes. Samples were extracted at 0.5
minutes interval for tribology study.
Friction coefficient of the as-prepared HV paraffin oil was measured by 0.5 inch Ball-on-Disk (PLINT TE
79 Multi Axis Tribometer) at 150 RPM of rotational speed and 20 Newton of normal load. The test was
performed for 5 minutes at 35 mm offset distance.
RESULTS
Fig. (1.a) and (1.b) illustrates morphology of as-prepared LV paraffin oil after applying 1 min. of arc
discharge. Fig. (1.a) shows prime particles that consists of graphene layers. Layers are about 10:100 nm.
On the other hand, Fig. (1.b) illustrates that the as-prepared paraffin oil, gained from the arc discharge
process, contains of dispersed carbon nanoparticles. It was observed that anode didn’t lose any weight so that the resultant carbon nanoparticles may be generated from the paraffin oil itself.
Fig. (2.a) demonstrates the kinematic viscosity at 40˚C for HV paraffin oil after applying 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
minutes of arc discharge. It is observed that the kinematic viscosity is reduced by (~13.6%) from its
original value (110 C.st.) to (95 C.st.) after 5 minutes of arc discharge. The final kinematic viscosity is still
over the common industrial range.
Fig. (2.b) illustrates the coefficient of friction for the corresponding arc discharge time. It is observed that
existence carbon nanoparticles produced by arc discharge process has influence on reduction of the oil’s coefficient of friction.
Fig.1: HRTEM morphology of as-prepared paraffin oil from the arc discharge process, (a) prime
particles morphology, (b) dispersed nanoparticles.
Fig. 2: properties of as-prepared paraffin oil at different time interval of arc discharge, (a)
Kinematic Viscosity at 40˚C, (b) coefficient of friction by Ball-on-Disk
Page 2 of 3
REFERENCES
[1]
J. Seo and B. Hong, “Thermal Plasma Synthsis of Nano-Sized Powders,” Nucl. Eng. Technol., vol. 44,
no. 1, pp. 9–20, 2012.
[2]
T. Okada, T. Kaneko, and R. Hatakeyama, “Conversion of toluene into carbon nanotubes using arc discharge plasmas in solution,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 515, no. 9, pp. 4262–4265, Mar. 2006.
[3]
N. Sano, “Formation of multi-shelled carbon nanoparticles by arc discharge in liquid benzene,” Mater.
Chem. Phys., vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 235–238, 2004.
[4]
H. M. M. El-Sherif, M. O. A. Mokhtar, A. A. Mostafa, and B. M. S. Azzam, “Effect of introducing carbon nanoparticles produced by arc discharge in paraffin oil on the oil tribological properties,” in Proceedings
of the 19th International Colloquium Tribology – Industrial and Automotive Lubrication, 2014, no. 15, p. 4.
[5]
L. Joly-Pottuz, F. Dassenoy, B. Vacher, J. M. Martin, and T. Mieno, “Ultralow friction and wear behaviour of Ni/Y-based single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs),” Tribol. Int., vol. 37, no. 11–12, pp. 1013–1018,
Nov. 2004.
[6]
C. Lee, Y. Hwang, Y. Choi, J. Lee, C. Choi, and J. Oh, “A Study on The Tribological Characteristics of Graphite Nano Lubricants,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 85–90, 2009.
[7]
L. Joly-Pottuz, B. Vacher, N. Ohmae, J. M. Martin, and T. Epicier, “Anti-wear and Friction Reducing
Mechanisms of Carbon Nano-onions as Lubricant Additives,” Tribol. Lett., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 69–80, 2008.
KEYWORDS
Carbon Blacks, Arc Discharge Plasma, Nanolubricant.
Page 3 of 3
Tribological Properties of Introducing Carbon
Nanoparticles Produced by Arc Discharge in
Different Paraffin Oil Grades
By
Eng. Hesham M. M. El-Sherif
MSc. Student & Teaching Assistant
Mechanical Design & Production Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Prof. Dr. Ali A-F. Mostafa
Professor Emeritus
Mechanical Design & Production Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Prof. Dr. Mokhtar O. A. Mokhtar
Professor Emeritus
Mechanical Design & Production Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Prof. Dr. Badr S. N. Azzam
Professor
Mechanical Design & Production Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
21st May 2015
Outlines:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Literature Review
Experimental Work
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
4 Pages
2 Pages
9 Pages
2 Pages
1 Page
2
1- Literature Review
1- Carbon Nanotubes
(a) Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT),
(b) Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)
HRTEM image of MWCNT, (b) HRTEM
image of SWCNT , (c) TEM image of CNTs in
low magnification of 200 nm.
arc discharge in water.
3
1- Literature Review
2- Carbon Black
(a) Aciniform_L. Fulcheri et al. (2002)
(b) crumpled-papers_M. Moreno et al. (2009).
4
1- Literature Review
3- Arc Discharge
Jun-ho Seo et al. (2012)
5
+
Nanoparticles/
Nanotubes
/ Nanowires
/ Hybrid
Nanoparticles
+
Dispersion of
Nanoparticles
in Lubricant
C. Lee et al. (2009)
Nanolubricant
Lubricant
1- Literature Review
4- Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oils
6
2- Experimental Work
1- Test Apparatus
7
2- Experimental Work
2- Arc Discharge in Paraffin Oil
•
•
•
•
•
•
A- Arc discharge in LV paraffin oil:
B- Arc discharge in HV paraffin oil:
Tests were conducted for assessment the
effect of applying arc discharge in Paraffin
Oil medium on the following properties:
Tests were conducted for assessment
the effect of the arc time (min.) on
the following properties:
TEM morphology analysis
Calculation of total-yield
Dispersion study
Viscosity
Flash, Pour, Fire points
Coefficient of Friction
•
•
•
•
Dispersion study
Viscosity
Flash, Pour Points
Coefficient of Friction by Ball-ondisk
8
1- Arc Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil
A- Morphology Analysis
Over nucleated graphene sheets
3- Results
Aciniform Morphology
9
1- Arc Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil
3- Results
B- Dispersion Study
10
1- Arc Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil
C- Flash/Fire/Pour points
250
Temperature (°C)
3- Results
200
198
210
204 210
194 204
Flash Point
150
100
Fire point
50
pour point
0
-50
-100
-24
Paraffine oil
before Arc
Process
-24
-24
Paraffine oil after Paraffine oil after
Arc Process
Filteration
Process
Parffin Oil Type
11
1- Arc Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil
D- Viscosity at 40 ˚C
Kinematic Viscosity
at 40 ˚C (CSt)
3- Results
25
23.6
20
18.4
17.8
Paraffine oil
after Arc
Process
Paraffine oil
after Filteration
Process
15
10
5
0
Paraffine oil
before Arc
Process
Paraffin Oil Type
12
1- Arc Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil
3- Results
E- coefficient of friction
13
2- Arc Discharge in HV Paraffin Oil
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 ˚C (Cst.)
3- Results
A- Viscosity at 40˚C
115
110
110
105
104
100
98
95
95.5
95.75
95
90
85
80
0
1
2
3
4
Time of Applying Arc discharge (min.)
5
14
2- Arc Discharge in HV Paraffin Oil
3- Results
B- Dispersion Study
Dispersion study for the IGPO after applying (a) 1.0, (b) 1.5, (c) 2.0, (d) 2.5, (e)
3.0 minutes of arc discharge
15
2- Arc Discharge in HV Paraffin Oil
Coefficient of friction
3- Results
C- Coefficient of friction
0.086
0.084
0.082
0.08
0.078
0.076
0.074
0.072
0.07
0.068
0.084
0.083
0.081
0.081
0.08
0.08
0.079
0.077
0
1
0.079
0.0784
0.0768
0.076
2
0.075
3
0.077
0.0762
0.075
0.075
4
0.074
5
Time of Applying Arc discharge (Min.)
16
3- Discussion
+
Nanolubricant
Synthesis
of
Nanoparticles
or Nanotubes
or Nanowires
or Hybrid
Nanoparticles
Dispersion
of Nanoparticles
in Lubricant
Process
(Arc Discharge)
Nanolubricant
+
Lubricant
Lubricant
3- Results
Arc discharge in paraffin oil may be considered as a novel method for
preparation Nanolubricant
17
1- Conclusions from Applying Arc
Discharge in LV Paraffin Oil medium
4- Conclusions
1) Nanolubricant can be produced directly by arc discharge process
2)
3)
4)
5)
in liquid paraffin oil medium.
Arc discharge in paraffin oil results basically Carbon Black (CB)
nanoparticles from the paraffin oil medium itself.
The yield rate of CB is about 57 times greater than the total-yield
rate from applying arc in deionized water medium.
The LV Paraffin Oil has low dispersion ability for dispersing the
CB nanoparticles because it has low viscosity and low paraffin
chain length
Applying arc discharge in LV Paraffin Oil results a reduction in its
40˚C kinematic viscosity by ~22%, increase in flash point by ~3%,
no effect on fire and pour points, reduction in coefficient of
friction by 29%, and a significant improvement in the wear
scratch.
18
2- Conclusions from Applying Arc
Discharge in HV Paraffin Oil medium
4- Conclusions
1)
2)
3)
4)
Applying arc discharge in HV Paraffin Oil medium for 5 minutes
decrease the average kinematic viscosity at 40˚C by 13.6%, and
has no significant effect on the kinematic viscosity at 100˚C.
Applying arc discharge in HV Paraffin Oil for 5 minutes decrease
its coefficient of friction by 7.4%.
Applying arc discharge in HV Paraffin Oil medium for 3 minutes
has no significant effect on the flash and pour points.
The HV Paraffin Oil has large dispersion ability to carry the CB
nanoparticles because it has a high viscosity and lone paraffin
chain.
19
5- Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
We are very thankful to the following
organizations for providing row materials and
various tests during the work phases:
Tribology and Spare Parts Center (TSPC)
Misr-Petroleum Company
Egyptian Chemistry Foundation
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI)
20
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS ??