Where is this?
northern hemisphere H2O ice
Level 3
No
Class
Present
Present
Level 4 Planetary
Party
Class
End
Reviews
Research Paper Level 3
due Thursday, April 13
paper completely structured (worth 10 points)
the more original, the better … do something NEW if you can
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Motivation
4/5/6. Sections
7/8. Discussion
9. Tables
10. Figures
effectively finished
effectively finished
YOU, some need a bit more
completely structured, some holes
at least 15 sentences
2+ drafted, some holes
2+ drafted, with FULL captions
Life on
Earth
photo: Emory Kristof
The Votes Are In 2017
YES
NO
Life in Solar System?
9
1
Life in Universe?
10
0
Intelligent Life in Solar System?
0
10
Intelligent Life in Universe?
10
0
The Votes Are In 2015
YES
NO
Life in Solar System?
4
3
Life in Universe?
9
0
Intelligent Life in Solar System?
1
8
Intelligent Life in Universe?
9
0
The Votes Are In 2003-2017
YES
NO
Life in Solar System?
46 (70%)
20
Life in Universe?
67 (99%)
1
Intelligent Life in Solar System?
3
66
Intelligent Life in Universe?
62 (91%)
(4%)
6
Five Major Steps to Earth Life
I.
COLLECT MATERIALS
II.
MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS
III. MAKE RNA and DNA
IV.
MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS
V.
EVOLVE LIFE FORMS
Step 1 to Earth Life
I.
COLLECT MATERIALS
CHON (+ a little S and P)
Earth’s original atmosphere …
H2
He
lost
Earth’s atmosphere evolution …
comets + volcanoes (+ life)
H2O
condenses
NH3 CH4
UV split, H lost
CO2 SO2
rocks absorb
N2 N2O O 2
builds up
GRADE: A
Step 2 to Earth Life
II. MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS
from chunks?
meteorites have > 50 amino acids inside
8 of 20 amino acids in proteins found in Murchison
from dust?
glycine found in giant molecular clouds ???
from soup?
Miller-Urey experiment produces amino acids
originally
H2 + NH3 + CH4
and H2O

revised
CO2 + N2
and H2O
GRADE: A
Step 3 to Earth Life
III. RNA (and DNA)
cold?
stable compounds, ice lattice
nice?
concentration of compounds, clay lattice
hot?
early start, pyrite lattice
kaolinite
GRADE: B
Step 4 to Earth Life
IV. MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS
organization into cells
replication required
happened 3.5 Byr ago!
GRADE: C
Step 5 to Earth Life
V.
EVOLVE LIFE FORMS
changes via mutations
extensive fossil record
current day changes (moths, hemophilia, bacteria, plankton, YOU)
GRADE: A
Five Major Steps to Earth Life
I.
COLLECT MATERIALS
GRADE:
A
II.
MAKE/GET AMINO ACIDS
GRADE:
A
III. MAKE RNA and DNA
GRADE:
B
IV.
MAKE REPRODUCTIVE FORMS
GRADE:
C
V.
EVOLVE LIFE FORMS
GRADE:
A
Cyanobacteria
1. developed RNA, DNA, proteins
2. invented photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy
Plant Photosynthesis
small amount of green reflected by plants
Plant Photosynthesis
5 types of
chlorophyll
N types of
cartenoids
Cyanobacteria
1. developed RNA, DNA, proteins
2. invented photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy
3. created O2, poisoned competitors
note that prokaryotes show evidence of Earth’s oxidation
some die in O2, some don’t care about O2, some must have O2
effectively all eukaryotes need O2
4. learned to use the O2
aerobic 18X more efficient energy production than anaerobic
chloroplasts = photosynthesizing cyanobacteria
mitochondria = O2 breathing cyanobacteria that invaded eukaryotes
Chlorophyll on Earth
typical July coverage
Cyanobacteria Portraits
Cyanobacteria: You’ve Seen Them
Stromatolites
stromatolites are structures left by cyano colonies
(claims) date back to 3.7 Gyr
cells live in mats/reefs, sediments + CaCO3 trapped
cyanobacteria move up
O2 producers on top, O2 avoiders on bottom
fossils show the life processes of cyanobacteria
only seen now in hypersaline environments
Classifying Life Forms (old way)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Keep
Pot
Close,
On
Fridays
Get
Stoned
5 Kingdoms
Plant
Animal
Protista
Fungi
Monera
mosses, ferns, flowering plants, bushes, trees
insects, jellyfish, crabs, fish, birds, lions, tigers, and bears
amoebae, paramecia, euglenae
mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeasts
bacteria, including cyanobacteria
Classifying Life Forms (new way)
Tree of Life, a.k.a. theWoese system, introduced in 1990
3 Domains each contain unique rRNA (found in all cells):
Plant
Animal
Protista
Fungi
= Eucarya
mosses, ferns, flowering plants, bushes, trees
insects, jellyfish, crabs, fish, birds, lions, tigers, and bears
amoebae, paramecia, euglenae
mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeasts
cell nucleus containing genetic material, includes 4 Kingdoms
Bacteria
prokaryotes, includes cyanobacteria
Archaea
prokaryotes, includes halophiles and hyperthermophiles
Molecular Phylogeny (new way)
TECHNIQUE:
a. align homologous gene sequences from different organisms
b. count number of differences, a measure of “evolutionary distance”
c. construct phylogenetic trees, i.e. evolution maps
Tree of Life (today)
Molecular Phylogeny
TECHNIQUE:
a. align homologous gene sequences from different organisms
b. count number of differences, a measure of “evolutionary distance”
c. construct phylogenetic trees, i.e. evolution maps
RESULTS:
3 Domains replace 5 Kingdoms  Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya
origin of life is found at the tree root, and is on the Bacterial line of descent
… because Archaea and Eucarya are related to the exclusion of Bacteria
… tend to find thermophiles near tree root (but debated)
major organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) are of Bacterial ancestry
most biodiversity is found in microbes (the small stuff really matters)
Diversity of Life (2017)
Total number of eukaryote species cataloged
1,730,725
www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-species.php
Plants
307,674
flowering (angiosperms)
268,000
conifers, ferns, mosses, red/green algae
Lichens, Mushrooms, Brown Algae
51,623
Invertebrate Animals
insects
1,000,000
spiders, scorpions, molluscs, crustaceans, etc.
Vertebrate Animals
fishes
birds
reptiles
amphibians
mammals
Identifying a species before it’s extinct …
1,305,250
66,178
32,900
10,425
10,038
7,302
5,513
priceless
biologists have identified < 1% of species
Solar System Explorers
What is an attribute of a TEEEM member that is unique to that world, compared to
the other four TEEEM members?
1. Europa has cycloids due to tidal effects over 85 hr.
2. Earth has subduction zones.
3. Earth’s atmosphere has the most H2O.
4. Mars has the most unstable obliquity with a “cycle” of 124,000 years.
5. Earth has the highest density at 5.5 g/cm3.
6. Titan has CH4 lakes.
7. Enceladus has highest albedo ~ 1.0.
8. Earth has metallic liquid core that causes magnetic field.
9. Earth has surface oceans of liquid H2O.
10. Earth has CONFIRMED life.
11. Titan is the only moon with a substantial atmosphere.
12. Titan has CH4 rain.
13. Titan has the most primitive atmosphere.
14. Titan has the highest surface atmospheric pressure.
15. Mars has CO2 icecaps.
16. Mars has 2 moons.
17. Mars has global dust storms.
18. Earth gets the most solar radiation.
19. Earth has green features caused by chlorophyll.
20. Mars has the largest volcano, Olympus Mons.
Solar System Explorers Triple
Name your 3 favorite things that you learned in ASTR 8850 this year.
1. …
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