Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management. Vol. 4(2), pp. 069-077, February, 2015
Available online at http://www.apexjournal.org
ISSN 2315 - 8719© 2015 Apex Journal International
Full Length Research
Variation in Wood Fiber Characteristics Among Thirty
Two Hardwood Species Grown in Low-Rainfall Wood
land Savannah (Sudan)
Hanadi Mohamed Shawgi Gamal* and Abdelazim Yassin Abdelgadir
University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Products and Industry, Shambat, Khartoum, Sudan.
Accepted 9 JANUARY, 2015
Sudan has a wide variation of climatic zones, thus; great variations are expected in the anatomical
properties between and within species grown in each zone. Previous studies have shown that fiber
morphology is an important indicator for wood end-use as it strongly affects on the general quality of
most of the products produced from wood. Wood fiber differs in its characteristics from species to
another. This variation need to be fully explored in order to suggest best uses for the species. The
present study aimed to investigate the variation on wood fiber characteristics among some hardwood
species growing in low rainfall woodland savannah of Sudan. The wood materials, from thirty two
hardwood species belonging to different families, were collected from South Kordofan state and Sennar
state. Several fiber characteristics were investigated. These are length, diameter, lumen diameter, wall
thickness, slenderness ratio, Runkel ratio and flexibility coefficient. The results showed highly
significant variation among species in all the investigated fiber characteristics, thus; great variation is
expected in their end uses.
Key words: Fiber characteristics, Variation, Sudan.
INTRODUCTION
Sudan is endowed by a great variation of climatic zones
with an annual rainfall extending from 0 mm in the
northern deserts to over 1250 mm towards the southern
border of the country. This variation in climatic zones has
a direct impact on the immense diversity and variation in
the vegetation of the country. With the great variation on
the climatic zones of Sudan, great variations are
expected in the anatomical properties between species
grown in each zone. Understanding the extent of
variability of wood is important because the uses for each
kind of wood are related to its characteristics (Panshin
and De Zeeuw, 1980).
Wood, like all plant materials, is made up of cells of
different shapes and sizes. The mechanical support in
wood of hardwoods is due to long and narrow cells with
closed ends namely fibers (Tsoumis, 1968; Jane, 1970;
Panshin and De Zeeuw, 1980; Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, 1995).
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
The fiber, as one of the structures of wood, differs in its
characteristics (e.g. length, diameter, shape, etc.) from
one species to anther (Panshin and De Zeeuw, 1980).
These variation leads to variation on the possible end
uses for each species. Fiber morphology is an important
indicator for end-use. Rasheed and Dasti (2003) reported
that the shape of fiber cell, its length and wall structure
are important in the fiber industry. Fiber length affects the
strength, surface, and bonding properties of fiber
products and is therefore of interest (Dadswell and
Nicholls, 1959). Mechanical timber strength is related
closely to its weight; more accurately, to its density or
weight per unit volume and this in turn depends largely
on the proportion of fiber cells in its make-up and the
thickness of their cell walls (Wilson and White, 1986).
Generally, higher proportion of thick-walled fibers is
associated with higher strength (Haygreen and Bowyer,
1996).
Very meagre information is available on fiber
characteristics of wood species growing in Sudan. Sudan,
even in the low rainfall savannah, is rich in wood species
070
Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage
belonging to different taxa and the wood structure is
species-specific; this is expected to lead to great
variations in fiber characteristics. Fiber characteristics
can be used as a good guide for suitable uses of wood.
The study of fiber characteristics is expected to give a
fundamental basis for fiber classification and wood
identification.
This work was an attempt to shed some lights on the
variations in fiber characteristics of thirty two hardwood
species grown in the low rainfall woodland savannah of
Sudan.
Table 1. List of families and scientific names of the study
species.
Family
Anacardiaceae
Balanitaceae
Bombacaceae
Burseraceae
Combretaceae
METHODOLOGY
Materials
Wood material was collected from thirty-two hardwood
tree species belonging to sixteen families. The species
were growing in low-rainfall savannah, in three forests
namely, Al-Dalang, Al-Faid Um Abdalla (located in South
Kordofan State) and Al-Lambowa (located in Sennar
State). Table 1 represents the families and scientific
names of the selected species.
Samples of Acacia nilotica, A. seyal var. seyal, Tamarix
aphylla, Ficus sycomorus and Ziziphus spina-christi
species were collected from Al-Lambowa forest. Samples
of Acacia senegal, A. gerrardii, Ailanthus excelsa,
Azadirachta indica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cassia fistula,
Diospyros mespiliformis, Khaya senegalensis and
Euphorbia tirucalli species were collected from Al-Dalang
forest, while samples of the remaining species were
collected from Al-Faid Oum Abdala forest. Three healthy
mature trees were randomly taken from each species.
From each tree, two representative samples were
obtained from the outer wood (sapwood) of the stem at
breast height from opposite sides of the tree using an
increment borer.
Ebenaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Rhmnaceae
Simaroubaceae
Sterculiaceae
Tamaricaceae
Verbenaceae
Scientific Name
Lannea schimperi
Sclerocarya birrea
Balanites aegyptiaca
Adansonia digitata
Ceiba pentandra
Boswellia papyrifera
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Combretum hartmannianum
Terminalia brownii
Diospyros mespiliformis
Euphorbia tirucalli
Acacia gerrardii
A.senegal
A.seyal
A.sieberana
A.nilotica
Albizia amara
Cassia fistula
Dalbergia melanoxylon
D. sisso
Delonix regia
Tamarindus indica
Azadirachta indica
Khaya senegalensis
Ficus sycomorus
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Ziziphus spina-christi
Ailanthus excelsa
Sterculia setigera
Tamarix aphylla
Gmelina arborea
Tectona grandis
Methods
Maceration procedure
The maceration procedure developed by Shultze as cited
in Jane (1970) was used to macerate the woody
materials into individual cells. About 3 slivers of wood
were placed in test tubes, to which 65% nitric acid with 2–
3 crystals of potassium chlorate were added and then
warmed up (100°C) in a water bath for about 5–10
minutes. The macerated material was washed several
times by distilled water. Then were placed in Petri dishes,
washed in 25 and then 50% alcohol (ethanol), stained by
few drops of safranin dye and then rewashed using a
series of alcohol concentrations (50%, 70%, and 95%).
The prepared macerated materials were placed in slides
and one drop of DPX was added to each slide. Each slide
was then covered gently with a cover slips and left to dry
gradually for a day.
Microscopic examination
Quantitative examinations were carried out, these
included fibers length, fibers diameter, and fibers lumen
diameter. All of these characteristics were measured
using a light microscope (model: hund WETZLAR) with
an 10× ocular lens provided with a measuring scale
graduated into ten equal segments and each segment is
then graduated into ten sub-segments (Figure 1). Fibers
length was measured under 10× objective lens, while
Gamal and Abdelgadir
Figure 1. Fibre length measurement using measuring scale.
fibers diameter and fibers lumen diameter were
measured under 40× objective lens.
The measured values were transformed into real
values by calibrating the measuring-scale using a
calibration scale (one millimetre). Fibers wall thickness
was calculated as fiber diameter - fiber lumen diameter
/2.
Using the fibre dimensions measured values, three
derived values were calculated:
i. Slenderness ratio as fibre length/fibre diameter,
ii. Flexibility coefficient as fibre lumen diameter/fibre
diameter × 100 and
iii. Runkel ratio as 2 × fibre cell wall thickness/lumen
diameter (Saikia et al., 1997; Ogbonnaya et al., 1997).
Statistical analysis
SAS procedures were used to study the variation in wood
fiber characteristics. The analysis of variance and
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were conducted to study
the significance of variation among species and to
separate means using SAS GLM procedure.
071
setiger with a mean of 1.95 mm. Significantly lower mean
value of fiber length (0.561 mm) was associated with
Dalbergia melanoxylon compared to the other species.
The fiber diameter significant variations detected in the
current study are in agreement with those found by
Osman (2001) and Rasheed and Dasti (2003). The
highest mean values of fiber diameter were recorded for
A. digitata (34 µm), while the lowest mean value was
found in Anogeissus leiocarpus (14.2 µm) (Table 3).
The study results are in accordance with Osman
(2001), Rasheed and Dasti (2003) who observed
significant variation in fiber lumen diameter among
species. The values of mean fiber lumen diameter of the
studied species ranged from 4.8 µm in A. leiocarpus to
25.4 µm in Delonix regia (Table 4).
Concerning the fiber wall thickness, the significantly
differences found in this study are in agreement with
those of osman (2001), but different than those of Babos
(1979) and Rasheed and Dasti (2003) in which they did
not find significant variation among species. the values of
wall thickness varied from 2.88 µm in Gmelina arborea to
6.97 µm in Acacia sieberana (Table 5).
In contrast to the slenderness ratio significantly
differences found in current study, Rasheed and Dasti
(2003) did not find significant variation in slenderness
ratio among twenty four plant species belonging to
nineteen families. According to Table 6, the highest mean
value of slenderness ratio (89.1) was associated with A.
digitata and the lowest value (28) was associated with
Boswellia papyrifera.
In disagreement with the current study results Rasheed
and Dasti (2003) reported no significant variation in the
values of runkel ratio among twenty four monocot and
dicot species. Acacia gerrardii had significantly the
highest mean value of runkel ratio (2.6), while G. arborea
had the lowest mean value (0.27) (Table 7).
The flexibility coefficient significant variations detected
in the current study are in agreement with those found by
Rasheed and Dasti (2003). The highest flexibility
coefficient mean value (0.80) was in Gmelina arborea
while the lowest mean value was in Acacia gerrardii
(0.32) (Table 8).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of variance showed highly significant
variation among species in all the investigated fiber
characteristics (P = 0.0001). Tables 2-8 represent the
results of mean separation test of the studied fiber
characteristics.
In agreement with the significant difference in fiber
length among species were those reported by Manwiller
(1974), Yousif (2000), Osman (2001), Rasheed and Dasti
(2003). However, Babos (1979) did not report significant
variation
among species. According to Table 2,
Adansonia digitata had significantly the highest value of
fiber length with a mean of 2.84 mm, followed by Ceiba
pentandra with a mean of 2.41 mm and then by Sterculia
Conclusion and Recommendation
Highly significant variations were found among species in
all the investigated fiber characteristics. These variation
leads to expect variation also in their end uses. Species
with thick fiber cell wall thickness are expected to have
high wood density, thus, they may be assigned to uses
where mechanical strength is important. While species
with long fiber, thin to medium fiber cell wall thickness
may be used in pulp and paper making. However, more
research is needed to study the other wood properties of
the study species to suggest the best possible end uses.
072
Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage
Table 2: The study species fiber length (mm) variation.
Species
Adansonia digitata
Ceiba pentandra
Sterculia setigera
Ficus sycomorus
Acacia sieberana
Khaya senegalensis
Acacia gerrardii
Gmelina arborea
Delonix regia
Ailanthus excelsa
Acacia seyal var.seyal
Terminalia brownii
Acacia senegal
Balanites aegyptiaca
Ziziphus spina-christi
Acacia nilotica
Tectona grandis
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Dalbergia sisso
Albizia amara
Sclerocarya birrea
Diospyros mespiliformis
Cassia fistula
Lannea schimperi
Boswellia papyrifera
Combretum hartmannianum
Azadirachta indica
Euphorbia tirucalli
Tamarindus indica
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Tamarix aphylla
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Min
1.20
1.28
0.81
0.38
0.71
0.42
0.41
0.61
0.49
0.69
0.49
0.11
0.36
0.60
0.52
0.53
0.23
0.52
0.56
0.63
0.47
0.37
0.25
0.56
0.41
0.57
0.50
0.25
0.43
0.46
0.53
0.35
*Mean
2.84 A
2.41 B
1.95 C
1.27 D
1.20 D E
1.19 D E
1.19 DE
1.13 D E F
1.11 E F G
1.11 E F G H
1.09 E F G HI
1.06 E F G H I J
1.04 E F G H I J
1.04 E F G H I J
1.02 E F G H I J
1.02 E F G H I J
1.01 F G H I J
1.01 F G H I J K
0.99 F G H I J K L
0.99 F G H I J K L
0.97 F G H I J K L
0.98 F G H I J K L
0.93 G H I J K L
0.93 H I J L K
0.91 I J K L M
0.89 J K L M
0.83 K L M
0.83 K L M
0.82 L M
0.76 M
0.75 M
0.56 N
Max
3.88
3.89
2.88
1.92
1.84
1.97
1.67
1.82
1.82
1.97
1.80
1.65
1.50
1.59
1.78
1.45
1.82
2.00
1.49
1.64
1.54
1.92
1.31
1.72
2.27
1.92
1.22
1.45
1.34
1.08
1.21
0.88
Min = minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different from each
others at 0.05 probability level.
Table 3. The study species fiber diameter (um) variation.
Species
Adansonia digitata
Lannea schimperi
Delonix regia
Boswellia papyrifera
Ceiba pentandra
Ailanthus excelsa
Sclerocarya birrea
Gmelina arborea
Tectona grandis
Sterculia setiger
Ficus sycomorus
Acacia sieberana
Min
12.6
20.8
22.7
19.6
16.4
6.3
15.1
12.6
17.7
12.6
11.1
12.6
*Mean
34.0 A
33.7 A
33.1 A B
32.9 A B
32.4 A B
29.7 B C
28.4 C D
28.6 C D
27.3 C D
25.5 D E
24.0 E F
21.5 F G
Max
55.5
47.3
53.0
52.4
48.0
24.0
49.2
63.1
42.9
35.3
41.6
30.3
Gamal and Abdelgadir
Table 3. Contd.
Euphorbia tirucalli
Tamarix aphylla
Balanites aegyptiaca
Dalbergia sisso
Acacia gerrardii
Albizia amara
Azadirachta indica
Khaya senegalensis
Ziziphus spina-christi
Acacia seyal
Diospyros mespiliformis
Acacia nilotica
Combretum hartmannianum
Tamarindus indica
Cassia fistula
Acacia senegal
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Terminalia brownii
Anogeissus leiocarpus
12.5
12.5
13.9
12.6
12.5
12.6
11.1
13.9
8.3
13.9
11.1
13.9
11.4
7.6
12.5
11.1
8.3
27.8
10.1
6.3
21.0
20.9
20.6
20.1
20.0
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.1
18.8
18.8
18.6
18.6
17.8
17.6
17.3
17.3
17.2
17.1
14.2
FG H
FG HI
FG HI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
GHI
HIJ
HIJ
HIJ
IJ
IJ
J
30.5
33.3
30.5
31.6
27.8
27.8
36.1
31.9
33.3
26.4
26.4
26.4
26.5
25.2
24.3
25.0
25.0
27.8
29.0
24.0
Min = minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different from each
others at 0.05 probability level.
Table 4. The study species fiber lumen diameter (um) variation.
Species
Delonix regia
Lannea schimperi
Adansonia digitata
Ceiba pentandra
Gmelina arborea
Ailanthus excelsa
Boswellia papyrifera
Tectona grandis
Sclerocarya birrea
Ficus sycomorus
Euphorbia tirucalli
Tamarix aphylla
Sterculia setiger
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dalbergia sisso
Ziziphus spina-christi
Azadirachta indica
Albizia amara
Balanites aegyptiaca
Khaya senegalensis
Diospyros mespiliformis
Tamarindus indica
Acacia seyal var.seyal
A. sieberana
Cassi fistula
Min
15.15
14.52
5.05
5.05
5.05
8.33
8.85
2.53
5.05
5.55
2.78
5.55
5.05
5.55
5.05
5.55
4.16
5.05
4.16
5.55
4.16
3.79
2.77
2.59
2.78
*Mean
25.35 A
24.94 A
24.24 A
24.12 A
22.88 A B
22.70 A B C
22.56 A B C
20.81 B C
20.01 C
15.69 D
13.97 D E
13.01 E F
12.55 E F G
12.28 E F G
11.93 E F G H
11.16 E F G H I
10.27 F G H I J
10.04 G H I J K
10.04 G H I J K
9.85 G H I J KL
9.08 H I J K L M
9.03 I J K L M
7.87 J K L M
7.62 J K L M N
7.31 K L M N
Max
50.50
37.88
45.45
41.16
35.35
36.08
40.40
32.83
42.93
27.75
22.20
24.98
25.88
22.20
22.73
22.20
24.97
17.68
16.65
19.43
20.81
15.78
13.88
21.46
15.26
073
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Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage
Table 4. Contd.
Acacia senegal
A. nilotica
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Terminalia brownii
Combretum hartmannianum
Acacia gerrardii
Anogeissus leiocarpus
2.78
2.77
3.79
2.53
2.53
2.77
2.5 3
7.28
7.23
7.06
7.04
6.99
6.28
4.78
KLMN
KLMN
LMN
LMN
LMN
MN
N
13.88
18.04
15.15
22.73
13.89
16.65
16.41
Min= minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different
from each others at 0.05 probability level.
Table 5. The study species fiber wall thickness (um) variation.
Species
Acacia sieberana
A. gerrardii
Sterculia setiger
Combretum hartmannianum
Acacia nilotica
A. seyal var.seyal
Balanites aegyptiaca
Boswellia papyrifera
Cassi fistula
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Acacia senegal
Terminalia brownii
Adansonia digitata
Diospyros mespiliformis
Albizia amara
Khaya senegalensis
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Azadirachta indica
Tamarindus indica
Lannea schimperi
Ficus sycomorus
Sclerocarya birrea
Ceiba pentandra
Dalbergia sisso
Ziziphus spina-christi
Delonix regia
Tamarix aphylla
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Euphorbia tirucalli
Ailanthus excelsa
Tectona grandis
Gmelina arborea
Min
2.53
2.78
1.58
3.16
0.70
2.78
2.78
2.53
1.74
1.90
2.08
2.53
1.13
1.39
2.53
1.39
1.26
2.08
1.26
1.27
1.39
1.26
0.95
1.90
1.39
0.63
1.39
1.39
1.04
1.39
0.63
0.63
*Mean
6.97 A
6.85 A
6.32 A B
5.81 B C
5.70 B C D
5.49 B C D E
5.29 C D E F
5.18 C D E F G
5.08 C D E F G H
5.06 C D E F G H I
5.01 C D E F G H I
5.01 C D E F G H I
4.90 C D E F G H I J
4.86 C D E F G H I J
4.77 D E F G H I J K L
4.74 D E F G H I J K L
4.69 D E F G H I J K L
4.61 E F G H I J K L M
4.39 F G H I J K L M N
4.38 F G H I J K L M N
4.28 F G H I J K L M N
4.21 G H I J K L M NO
4.13 H I J K L M N O
4.09 I J K L M N O
3.92 J K L M NO
3.89 K L M N O
3.87 L M N O
3,64 M N O P
3.51 N O P
3.51 N O P
3.24 O P
2.88 P
Max
13.89
11.10
9.47
10.10
9.71
9.71
8.33
12.00
6.94
8.21
8.33
8.84
9.47
9.02
7.58
8.33
7.58
8.33
9.47
7.89
11.10
14.52
11.36
8.21
12.49
10.73
6.94
9.02
6.94
6.94
12.63
13.89
Min= minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different from each others at 0.05
probability level.
Gamal and Abdelgadir
075
Table 6. The study species slenderness ratio variation.
Species
Adansonia digitata
Ceiba pentandra
Sterculia setiger
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Terminalia brownii
Acacia senegal
A. gerrardii
A. seyal var.seyal
Ziziphus spina-christi
Khaya senegalensis
Acacia sieberana
Ficus sycomorus
Acacia nilotica
Balanites aegyptiaca
Cassi fistula
Dalbergia sisso
Albizia amara
Diospyros mespiliformis
Combretum hartmannianum
Tamarindus indica
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Azadirachta indica
Euphorbia tirucalli
Gmelina arborea
Tamarix aphylla
Tectona grandis
Sclerocarya birrea
Delonix regia
Ailanthus excelsa
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Lannea schimperi
Boswellia papyrifera
Min
40.0
38.7
34.9
29.5
5.9
20.2
29.6
33.5
23.3
25.5
34.3
24.3
27.4
30.0
14.9
27.6
30.4
16.8
26.6
28.5
22.5
21.0
24.3
19.2
18.5
10.2
17.9
12.2
20.6
18.7
4.6
11.3
*Mean
89.1 A
76.3 B
75.8 B
70.8 B C
62.0 C D
62.0 C D
61.5 C D E
59.9 D E
57.7 D E F
57.5 D E F
56.9 D E F
54.8 D E F G
54.7 D E F G
51.9 D E F G H
50.8 D E F G H
51.8 D E F G H
51.1 D E F G H
50.2 E F G H I
50.2 E F G H I
46.1 F G H I J
44.1 G H I J K
42.7 H I J K
40.8 H I J K
39.5 I J K
36.7 J K L
38.8 J K L
35.2 J K L
35.2 J K L
35.1 J K L M
33.2 K L M
28.1 L M
28.1 M
Max
272
121
122
182
130
100
109
98.9
128
94
91
99
83
80
78
87
83
75
109
123
103
68
71
72
87
76
75
58
76
66
82
49
Min= minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different from each others at
0.05 probability level.
Table 7. The study species Runkel ratio variation.
Species
Acacia gerrardii
A. sieberana
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Combretum hartmannianum
Acacia nilotica
A. senegal
Terminalia brownii
Acacia seyal var. seyal
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Cassi fistula
Diospyros mespiliformis
Balanites aegyptiaca
Min
0.40
0.29
0.31
0.60
0.08
0.30
0.27
0.40
0.30
0.26
0.20
0.40
Mean
2.60 A
2.30 A B
2.14 B C
1.92 B C D
1.88 B C D
1.71 C D
1.66 D E
1.65 D E
1.63 D E
1.59 D E
1.21 E F
1.14 F G
Max
8.00
11.00
5.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
6.50
7.00
4.00
5.00
3.67
3.00
076
Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage
Table 7. Contd.
Sterculia setiger
Khaya senegalensis
Tamarindus indica
Albizia amara
Azadirachta indica
Ziziphus spina-christi
Dalbergia sisso
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Tamarix aphylla
Ficus sycomorus
Euphorbia tirucalli
Boswellia papyrifera
Adansonia digitata
Sclerocarya birrea
Tectona grandis
Ceiba pentandra
Lannea schimperi
Delonix regia
Ailanthus excelsa
Gmelina arborea
0.12
0.20
0.27
0.29
0.29
0.14
0.22
0.17
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.10
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.03
0.08
0.05
1.13
1.08
1.08
1.03
1.02
0.77
0.77
0.65
0.65
0.61
0.58
0.45
0.50
0.48
0.40
0.38
0.45
0.34
0.34
0.27
FG
FG H
FG H
FG HI
FG HI
FG HI
FG HI
GHI
GHI
HIJ
IJ
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
2.37
2.50
5.00
2.25
3.00
4.50
2.25
2.75
2.00
1.50
3.50
1.21
2.33
3.83
10.00
2.25
10.79
1.31
1.33
1.50
Min= minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly different from each others at
0.05 probability level.
Table 8. The study species flexibility coefficient (%) variation.
Species
Gmelina arborea
Tectona grandis
Ailanthus excelsa
Delonix regia
Ceiba pentandra
Lannea schimperi
Sclerocarya birrea
Adansonia digitata
Boswellia papyrifera
Euphorbia tirucalli
Ficus sycomorus
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Tamarix aphylla
Dalbergia sisso
Ziziphus spina-christi
Azadirachta indica
Albizia amara
Khaya senegalensis
Tamarindus indica
Sterculia setiger
Balanites aegyptiaca
Diospyros mespiliformis
Acacia seyal var. seyal
A. senegal
Min
40.0
9.10
42.8
43.3
30.8
8.5
20.7
30.0
45.2
22.2
40.0
26.7
33.3
30.8
18.2
25.0
30.8
28.6
16.7
30.0
25.0
21.4
12.5
14.3
*Mean
80.0 A
76.1 A B
75.9 A B
75.8 A B
74.1 A B C
73.4 A B C
70.0 B C D
69.7 C D
67.7 C D
66.1 D
64.0 D E
62.8 D E
62.5 D E
58.6 E F
57.0 E F G
52.3 F G H
50.9 G H
50.6 G H
50.5 G H
49.4 H I
48.8 H I J
48.4 H I J
42.4 I J K
41.6 J K
Max
95.6
95.4
92.3
97.5
93.3
91.7
90.9
91.7
87.0
88.9
88.9
85.7
64.3
81.8
87.5
77.8
77.8
83.3
78.6
50.8
71.4
83.3
71.4
76.9
Gamal and Abdelgadir
077
Table 8. Contd.
Cassi fistula
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Terminalia brownii
Acacia nilotica
Combretum hartmannianum
Acacia sieberana
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Acacia gerrardii
16.7
20.0
13.3
14.3
11.1
8.2
16.7
11.1
41.7
40.9
40.6
39.0
37.5
35.2
33.8
31.7
KL
KL
KL
KLM
KLM
KLM
LM
M
79.2
76.9
78.3
92.8
62.5
77.3
76.5
71.4
Min = minimum, Max = maximum, *Mean with the same letter (s) are not significantly
different from each others at 0.05 probability level.
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