DT4 - Exam
A2 Technology
Product Design
Systems and Control Notes
Contents
1.
2.
Principles of designing
Ergonomics and
Anthropometrics
3. Project Management
4. IP
5. Standards
6. Materials
7. Smart Materials
8. Composites
9. Modern manufacturing
10. Sustainable Design
Principles of Designing
“Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited.
Imagination encircles the world.”
Einstein
Principles of Designing
``Scientists investigate that which already is;
Engineers create that which has never been.''
Einstein
Principles of Designing
Design can be art. Design can be
aesthetics. Design is so simple, that's
why it is so complicated.
Paul Rand, 1997
Principles of Designing
Design is directed toward human
beings. To design is to solve
human problems by identifying
them and executing the best
solution.
Ivan Chermayeff
Name 5 designers
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Principles of designing
Why Design Anything?
What is the point of it all?
Maslow’s Needs
• Every successful
product solves a need
• Maslow defined a
hierarchy of needs
• You MUST innovate
you products to solve
a perceived need
• Otherwise what is the
point?
Maslow’s Needs
• Health FOOD sleep
• A basic fundamental
need
• The others will not
even become a need
unless you have the
basics
Maslow’s Needs
• Shelter
• Safety
• A basic need once
you are fed
• You need to feel safe
• Such products as:
alarms, clothes,
buildings, locks and
so on
Maslow’s Needs
• Belonging needs
• introduce our tribal
nature. If we are
helpful and kind to
others they will want
us as friends.
• Products that
maintain this: mobile
phones, fashion,
music
Maslow’s Needs
• Esteem needs are for
a higher position
within a group. If
people respect us, we
have greater power.
• A demonstration of
how clever we are,
what we own
Maslow’s Needs
• Self actualisation
needs are to 'become
what we are capable
of becoming', which
would our greatest
achievement.
• Creative, thoughtful,
expressive, valued
Maslow’s Needs
• A product you design
will satisfy a need
within this hierarchy
• Two further needs
– To understand
– To appreciate beauty
Research Strategies
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Product Analysis
Reverse Engineering
Market research
Primary and secondary research materials
Problem abstraction
Mood/Lifestyle Boards
Research Strategies
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Product Analysis
Break down
ACCESS FM
Disassemble
Evaluate
Study
Learn
Ultimately improve
Research Strategies
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Reverse Engineer
Copy
Find out how it works
Working backwards
Research Strategies
• Market research
– Brand equity research how favorably do
consumers view the brand?
– Concept testing - to test
the acceptance of a
concept by target
consumers
– Customer satisfaction
studies - exit interviews or
surveys that determine a
customer's level of
satisfaction with the quality
of the transaction
Research Strategies
• Market research
– Demand estimation - to
determine the approximate
level of demand for the
product
– Distribution channel
audits - to assess
distributors’ and retailers’
attitudes toward a product,
brand, or company
– Positioning research how does the target market
see the brand relative to
competitors? - what does
the brand stand for?
Research Strategies
• Market research
– Price elasticity testing - to
determine how sensitive
customers are to price
changes
– Segmentation research to determine the
demographic,
psychographic, and
behavioural characteristics
of potential buyers
– Online panel - a group of
individual who accepted to
respond to marketing
research online
Research Strategies
• Market research
– Store audit - to
measure the sales of a
product or product line
at a statistically
selected store sample
in order to determine
market share, or to
determine whether a
retail store provides
adequate service
Problem Solving Strategies
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Analogy
Collective notebook
Morphology
Six thinking hats
Lateral Thinking
Mood/lifestyle boards
Problem Solving Strategies
• Mood boards
• Visual design
• Shape, form and
aesthetic
• Creates a mood for
design
Problem Solving Strategies
• Life style – the clients life style
• The clients everyday products
• Inspirational
Problem Solving Strategies
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Lateral Thinking
Outside the box
Consider the daft
Suspend criticism
• Draw 4 straight lines
through each dot
without taking your
pen off the paper
Problem Solving Strategies
• Lateral Thinking
• Means
Problem Solving Strategies
• Six thinking hats
• Think about the
problem with a
different hat on
• Generates new ideas
• All go into the funnel
Problem Solving Strategies
• Morphology
• ACCESS FM
• Morph the problem
into 7 categories
• A TABLE!
Aesthetics
Problem
Environ
ment
Clients
Problem Solving Strategies
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Collective notebook
All write or draw ideas
Pass the book around
Everyone has a go
Sketch anything
Brainstorming
Reserve judgement
Problem Solving Strategies
• Analogy
• Take another product and use it to
influence the design of your product
• Dyson used system designed to move
pellets of plastic around
• Aircraft carrier uses the reverse of a ski
jump
Problem Solving Strategies
Problem Solving Strategies
Principles of designing
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Problem
Analysis
Research
Ideas
Make
Evaluate
• PARIME
Idea generation tool
Principles of designing
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Problem
Research
Ideas
Make
Evaluate
• Innovation Spiral
Principles of your designing
• WJEC marking criteria
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Designing
(a) Analyse and research design situations
10
(b) Develop a specification
10
(c) Generating and developing ideas and proposals
17
(d) Detail designing
14
(e) Evaluating and decision making
12
(f) Communication / Key skills
12
Making
(g) Planning for making
(h) Selection and use of materials and equipment
(i) Use of materials and processes
(j) Accuracy in the implementation of the design solution
(k) Finish of the design solution
(l) Function of the design solution
TOTAL 150
10
10
15
15
10
15
Principles of your designing
Innovation
What is INNOVATION
• the act of introducing something new: something
newly introduced (The American Heritage
Dictionary).
• the introduction of something new. (MerriamWebster Online)
• a new idea, method or device. (MerriamWebster Online)
• the successful exploitation of new ideas
(Department of Trade and Industry, UK).
• change that creates a new dimension of
performance Peter Drucker (Hesselbein, 2002)
What is INNOVATION
Something
NEW
Engineers INNOVATE
• Engineering is about innovating
• Engineers come up with new ideas all the
time
• “Necessity is the mother of invention”
• CAN YOU INNOVATE?
Engineers INNOVATE
• An important distinction is normally made
between invention and innovation.
• Invention is the first occurrence of an idea
for a new product or process, while
• innovation is the first attempt to carry it out
into practice
• (Fagerberg, 2004: 4)
Engineers INNOVATE
• Product innovation
– involves the introduction of a new good or
service that is new or substantially improved.
This might include improvements in functional
characteristics, technical abilities, ease of
use, or any other dimension.
Engineers INNOVATE
• Key concepts in
innovation
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Invention
Design
Product champion
Entrepreneur
Innovation
• Key concepts in
innovation
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Radical innovation
Incremental innovation
Dominant design
Process innovation
Diffusion
Key Concepts
• Invention
– A novel idea that has been transformed into
reality given physical form such as a
description, sketch model, conveying the
essential principles of the product, process or
system
• Design
– Specific plans, drawings and instructions to
enable the manufacture of the products,
processes or systems
Key Concepts
• Product Champion
– An individual or group committed to the development
of a certain product or process, prepared to champion
it against all others [Dyson and Bayliss]
• Entrepreneur
– An individual or group committed to the development
of a certain product or process, and prepared to
provide or persuade others to provide the financial
backing to turn the invention into an innovation
Key Concepts
• Innovation
– A novel product, process or system at the
point of first commercial introduction or use.
• Radical Innovation
– A major new step in the development of
technology
• Incremental Development
– Technical modifications or improvements to
an existing product, process or system
Key Concepts
• Dominant design
– Which is the design that contains those implicit
features which are recognised as essential by a
majority of manufacturers and purchasers
• Process Innovation
– That is an improvement in the organisation of
manufacture
• Diffusion
– Which is the process of adoption of an innovation into
increasingly widespread use in the market.
Key Concepts
• Dominant design
– Which is the design that contains those implicit
features which are recognised as essential by a
majority of manufacturers and purchasers
• Process Innovation
– That is an improvement in the organisation of
manufacture
• Diffusion
– Which is the process of adoption of an innovation into
increasingly widespread use in the market.
Six key components
• What do you think it takes to turn an
invention into an innovation?
• NEED or DEMAND
• IDEA
• TECHNOLOGY
• MONEY or RESOURCES
• DETERMINATION
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT
INNOVATE
“
Why should companies be led
by accountants, lawyers and
salesmen?
Empowering engineers means that
i
Team leaders provide nspiration,
not just balance sheets.”
James Dyson
Innovative products and materials