Earth’s Oceans
-Freshwater
vs.
Seawater
________ of Earth’s water
— ________ of Earth’s water
 2% in glaciers
— Mixture of substances
 1% lakes, rivers, & aquifers
- 96.5% water and 3.5% dissolved salts
 Mixture of substances not just pure H2O
- NaCl is most abundant salt
 _______________ from rocks and pollutants
- Dissolved gases include O, N, CO2
 from air get mixed in
— _______________ varies from place to place
 Density = 1.0g/cm3
— Density = 1.02-1.03 g/cm3
 Freezes at ________
— Freezes at _________
-Both Fresh and Seawater: Respond to _______________ _______________ (sunlight)
 Remember, the ________________ drives the water cycle
-Visible light is both ______________ and _______________: Most wavelengths are absorbed; Blue light is reflected
 All wavelengths are ________________ by 100m depth so deep lakes and oceans are dark except for surface
-Absorption of Light
 Water absorbs light, which gives rise to another physical property of oceans—they are _______________
 In general, light penetrates only the upper ________ of seawater
 Light sufficient for _________________ exists only in the top _________ of the ocean
-Infrared Rays: Determine water ________________
 Rapidly moving water does not have time to ________________ infrared rays
 Lakes and ponds become warm because they ________________ infrared rays
 ________________ zone of ocean absorbs infrared rays so only ________________ is heated
 Surface temperature varies with _________________
 Deep seawater is very __________________
-How Did the Oceans Form? About ________ billion years ago, there were no _________________
 Sometime before 4 billion years ago, water vapor in the _________________ condensed and fell as rain
 The _______________ filled the deeper levels of Earth’s surface and the first ________________ began to form
-The Global Ocean: All _______________ on earth are connected to the oceans because almost all ________________
empty into the ocean
 Minerals & gases are carried along with the water and _________________ into seawater
 Oceans produce most of the earth’s rain and _________________ (over 50%)
 The ocean affects every _________________ on Earth
-Divisions of the Global Ocean
≈ Pacific Ocean - _________________ (North and South)
≈ Atlantic Ocean - _________________ the volume of Pacific (North and South)
≈ Indian Ocean - 3rd largest
≈ Southern Ocean - _________________ recognized in 2000
≈ Arctic Ocean - _________________ with most covered in _________________
≈ All five of Earth’s oceans are connected to each other by the ocean ________________ creating 1 global ocean
-Ocean water contains _________________: Ocean water is __________ water; Plus, ions of dissolved salts
 Evaporation removes _________________ water; Leaving _________________ behind
 Low levels of _________________ (nitrogen and phosphorus)
 Oxygen is added by ________________, _________________, and atmospheric _________________
-Ocean water is _________________ structured: Temperature declines with depth
 ________________ (colder, saltier) water sinks; ________________ (warmer, less salty) water stays near the
surface
 Temperatures are more _________________ than land temperatures
 Water has high heat _________________ (heat required to increase temperature by a given amount)
 It takes more __________________ to warm water than air
 Oceans regulate Earth’s climate: They ________________ and _________________ heat
 The ocean’s surface ________________ moves heat around
-What’s in Ocean Water? Oceans contain many dissolved ________________ and _________________
 _________________ solids like minerals and salts are eroded from the land as rivers travel to the sea
 When the water ________________, these minerals are left behind; This is why the ocean is _______________
 Some gases become dissolved in the ocean through wave action; Others come from ________________ and
_________________ of ocean organisms
-Characteristics of Ocean Water
 Dissolved _________________: Sodium chloride, or table salt, is the most ________________ dissolved solid in
the ocean; Other solids are also found in ocean water
-Salinity: Amount of dissolved _________________ present in a sample of ocean water
 Described in parts per _________________: ‰ is the notation for parts per thousand
 Changes in Salinity - _________________ and water ________________ affect salinity; Coastal water, in cool,
humid places, has low salinity; Slow-moving bodies of water have higher salinity than other parts of the ocean
 Salinity in various regions all differ: Range from _________ to _________; Average Salinity is _________
 Salinity-generally increases with _________________
-Characteristics of Ocean Water
 Dissolved _______________: Nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are the main gases dissolved in ocean water
 More than half of Earth’s ________________ comes from the surface layers of the ocean
 About 93% of the world’s ________________ _______________ is dissolved in the ocean
-CO2: Has more than _________ times that is the atmosphere; Called carbon sink (can trap CO2 for thousands of years)
-Behavior of Gases in Water
 You know that warm water dissolves _________________ more easily than cold water
 Gases behave in the opposite way; _________________ water dissolves gases more easily than warm water
 Open a warm and a cold soda; The warm one will fizz more and go flat more _________________
 This is because the CO2 dissolved in the soda stays dissolved _________________ in cold water
 ________________ also plays a role in how easily gases dissolve in water
 If the water is under _________________ pressure, gases dissolve more easily than water under no pressure
 To keep CO2 dissolved in soda, it is bottled under __________________; When you open the soda, it loses
________________; The CO2 fizzes out and the soda eventually goes __________________
-Temperature Zones
 ________
Surface
__________
 ________
Surface Zone
__________
 ________
Thermocline
__________
 ________
Deep Zone
__________
-Temperature Zones: _________________ heats the top __________ of the surface zone
≈ Surface ________________ mix the heated water with _________________ water in surface zone
-Surface Temperature Changes: Two factors affect surface temperatures:
 ________________-water along equator is warmer because it receives more direct sunlight (So temp would be
lowest at the poles.)
 ________________ ______ _______________-more direct sun during summer, so surface zone is heated more
-FYI - A Global ________________: Ocean absorbs and holds energy from sunlight
≈ Releases _______________ more slowly than land does; This keeps our temps from going to extremes every
day/night
≈ Ocean currents move _________________ water around our planet
-Ocean Currents: Currents move ocean water from place to place, moving _________________ and organisms with it
 One very important kind of ocean current is ___________________
-Upwelling: Defined as the movement of deep, cold, nutrient rich water to the _________________
 Because many nutrients __________________ to the bottom of the ocean, upwelling brings
_________________ up where surface organisms can use them
 These nutrient rich waters near the surface create productive __________________
 Wind blows away from the shore, taking surface water with it
 _________________ water “wells up” to replace the __________________ water
 This brings _________________, __________________, ___________________ rich water up to the surface