Development and Energy in
Africa (DEA) project
A case for Botswana
Peter P. Zhou
EECG Consultants Pty Ltd
Tel +267-3910127
OUTLINE
PURPOSE
CHALLENGES
ENERGY OVERVIEW & POLICY OBJECTIVES
STAKEHOLDER VIEWS
MDGS LINKAGES
PAST INTERVENTIONS
LESSONS
PURPOSE
INITIATE TODAY’S DISCUSSION ON
SOME DEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES
INITIATE DEBATE ON IMPACTS OF
ENERGY ON DEVELOPMENT
HOW TO REPRESENT IMPACTS
HOW TO LINK WITH DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
PRESENTS SOME LESSONS
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
Economic diversification from the
diamond economy
How to grow economy 8% and above
Reducing high employment rates (24%)
Diversion of Govt resources to
HIV/AIDS
How to reduce poverty- as reflected by
PDL
Fig 2.1 Primary and Net Energy Suply in Botswana
% contribution
45
40
Primary Supply
35
Net Supply
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
coal
fuelw ood
solar
Energy carrier
electricity
petroleum
total Energy Consumption
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sectors
Co
ns
tru
cti
on
Ag
ri c
ul t
ur
e
Go
ve
rn
me
nt
Tr
ad
ea
nd
Ho
te
ls
Ma
nu
fac
tur
i ng
Mi
nin
g
commercial energy consumption
tra
ns
po
rt
Ho
us
eh
ol d
% consumption
Fig 2.2 Final Energy Consumption by Sector
Energy policy linkage with
development
NDP7
(1991-1997
BEMP 1996
(1985-1996)
NDP8
(97/98-2002/03)
Vision 2016
(1997)
NDP9
(2003/04-2008/09)
BEMP 2004
Specific energy objectives
oIncrease access to electricity and make it more affordable
oEnsure adequate supplies of fuelwood through
o sustainable fuelwood management practices
oappropriate combustion equipment;
ocommunity management of natural resources)
oBeneficiate coal and make it accessible and affordable
oEnsure the availability of appropriate energy sources and
promote rational least cost choices
oEnsure adequate and affordable supplies of paraffin and
Stakeholder views
Alternative energy sources to alleviate
depletion of fuelwood
Modern energy as a transformation of
backwardness
Facilitating service delivery in rural
areas- schools, police, MLG offices etc
Saving lives in rural clinicsuninterruptable energy sources
Stakeholder views contd
Sustainable capacity- e.g. for water
pumping (diesel expensive)
Increase economies of scale by grid
compared to diesel
Concerns of turbulent fuel prices and
high electricity imports recognized
Box 2 Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
with direct energy implications and target date
of 2015 - Source DFID, 2002
To halve population with extreme poverty and
hunger
To reduce hunger and improve access to safe
drinking water
To reduce child and maternal mortality and to reduce
diseases
To achieve universal primary education and to
promote gender equality and empowerment of
women
Environmental sustainability
Combat HIV/AIDS
Develop a global partnership for development (same
source)
MDG
Opportunity
poverty and hunger
Cooking energy/productive
energy
safe drinking water
Water boiling/pumping
child and maternal mortality and to Equipped health centres
reduce diseases
education and to promote gender Reduce time spent on
equality and empowerment of women household chores- cooking,
water. Fuelwood fetching
Avail attractive facilities in
schools- lighting
Environmental sustainability
Indoor air pollution and
depletion of woody biomass
Combat HIV/AIDS
ICT for awareness campaign
global partnership for development
Linking up with NEPAD, SADC,
WSSD
BOTSWANA EFFORT
Botswana has made significant strides
rural electrification, 4% in 1996 to 28%
2003
providing telecommunications facilities,
97%
increasing access to safe drinking water,
access to health centres 88% within 15km
and in education>90% primary;70% JC;
51% SS
Development sector
Possible Indicator
Development aspect
Energy
Additional access to energy
type resulting from project
Clean and productive use
Water
Additional supplied
Safe drinking/productive use
Health
No reached or treated
Improved health
Agriculture
Improved yield
Food
nation
Telecommunications
No connected/reached
Informed decisions
Education
No benefited e.g. from class
lighting
Better education quality and
educated nation
Wild Life/Tourism
New sites opened and No.
Attracted to sites
Community/national income
improved
Forestry
Quantity of products e.g.
poles, fuelwood
Avoided deforestation
Added building and energy
resource
security/productive
Project/intervention
Type of Intervention
Achievements
Development Impact
Rural
Electrification
Collective
Scheme
1997-2001
Financing Policy
Many
households
connected to grid
Infrastructure
development
Modern
propagation
Botswana National PV
Rural
Electrification
Programme (NPVREP)
Financing policy
electrification
PV
309
systems
sold
(43kWp) for lighting,
appliances
Bars extended operation
chicken farming
Home quality life
JICA Master Plan
Pilot project with fee for service
financing
114 SHS systems and
41
battery
beneficiaries
Quality home life
Motshegaletau Central
PV
Pilot Mini grid on fee for service
9h/hs, clinic a primary
school,
a
bar
connected
Options
for
electrification
Suntainers
Mini-grids for
Institutions
3 suntainers distributed
to MLG institutions
Rural transformation
for
remote
Govt
energy
rural
Solar Lantern and
battery Lease Scheme
New PV tech on
purchase/rent to own
high
109
lanterns
distributed
Community
organization
Training for service
Rent to own financial
mechanism tested
Improved quality of
light, health, business
opportunities in light.
Alternative Energy Use
Fuelwood substitution policy in
govt
Clean coal and reduced
fuelwood use
Larger LPG market
4%-40%
Improved coal and LPG
markets
Community Woodlots
Community
projects
Some wood products
e.g. for poles
Additional
resources
environmental
preservation
LPG Propagation
Entrepreneur development
Many LPG distributors
Income generating and
create employment
Energy Conservation in
households
Awareness building
20% energy saved
Cost savings going to
other required goods and
services
afforestation
woody
and
lessons
Subsidy necessary for energy interventions
Poor low purchasing power to be matched
Who really benefits from interventions- is it
the poor
Are these schemes the right ones for the poor
& yet the price should never be too high
Scope for community development
Past projects incremental effect- will get
there
UNEP FI Bulletin “As microfinance has shown that
the poor are bankable, micro insurance is showing that
they are insurable as well."