INTERNASJONAL PRIVATRETT
Harmonisering
av den materielle retten
Professor dr. juris
Giuditta Cordero-Moss
Er det behov for lovvalg?
• Selvforsynte, autonome kontrakter
• Lett ubevisst inspirert av common law
• Henter fra common law muligheten til å
sette bakgrunnsretten ut av spill
• Boilerplate-klausuler
– Regulerer kontraktstolkningog –anvendelse
– Sjelden forhandlet
– Ikke tilpasset
”Interpretation”
1.2.2 References in the singular shall include references in the plural and vice
versa, and the words denoting natural persons shall include partnerships, firms,
companies, corporations, joint ventures, trusts, associations, organisations or
other entities (whether or not having a separate legal personality);
1.2.9 refrences to ”construction” and ”construct” include, unless the context
otherwise requires, design, procurement, delivery, installation, testing,
completion, commisioning, remedying of defects and other activities incidental
to the process of construction;
1.2.11 any references to ”parties” shall mean the Seller and the Purchaser and a
”party” shall mean either of them;
”Representations and warranties”
Each Party represents and warrants to and for the benefit of the other Party as
follows:
11.1 It is a company duly incorporated and validly existing under the laws of ...(in
respect of the Seller) and of... (in respect of the Buyer), is a separate legal entity
capable of suing and being sued and has the power and authority to own its assets
and conduct the business which it conducts and/or proposes to conduct;
11.2 Each Party has the power to enter into and exercise its rights and perform
and comply with its obligations under this Agreement;
11.3 All actions, conditions and things required by the laws of ...to be taken,
fulfilled and done in order to enable it lawfully to enter into, exercise its rights
under and perform and comply with its obligations under this Agreement, to
ensure that those obligations are valid, legally binding and enforceable and to
make this Agreement admissible in evidence in the courts of... or before an
arbitral tribunal, have been taken, fulfilled and done.
11.4 Its entry into, exercise of its rights under and/or performance of, or
compliance with, its obligations under this Agreement do not and will not violate
or exceed any power granted or restriction imposed by any law or regulation to
which it is subject or any document defining its constitution and do not and will
not violate any agreement to which it is a party or which is binding on it or its
assets
11.5 Its obligations under this Agreement are valid, binding and enforceable;
“Internasjonale kilder” for
internasjonale kontrakter?
• New Lex mercatoria
– Sedvane
– Alminnelig anerkjente prinsipper
– Samlinger av prinsipper
•
•
•
•
UPICC
PECL
DCFR
CESL
– Bransjeorganisasjoners standarddokumenter
– Standard kontrakstvilkår
Lovvalg gjelder kun nasjonal rett
• Roma I art 3: “Law”
• Roma I fortale pkt 13:
Denne forordning er ikke til hinder for, at
parterne ved henvisning kan inkorporere
ikke-statslige lovbestemmelser eller en
international konvention i deres aftale.
Voldgiftsloven § 31
• Voldgiftsretten skal anvende de rettsregler
som partene har valgt for de materielle
tvistespørsmål saken gjelder. …
(“rules of law”)
•
Der partene ikke har valgt rettsregler,
skal voldgiftsretten anvende de regler som
følger av norske lovvalgsregler.
(“law”)
Kan “rules of law”
regulere en kontrakt uttømmende?
Irrevocable Offer
• Art. 2.4 Unidroit: Offer is not binding until
accepted, but cannot be revoked if it
indicates that it is irrevocable (by fixing a
time for acceptance or otherwise). Art. 1.4:
Principles cannot derogate from overriding
mandatory rules of the governing law.
• Art. 2:202, 1:103 PECL: Idem
Kan “rules of law”
regulere en kontrakt uttømmende?
Partial Impediment
• Unidroit: Not regulated (art.1.6: gap filling
by autonomous interpretation, 1.8 usages
between the parties, generally
acknowledged usages)
• PECL: Not regulated (art.1:106(2):
gapfilling by autonomous interpretation,
otherwise governing law)
Kan “rules of law” sikre
harmonisert rettsanvendelse?
Good faith
• Unidroit: Good faith is general principle
(1.7). To be understood as good faith in
international trade
• PECL: General duty to act in good faith
(1:201). Autonomous interpretation
ESL
1. Each party has a duty to act in accordance
with good faith and fair dealing.
2. Breach of this duty may preclude the party in
breach from exercising or relying on a right,
remedy of defence which the party would
otherwise have ... .
3. The parties may not exclude the application
of this Article or derogate from or vary its
effects. (Art. 2)
In transaction between traders, good
commercial practice in the specific situation
concerned should be a relevant factor in this
context.” (Recital 31)
Good faith in international trade
• General principle?
• Generally acknowledged trade usage?
• Contract practice: No good faith
• www.trans-lex.org:
– Good faith is general principle
• Awards (no specific standard)
• CISG (no good faith as duty between parties)
•...
• UNIDROIT Principles and PECL
Harmonisert anvendelse av
“good faith”?
• Låneavtale
• “Art. 13, Covenants”: sende kvartal
regnskap innen 3 dager
• “Upon any breach by the Borrower of any
of the obligations listed in article 13, the
Bank shall be entitled to terminate this
contract with immediate effect.”