PERSOONIA
Volume
Notulae ad
Part
18,
Eef
C.
Arnolds
and
Europe,
is described
pubescens,
Netherlands
farinacea
in
and had
in
Europe
to be
appears
and to
the
the
belong
from
of
C.
before.
in
Conocybe
the
Conocybe plicatella or
of
agaricina
nomenclatural problems
new
name
viz.
species,
plicalella,
from
Pholiotina
were
encountered that
with the second author, who is
a
including
the revision of fresh
number of taxonomic and
studied and discussed in close
were
preparing
a
monographic
treatment
of
and Pholiotina in Europe.
In this paper
new
Galerella
prep.). During
and dried collections of the Netherlands by the first author
Conocybe
fragilis,
neerlandica the Bolbitiaceae will be treated,
and Pholiotina (Arnolds, in
Conocybe
cooperation
C.
species,
Agaricus plicatellus
Pholiotina. The
genus
name
incarnata is made. The
original description
to
the
different
a
of c.
in continental
species
under
belong to
in
found in the
was
The collections
of this
records
fact
related to
type locality
with the
magnispora,
Europe
European
America,
name
Conocybe merdaria,
is introduced.
In volume 6 of Flora
the genera
species of Pholiotina, recently recorded
the first records
combination
different from
North America
sulcata
reported
represent
that the
new
under
one
coprophytic species
new
described from North
Galera incarnata. The
and
coprophytic species,
not been
the Netherlands
It is demonstrated
Europe.
originally
known
as a
Another
Westfalen, Germany.
■2
Hausknecht
described and illustrated.
are
XLI.
—
Pholiotina
& Anton
interesting species of Conocybe
from western
(2003)
floram agaricinam neerlandicam
Conocybe
Four
239-252
2,
we
present descriptions of five
species, Conocybe merdaria,, and
from continental Europe. A
new name
two
is
new or
species
proposed
critical
that had
species, including
one
been recorded before
not
for Galerella plicatella
sensu auct.
Eur., viz. Pholiotinasulcata.
1.
merdaria Arnolds & Hauskn., spec.
Conocybe
Pileus
neus,
15-18
mm
adnexae, pallide
mm,
12-16
latus,
margine translucido-striatus,
luteae
cylindraceus,
pubescens.
haud
Odore
demum
—
Fig.
1
ochraceo-brunneae
vel
aurantio-brunneae.
ochraceus demum
indistincto.
Lamellae
pallide aurantiacus, pubescens.
Stipes
Basidia
thiformia, capitulo
18-47
vel
x
2.5-4.5
x
/mi, pro
2.0-4.0
1)
2)
12-30
filiformia, 40
Holthe
//m.
21,
16-22
ftm.
x
10-11 /im,
x
3.5-4.5
/<m.
Sporae (11.0—)12.0—15.0(—17.0)
Pileocystidia
2.0-3.0
pm.
bisporigera. Cheilocystidia
Pleurocystidia
rara,
nulla.
lecythiformia,
x
NL-9411
Sonndorferstrasse
TN
22,
26-33
10-17
Ad fimam.
Beilen, The
A-3712
Netherlands.
Maissau,
Austria.
x
1-1.5
(6.5-)7.5-9.5
14-19
x
x
7.5-9.5
x
/itn,
15-20
8-14 pim, pro
poro
/im,
cellulis
capitulo
pm,
germinativo
6.0-10.5
Pileipellis hymeniformis,
Caulocystidia pro parte lecythiformia,
parte subglobosa vel lageniformia,
Fibulae nullae.
subconfertae,
50-75
incarnato-brunneus,pruinosus-striatus,
ellipsoideae-oblongae vel ovoideae-oblongae,aurantio-brunneae,crassitunicatae,
prae-ditus.
aurantio-brun-
altus, conico-campanulatus, hygrophanus,
mm
in sicco
radicans, pallide
saporeque
nov.
lecy-
clavatis,
3.5-4.5
x 6.0-9.0 fim,
pm,
capitulo
parte filiformia, 30-130
240
PERSOONIA
Vol.
-
18,
Part
2003
2,
Holotypus: Germany, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Teutoburgerwald,
5.X.2001,
E. Arnolds
Pileus
15-18
orange-brown,
centre, ochraceous orange
Lamellae, L
=
12—16
broad,
mm
when moist and fresh
at
20-22,1
high, conico-campanulate,
mm
on
drying becoming pale
towards the
(5B4)
thickened towards base,
edge. Stipe
rooting, pale
not
flesh-coloured brown in lower half from base
pubescent.
tive.
Context
Spore-print
fragile,
not
=
1.5-2.0, Q
av.
=
x
1.6-1.85,
x
(1.0-3.0
Fig.
E.
1.
4-spored
in ammonia,
basidia
6.0-10.5 /<m,
x
1.0-2.0
Conocybe
caulocystidia;
to
under
4
1-1.5
at
mm
hand-lens.
a
broad, rusty
mm,
cylindrical,
first, then becoming
taste
weak,
not
/<m)
//m,
13.7—14.1(-15.3)
av.
slightly flattened, ellipsoid-oblong
moderately
and
distinc-
x
thick-walled
10-11
m,
(0.5-1.0 //m)
2-spored,
in
two
x
8.1-8.4
to
with
ovoid-
apical
collections
than 4 %). Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia
present (less
lecythiform
and small
merdaria. A.
F.
x
yellow
hygrophanous,
upwards, entirely pruinose-striate
(6.5-)7.5-9.5
not or
germ pore, 2.0-2.5 pim wide. Basidia 16-22
14-19
Ibbenbiiren,
recorded.
oblong, orange-brown
very few
50-75
ochre
concolorous with surface. Smell and
Spores (11.0—)12.0—15.0(—17.0)
fim, Q
S. of
orange (K. & W. 5B5)
margin, pubescent
3, crowded, adnexed, ventricose, up
=
brown when mature, with white flocculose
slightly
Brochterbeck
(Arnolds 01-147) (L).
with
ellipsoid
capitulum,
Basidiocarps (x 1);
pileocystidia (all
x
B.
1000). (A-F
to
3.0-5.0
spores
clavate basal part,
short neck
broad, hyaline; pleurocystidia
(x 1500);
from E. Arnolds
C.
basidia;
D.
cheilocystidia;
01-147, holotype.)
Arnolds
absent.
broad.
vate
Hymenophoral
Pileipellis
1.0-2.0
x
like
pm
and
neck
x
a
1.5-4.0
ellipsoid
no
x
to
but
cheilocystidia
made up of
Habitat &
Stipitipellis
mixture of (1)
and Pholiotina
241
and cla-
spheropedunculate
numerous
forests.
crystals
—
or on
a
content.
close
to
from various other localities in Austria,
Collections
2001,
T.
examined.
W.
AUSTRIA:
E. Arnolds
in small groups
or
eastern
Germany
S3347)\
same
Nordrhein-Westfalen,Teutoburgerwald,
and
Sept. 2001, P.
Karasch
The Latin
(WU 21902).
—
SPAIN:
on
old
dung
of
and
grasslands
collection made in
Type
Spain.
22
loc.,
Michelbach
Lahnsattel
July 2001,
Brochterbeck S. of
(MTB 7960/2),
(MTB 8259/1),
T.
Madrid, Canencia,
Puerto de
1
26
July
Bardorf( WU 21278).
Ibbenbiiren,
Hartschimmel-Gelande
(Arnolds 01-147) (L, holotype); Bavaria, Tutzing,
M. Blanco et al.
reac-
border of the Netherlands.Also known
Niederosterreich, Hainfield,
Hausknecht
Bardorf(Herbarium
globose
30-130
Chemical
seen.
not
broad.
/on with
numerous
and litter in semi-natural
Klofac (WU 3363); Niederosterreich, Hohenberg,
GERMANY:
pm
x 6.0-9.0
x
to
of lamellae in ammonia.
dung
the
hairs up
(3) cylindrical hairs,
Not yet recorded from the Netherlands.
May-Oct.
Germany, Teutoburgerwald,
May 1984,
8-14 pm,
x
Saprotrophic, solitary
mixture of
15-20
Clamp-connections
fragments
on
cylindrical
2.5-4.5 pm broad, (2)
10-17
scarce,
with neck 4.5-7.5
pm
some
lecythiform cystidia,
capitulum
lageniform elements,
deer
7.5-9.5
x
cutis, made up of repent hyphae, 2.0-6.0
a
1.0-2.0 pm and
distribution
or
26-33
larger,
3.5-4.5 pm broad, in addition
capitulum
needle-like
horse, cattle
5
Conocybe
-
made up of cylindrical and inflated elements, 4.0-18 pim
trama
2.0-4.0 /on, often with brown
tions:
—
F.A.N. XLI
epithelioid hymeniderm,
an
2.0-3.0 pm.
Caulocystidia
and
Notulae
elements, 18-47 x 12-30 /<m, often with yellowish pedicel. Pileocystidia
lecythiform
40
& Hausknecht:
5 Oct.
2001,
(MTB 8033/3),
Canencia,
5 Oct.
1990,
(AH 28399).
diagnosis
of C. merdaria is
based
exclusively
on
the
includes also data of other collections of this
English description
type
collection. The
species,
made by the
second author.
merdaria is close
Conocybe
macroscopical
appearance
teristic of section Mixtae
mainly
the
x
in the
C. pubescens
/im,
that C. merdaria is
on
not
15.8-17.0
average (14.6-)
a
form of C.
2-spored
ally belong
Within
that in the genus
seems
to
different species,
sect.
spores in the
10.5—15.5(—16.5)
are
moreover
x
is the
narrower
spores
5.5-7.5(-8.5) //m,
subamygdaliform
considerably longer
2.
as
case
Galerula
in
than in
and
case
we
one
—
think
would
4-spored basidiocarps.
4-spored populations
species
is another
usu-
2-spored species
with
differs from C. merdaria in the
in side-view. The related C.
35
In that
Coprinus.
Watling
on
species
smaller than in
Therefore
pubescens.
larger
are
(13.0-)14.0-18.5(-20.0)
8.2-9.2
average 12.5-14.0
on
spores and also grows
magnispora Murrill, Mycologia
135.
x
and hairs, charac-
It differs from that
collections from the Netherlands
(in
Conocybe magnispora (Murrill) Singer
Sydowia4 (1950)
are
size range. However, that
terrestrial habitat and
prep.).
Conocybe 2-spored
Mixtae, Conocybe ambigua
same
in
collections from the Netherlands
merely
coprophytic habitat,
basidia. In addition the spores
expect that the spores in 2-spored basidiocarps
Moreover, it
Kiihner in its
lecythiform cystidia
(Watling, 1982; Arnolds,
pubescens (in
(7.0-)7.5-10.0
(Gillet)
of
stipe covering
predominantly 2-spored
C.
4-spored
to
and
x
6.3-7.0
(10.0-)
pim)
which
rubiginosa Watling
has
soil.
Fig.
2
(1943) 530; Conocybe magnispora
r (Murrill) Singer,
242
PERSOONIA
2.
Fig.
8 March
H.
caulocystidia (all
x
mm
orangey brown
lucently
broad, 4-8
mm
0.8-1.5
to
Spores
to
av.
3/4 of the radius,
taste
weak,
x
=
on
basidia; D,
from
G. cheilo-
W.A.
Murrill,
hemispherical, only
greyish
towards
ochre-brown
margin,
drying pale ochraceous, pubescent
at
base
bulbous,
not
not
to
at
least
distinctive.
not
at
rooting,
av.
moderately long
Hymenophoral
neck
29-51
with
(1.0-4.0
trama
x
x
an
not
14.5-17.0
at
18-30
first, then pale
to
x
sur-
recorded.
8.3-9.6pm,
ovoid-oblong
4-spored.
/<m)
with
Lamella
Q
=
(1.5—)1.6—
in frontal view,
1.0-1.5 pm) and small
hyphae
epithelioid hymeniderm,
11-30 /<m.
Pileocystidia
cutis, made up of parallel hyphae, 2.0-5.0
not
large, apical
edge
subglobose, ellipsoid
made up of cylindrical
6.0-20 pm broad. Pileipellis
pedunculate cells,
12-14 pm,
lecythiform
whitish
in side-view, ochre-brown, brownish orange
subamygdaliform
x
first,
apex. Context concolorous with
Spore print
in ammonia, thick-walled (0.5-2.0
6.0-13
trans-
at
3, fairly crowded, adnexed, slightly ventricose,
7.5-10.5(-l 1.0) pm,
wide. Basidia 20-28
x
to
at centre
5D5,5E6,6E7), only slightly paler
1.65-1.85, not flattened, ellipsoid-oblong
orange-brown
a
C.
01-58; F-H
high, conico-campanulate
ochraceous, pubescent
13.5-20.5
=
ellipsoid-oblong
pm.
& W.
cylindrical,
face. Smell and
17-28
(x 1500);
first, then rusty brown, with concolorous fimbriate edge. Stipe
at
mm,
straw-yellow
to
(K.
striate up
ochraceous
pm
F. spores
when moist and fresh
glabrous. Lamellae, L= 14-17,1
2.0, Q
2003
2,
1942, holotype.)
Pileus 5-12
x
Part
from E. Arnolds
1000). (A-E
slightly expanding, hygrophanous,
then
18,
Conocybe magnispora. A. Basidiocarps (x 1); B,
cystidia; E,
to
Vol.
-
or
sterile.
to
pore, 1.8-2.5
Cheilocystidia
clavate basal
part,
short
capitulum, 3.0-4.0(-5.0)
and inflated,
globose elements,
made up of clavateand
seen
in exsiccata.
sphero-
Stipitipellis
broad, with clusters of caulocystidia.
Arnolds
& Hausknecht:
clavate
Caulocystidia predominantly
with
numerous
hairs up
70
to
x
Notulae
Habitat & distribution
and
on
—
In the Netherlands
cow.
soil.
acidic, sandy
16-22
243
4.0-7.0 pm, intermixed
x
4.5-9.0 pm and scattered
x
absent.
cylindrical
Clamp-connections present.
Chem-
negative.
Saprotrophic, solitary
far
so
and Pholiotina
Conocybe
-
lageniform,
to
lecythiform cystidia
ical reactions: Ammoniareaction
XLI
5.0-10.0
subglobose elements,
2 pm\
F.A.N.
in small groups on
or
in poor habitats, such
only
also recorded from
described from North America;
Originally
of horse
dung
heathland and forest
as
France and Sweden. Febr.-Oct.
Collections
(det.
R.
examined.
Kiihner) (G,
Emmen, Bargerbos,
on
dung
of Scottish
as
on
FRANCE:
horse
USA:
dung, 2
highland cattle,
mannland, Sala, Skuggan,
—
Dep. Rhone, Lyon,
Conocybe siliginea
on
horse
Florida, Levy County,
Oct.
12
(det.
County, Knoxville, University
L. R.
Hester) (MICH,
as
3
M. Josserand
1945,
22 Feb.
THE NETHERLANDS:
cow
ofTennessee
8
dung,
campus,
(UPS,
8 March
Hammock, on cow dung,
Drenthe,
prov.
on
SWEDEN: Vast-
—
Conocybe pubescens)
W. A. Murrill
1942,
July 1943,
horse
as
R.
(holotype,
Singer (F); Tennessee,
dung, 24
Feb.
1941, S.
L.
Meyer
Conocybepubescens).
This is the first report of Conocybe
(Singer, 1950).
crottin,
—
R. Morander
Aug. 1947,
magnispora
been described from North America and
basidia and
un
Sept. 2001, E.Arnolds (Arnolds 01-58) (L).
FLAS); Florida, Alachua County, Gainesville, on
Knox
sur
neoantipus).
1999, R. Chrispijn (L); Westerbork, Orvelte, 'Orvelterzand',
dung,
Gulf
var.
large
It is characterized by the very
stipe covering exclusively
with
in Europe. This
originally
has
species
later also recorded from South America
was
spores in combinationwith
hairs and clavate
cylindrical
4-spored
lageniform
to
elements, without lecythiform cystidia.
The second author
investigated
southeastern USA and found
the
holotype
was
only
x
no
8.5-10.5
covered with clavate,
collection the spores
collection
they
were
pm,
lageniform
large
grows
also
and the
on
dung,
is intermixed with
some
scattered
x
(7.0-)7.5-10.0
3.
caulocystidia
Conocybe
farinacea
Conocybe
large
easily
pm,
a
and therefore
Watling
Conocybe farinacea Watling,
—
Notes
x
a
on
Fig.
to
1996).
a
much
spore size, viz.
(14.6—)15.8-17.0
3
R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 25
(1964)
309.
on
stipe covering
pubescens,
section Mixtae.
&
is another
x
more
(13.0-)
8.2-9.2 //m.
considerable proportion of lecythiform
belongs
mm
7.5-9.5 pm,
base and the
comparable
average
x
Hauskn.
(Hausknecht
Hauskn.
spores (14.5-18.0
confused with C
( .
other spe-
10-40
pileus
bulbous base
rooting stipe
two
Singer's
8.8i //m.
singeriana
with the
watlingii
x
stipe
Meyer's
8.7 pm, in
the average 16.0
Conocybe
distinctly
with similarhabit and
However, the latter species always has
among the
basidia.
In
(Fig. 2H).
15.1
The
(Fig. 2F).
lecythiform cystidia (Hausknecht,
may also be
coprophytic species
14.0-18.5(-20.0)
a
8.5-9.0 pm), but it has
Conocybe magnispora
common
with
mm
in this group with very
x
on
larger basidiocarps
1997; Arnolds, in prep.).
16.0-16.7
9.6 pm
thick-walled and
section Pilosellae. In that section
4-spored
but differs in much
coprophytic species
average
to
spores with
stipe (45-)60-90(-l 10)
Krisai-Greilhuber,
x
and filiform cystidia
collections.
European
orange-brown,
intensely ochre-brown, averaging
Conocybe magnispora belongs
cies combine very
were
the average 15.6
on
reddish brown and measured
pale
were
other collections from the
two
essential differences with the
The spores in the holotype, collected by Murrill,
measured 15.0-16.5
and
cystidia
244
Fig.
H.
PERSOONIA
3.
6 Oct.
A.
Conocybe farinacea.
E.
caulocystidia;
phanous,
18,
Basidiocarps (x 1); B,
pileipellis (all
1000). (A-E
x
mm broad,
when moist
10-
at centre
20 mm high,
F.
from
Part
2,
spores
2003
(x
1500); C,
E. Arnolds
02-18,
orange-brown
centre
or
smooth or
slightly greyish
slightly
mm
35-78
thick,
not
x
2-4
then
basidiocarp
weak and
strongly
mm,
at
orange
G.
F-H
cheilocystidia; D,
from P.D.
Orton,
3/4 of the
not
radius,
28-33,1
hemispherical, hy gro-
=
on
at
paler
drying fading
to
or-
pale
first, then glabrous,
at
3, fairly crowded, adnexed,
first, then orange-brown, with slightly paler fimbriate
orange
becoming glabrous.
farinaceous.
to
7D8),
to
towards the margin
(5B4,6C7), pubescent
cylindrical,
rooting, pale
lengthwise,
striate up
wrinkled. Lamellae, L =
segmentiform, yellow-brown
edge. Stipe
conico-campanulate
rusty brown (K. & W.
ange-brown (6D8), translucently
7
Vol.
1960, holotype.)
Pileus 18 -27
to
-
at
base
slightly
(5A5, 5B5),
at
thickened
first
to
subbulbous,
pubescent, slightly
Context concolorous with surface. Smell of entire
distinctive, but readily farinaceous when crushed
Spore print
not
up
striate
recorded.
or
cut;
taste
Arnolds
& Hausknecht:
Spores 12.0-15.0(-17.0)
Q
1.6-1.9, Q
=
av.
=
in frontal view,
long
orange
F.A.N. XLI
7.0-9.5(-10.5)
1.65-1.7,
13.0-14.1(-15.6)
av.
pm,
and Pholiotina
Conocybe
-
x
weakly flattened, ellipsoid-oblong
not or
ellipsoid-oblong
1.8-2.5
pore,
sterile. Cheilocystidia
basal part,
moderately long
pm broad.
Hymenophoral
pm
wide. Basidia 20-29
18-25
neck
6.0-10.0pm,
x
(2.5-4.5
trama
x
12-14 pm,
x
lecythiform
with
cylindrical hyphae
brown
ellipsoid
pedicel,
tered, mainly filiform, up
with
or
yellow
neck 2.0
pm
subglobose
x
long
and inflated,
globose
with few
occasionally
4.5 pm broad.
capitulum
and
ellipsoid,
16-33
2.0-5.5 pm\
lecythiform cystidia
Habitat & distribution
dung
on
Iceland.
Aug. 2002,
24
Dall
Rannoch,
Nov.
Oct.
Conocybefarinacea
ling, 1964)
The
unique
was
the
in
Orton
pure
with
18-160
cylindrical hairs,
weak.
in small groups, in the Nether-
or
was
species
microscopic
absent
characters of the
and dried
basidiocarps
cultured collection from the
14.1
average
x
long
edge
and/or
species
holotype,
(E).
1982).
England (Watling,
(Watling,
but
1985),
place by
not
Outside
from continental
the farinaceous smell and taste,
It should be noticed that in the collection from
or
weak in
were
quoted
undamaged basidiocarps.
crushed
It became
or cut.
collection
were
were
compared
similar. The spores in the
the average 15.6
8.2
x
in L measured
with those of
(Fig. 3F);
(12.0-)
holotype
meas-
the spores in the
13.0-15.0
x
7.5-9.0 /im,
8.3 pm.
of C.
farinacea,
Watling (1964)
hairs, 1.5-2.5 pm in diameter, as well
elliptical, subglobose, non-capitate
was
Netherlands
1961
in
Scotland, Perthshire,
cultures grown from
Aug.
dung,
donkey
from cultures of the type collection, harvested in
holotype
original description
narrow
on
10
pulp,
horse
of manure of
UNITED KINGDOM:
—
paper
is characterized in the first
ured 13.5-17.0 x 7.0-9.5 pm,
In the
on
recorded from Iceland
was
decayed heap
on
described from three localities in Scotland (Wat-
originally
apparent when basidiocarps
holotype
the
pm
Clamp-connections present.
(E, holotype); laboratory
1960 and 1961. All essential characters
on
rare.
Drenthe, Vledder, 'Vledderhofon
prov.
culture
feature in the genus Conocybe.
more
The
4.5
x
in woodlands. Also recorded from Great Britain and
(L); Vledder, 'Boschoord',
1960, P.D.
the Netherlands this smell
much
or
and later collected in the New Forest in
Great Britain it
a
23
c.
cutis, made up of parallel hy-
5.0-11 pm, intermixed with clavate
very
Chrispijn (Arnolds 02-18) (L)
R.
Wood, 6
s.n.
(L, MICH, NY, UPS);
1960
Europe.
or
negative
examined. THE NETHERLANDS:
Aug. 1998, R. Chrispijn
forest,
donkey
a
hyaline
Aug.-Sept.
Collections
2
of horse and
x
Saprotrophic, solitary
—
to scat-
rare
caulocystidia. Caulocystidia predominantly
absent
Chemical reactions: Ammonia reaction
lands
capitate cystidia,
4.5-11 pm and scattered
x
epithelioid
10-20 //m, often
x
cystidia. Pileocystidia
Stipitipellis
often in chains, 7.0-14
lageniform elements,
an
and 2.5-4.0 pm wide, often tortuous,
2.0-6.0 pm broad, with clusters of
phae,
and
content;
and
60 //m
to
clavate
3.0-4.5
20-47
spheropedunculate cells,
intermixed with scattered
Lamella
or
capitulum,
1.5-2.0 //in) and small
made up of
made up of clavate and
hymeniderm,
pale
ovoid-ob-
4-spored.
elements, 4.0-18 //m broad, often with yellow-brown wall. Pileipellis
with
7.7-8.4 pm,
to
in side-view, brownish
slightly phaseoliform
to
245
thick-walled (0.5-2.0 /<m), with
rusty brown (5C7, 6D8, 7D8) in ammonia,
to
large, apical
edge
x
Notulae
placed by Watling (1982)
lecythiform cystidia
second author found
only
two
were
as
and
stated: "The
similar cells
to
slightly capitate
those
stipe
on
the
has
gill
cells". Therefore
in section Mixtae. In the collection from the
absent
on
the
stipe.
In the
the
type collection,
slightly capitate caulocystidia (Fig. 3H)
and such cells
PERSOONIA
246
could not be found
at
all in the cultured
Vol.
-
Part
18,
2003
2,
collections. Therefore we
type
place C.farinacea
in section Pilosellae.
may be confused
Conocybe farinacea
C.
species
The latter
pubescens.
(7.0-)7.5-10.0
on
pm,
15.8-17.0 x
average
coprophytic
common
in the absence of the fari-
only
not
incompatible
with cultures of C.
of section Mixtae,
Hauskn. &
viz. C.
Svrcek)
mm broad,
11.0 pm,
two
is also
a
C.
pulchella (Velen.)
digitalina (Velen.) Singer).
Hauskn. shows much resemblance
coprophytic species
strongly
a
with rather robust
bulbous
stipe base,
(7.0-)8.0-
x
8.2-9.7pm (Hausknecht & Krisai-Greilhuber,
x
are
non-coprophytic species
Watling (=
mealy smell,
a
C.farinacea
x
of
occurrence
measuring (12.0-) 13.0-17.0(-l 8.5)
and broader spores,
average 14.0-16.5
on
Kiihner &
Conocybe singeriana
Conocybe singeriana
It differs in the absence of
basidiocarps.
well with
as
P.D. Orton (= C.
subpubescens
Within section Pilosellae,
C. farinacea.
pubescens,
pseudopilosella
and C.
frequent
8.3-9.2 pm, and the
demonstrated that cultures of
lecythiform caulocystidia. Watling (1964)
5-12
with the
sight
differs
smell, but also in the larger spores, measuring (13.0-)14.0-18.5(-20.0)
naceous
to
first
at
species
1997;
Arnolds, in press).
4.
incarnata
Conocybe
Basionym:
(Schaeff.)
Galera incarnata
Hauskn. & Arnolds, comb.
Schaeff.,
Z. Pilzk. 9
Misapplied names. Conocybe siliginea \ar.fragilis
cybe fragilis
(1983) 282,
sensu
sensu
Pileus 7-20
convex,
Br.
Watling,
Fl. 3
Fung.
(1982) 76,
mm
broad, 5-12
mm
brown-red
to
ing non-striate, pallescent
to
first, then orange-brown
0.7-1.5
mm,
long, fistulose, pink
to
or
conical
pinkish
to
half of the radius
av.
surface, fragile.
=
wine red
to
1.65-1.8,
with base
in
pubescent,
Smell and
not or
taste
weak,
in
ammonia, slightly
thick-walled
x
to
clavate basal part, rather short neck
3.0-4.5
av.
broad.
Pleurocystidia
and inflated elements, 4.0-20
epithelioid hymeniderm,
x
10-32 pm,
some
ventricose, ochraceous
made
up
with reddish intracellularpigment.
near
to
to
Stipe
30
mm
upwards,
concolorous
apex. Context
Spore print orange-brown.
in side-view
ovoid-oblong,
oc-
0.5 pm), with central germ pore, 1.0-1.5
x
4-spored.
5.0-9.0 pm,
x
of clavate and
or
Lamella edge sterile
subglobose
and small
capitulum,
made up of
cylindrical
pm)
trama
pale yellow
spheropedunculate
wall.
absent.
Stipitipellis
Pileipellis
an
elements, 23-50
thick-walled pedicel, in fresh
Pileocystidia
or
with
lecythiform
1.0-1.5
Hymenophoral
slightly
up
pale orange-brown (5C7,6B6/C6,
broad, with hyaline
with brownish,
pseudorhiza
7.9-9.0x4.5-5.8pm, Q= 1.6-1.9,
to
(1.0-3.5
absent.
a
distinctive.
not
6.0-9.0 pm, clavate,
heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia 13-20(-25)
at
all red
and becom-
brown-red from the base
particular
pm,
(±
into
tapering
weakly flattened, ellipsoid-
//m wide. Basidia 14 -20(-25)
brick red
finally loosing
rapidly drying
or more,
vinaceous, then becoming
and
then conico-
or
ochraceous-vinaceous, dull, glabrous.
or
casionally slightly amygdaliform, yellow-brown
6C7)
5. Aufl.
rusty brown, with slightly paler, fimbriate edge.
to
Spores (7.0-)7.5-10.0 x4.0-5.5(-6.0)
Q
(1935) 112; Cono-
campanulate,
to
red
flesh-coloured brown,
flesh-coloured
cylindrical
minutely pruinose-striate
with
5
Mos., Rohrlinge Blatterpilze
Lamellae, L= 18-28,1 = 3, fairly crowded to crowded, slightly
x
Galera
Kiihner,Genre
sensu
high, obtusely
when fresh and moist
hygrophanous,
colour, translucently striate up
25-50
Fig. 4,
auct. Eur.
first, then discolouring
at
—
165
(1930)
sensu
nov.
a
basidiocarps
cutis of cylindri-
Arnolds
4.
Fig.
D,
J.
H.
Conocybe
& Hausknecht:
incarnata.
caulocystidia (all
x
A.
Notulae
F.A.N. XLI
Basidiocarps (x 1); B,
1000);
E. dried
-
F.
Conocybe
spores
basidiocarp (x 1). (A-D
(x
and Pholiodna
1500); C,
from
J.
G.
Daams
247
cheilocystidia;
520;
E-H from
Schäffer, 1929, holotype.)
5.
Fig.
Conocybe fragilis.
1000). (A-D
cal
hyphae,
A.
spores
from E. Bartholomew
(x
1500);
B.
basidia;
2.0-7.0 nm broad, with
hyaline
or
also with
longer, narrowly
and with thin,
/tm,
cylindrical
clavate and
D.
hairs up
to
negative.
to
caulocystidia; (all
x
with clusters of cau-
broadly clavate,
subcylindrical elements,
120
cystidia lacking. Clamp-connections present
reactions: Ammoniareaction
cheilocystidia;
pale yellow wall,
locystidia. Caulocystidia predominantly globose
/<m,
C.
2313, holotype.)
long,
but
scarce
6.0-18
20-38
1.0-2.0 pim broad;
and difficult
to
x
5.0-10
x
6.0-10
lecythiform
find. Chemical
PERSOONIA
248
Habitat & distribution
—
18,
Saprotrophic, solitary
very rich in
such
nutrients,
gregarious
or
to
Germany
and Finland. Outside
subfasciculate,
in disturbed
chips,
on
places
lawns and flower-beds. Also in
with e.g. cucumber. In the Netherlands very
unheated glasshouses
from Austria,
wood
gardens, orchards, fields,
as
2003
2,
Part
humus-rich soil, also when mixed with
or
compost
Vol.
-
Also recorded
rare.
the
buildings Aug.-Oct.j_in glasshouses
entire year.
Collections
examined. AUSTRIA:
A. Hausknecht
etal.
(WU 22743).
(WU 21897).
(UPS, holotype).
1967
204
,J.
Daams
—
—
s.n.
—
GERMANY:
20
incarnata is
pileus.
Another
Schaffer
520
name
also
Daams
species
71-62
with its
adopted by Watling
hypothesis
is
covered with
cystidia
Rooks
and
unpublished
numerous
County,
on
&
ground
slightly
a
the
and hairs
(Fig. 4H).
The
(Fig. 5D).
stipe
in the
mycologist
holotype
of
non-lecythiform
neither mentioned in the
at
lecythiform cystidia
a
least
is
two
mixture of
a
out
of six
The size of the
original description,
pseudorhiza
nor
show
up
measuring
8.5-10.0
x
spores of C.
to
x
30
4.5-6.0
5.0-6.0
/<m,
a
on
the
average
great
closely
by
other authors. Also
a
stipe
without
The spores in the type col-
on
the
fragilis
x
distinct,
average
was
5.4
8.7
x
5.2 ;<m
almost identical,
(Fig. 5A). However,
germ pore (1.0-1.5 /im) than the
fragilis (0.5-0.8 pm).
related: In view of the
Mixtae whereas C. incarnata is
a
are
stipe covering
6-18
mm
latus, plane
distinct
species
that
the former species
are
probably
belongs
to
not
section
memberof section Pilosellae.
6. Pholiotinasulcata Arnolds & Hauskn., spec.
Pileus
long.
pm,
9.1
considerably larger
It is evident that C. fragilis and1 C. incarnata
even
mm
elements
a
taxonomic significance
noticed
in the type of Galera
spores
the spores of C. incarnata have
the second
in this col-
non-lecythiform
type specimens
This character of
lection of C. incarnata measured 7.0-9.5
(Fig. 4F).
by
specimens
the studied collections from the Netherlands, Austria and Finland show
and
[USA, Kansas,
Conocybe incarnata, lecythiform caulocystidia
stipe covering
In addition,
three
addition,
Hesler
of Galerafragilis
intermixed with few
In
Moser
base without pseudorhiza.
stipe
although broken, pseudorhiza (Fig. 4E).
was
stipe.
collec-
European
in short grass, E. Bartholomew 2313 (NYS)]
bulbous
completely lacking.
are
-
Ktihner
accepted by
was
nobody compared
lecythiform cystidia,
well-preserved holotype
In the
71
vinaceous
to
base of the
Gregory (1981). Watling (1982),
that the
notes
author confirmed this observation
lection had
pink
hairs. Recent examinationof the type collection
cylindrical
9 Oct.
J. Daams
Conocybe fragilis (Peck) Singer.
tions with the type of C. fragilis from North America. The American
in
,
(L).
clearly rooting
collections
(1983) and other European authors, although
indicated already
1971
that his Galera incarnata could be identical with Galera
described from North America. This
was
1989,
L. Kosonen
Sept. 2001,
(L); Idem, 13Aug.
character is the
who therefore named the European
(1935),
That
and beautiful
striking
important diagnostic
(1930) supposed
fragilis Peck,
a
9
Noord-Holland, 's Graveland, 'Boekensteijn',
prov.
1969,./. Daams
Sept.
(L); Kortenhoef, glasshouse 'Steenvoorde', 26.III.1971, J.
Conocybe
5 Aug.
(MTB 7559/1),
Etela-Hame, Jamsa, Lokalahti,
Brandenburg, Potsdam, Ruinenbergerstrasse 25, 1929, J. Schaffer
THE NETHERLANDS:
(L); Idem,
Dross
Niederosterreich, Krems-Land,
FINLAND:
convexus,
distincte
nov.
—
Fig. 6,
umbonatus,
centra
7
cinnamomeus,
castaneus,
margine pallidior flavo-brunneus, ochraceo-brunneus, hygrophanus, margine
ad medium
striatus et
anguste adnatae,
undulate
sulcatus, partim incisus,
margo
leviter
inflexus.
Lamellae
pilei
& Hausknecht:
Arnolds
Notulae
F.A.N.
XLI
and Pholiotina
Conocybe
-
249
demum pallide brunneae, acies
aliquantum distantes, ventricosae, flavo-brunnescentes,
lamellarum
latus, filiformis, cylindraceus,
leviter
basi leviter
inflata, stramineus, pallide ochraceo-brunnescens, parte superiore pruinatus,
ber. Caro
4.8
=
aurantiacae in
lato. Basidia
odore infirme
1.4-1.9, Q
av.
7.0-9.0
x
26-45
pi m,
bus ad
sphaero-pedunculatis
x
12-22
leviter
x
4.2-5.2
leviter incrassata et distincte poro
pim
clavata. Acies lamellarium
lato
pim
Pleurocystidia
immixtis.
nulla.
germinativo
sterilis
3-5
basi
consistens,
Saprophyticus, gregarius,
in
Fl. 3
(1982) 84,
(1983) 282,
eur.
auct. eur.;
broad,
mm
centre
16-25,1
then
mm,
on
or
drying
with
slightly
=
17-50
pale
(1935) 137, Watling
Galera
with obtuse umbo;
reddish brown
ochraceous
in
splitting
nulla.
in
Br.
5. Aufl.
69.
margin strongly
places; hygropha-
& W. 7D6, 8D5) with red-
(K.
flesh-coloured brown. Lamellae, L
to
flocculose
swollen base, fistulose,
edge.
Spore print
not
1.45-1.85,
not
view, brownish orange
25-37
x
pale
to
apex. Context
at
leaves. Taste
not
recorded.
x
4.0-5.5 pm,
av.
7.3-8.9x4.7-5.1
flattened, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-oblong
to
Stipe
pale ochre-yellow
reminding Pelargonium
sometimes slightly phaseoliform in side-view; ellipsoid
orange-brown (5C7,6D8)
to
to
Q= 1.4-2.0,
subamygdaliform
ovoid
in ammonia,
pim,
or
oblong
slightly
or
in frontal
thick-walled
with small, central to slightly eccentric germ pore, 1.0-1.3 pim wide. Basidia 16-24
7.0-10.5 pim, clavate,
edge
almost sterile.
shape
and size,
apex up
and
to
mostly
Hymenophoral
derm made up of
brown
walls;
cutis of
tered
x
4- and
2-(l-)spored
6.5-14pim,
long, cylindrical neck,
with
to
trama
14-25
pyriform
x
lageniform, strongly
2.5-4.0 pim broad, often
8.0-12 pim and scattered basidia.
and
encrusted wall.
or
mainly lageniform
to
17-53
x
absent.
quite
some
pyriform
Pleurocystidia
epithelioid hymeni10-26 pim with
absent.
subglobose
not
capitate,
cells up
to
pale
Stipitipellis
to
variable in size and
3.0-6.5 pim broad,
and clavate; in addition many small,
Clamp-connections
variable in
subcapitate,
2.0-6.0 pim broad with scattered
5.0-14 pim,
long neck,
an
17-42 x
pigment. Pileocystidia
pale yellow, repent hyphae,
with short
Pileipellis
spheropedunculate cells,
stalk often with brown encrusted
hyaline
x
intermixed.Lamella
made up of cylindrical and inflated elements, 3.0-30 pm
yellow-brown
caulocystidia. Caulocystidia
cylindrical
24-56
or
7.0 //m broad, also with short thick neck, intermixed with
broad, with hyaline
a
4-spored, 2-(l-)spored
Cheilocystidia
spheropedunculate cells,
absent.
x
pyriformi-
Mos., Rohrlinge Blatterpilze
3/4 of the radius,
distinctive or
not
Spores (6.5-)7.5-10.0(-10.5)
av.
nonnullis
14.IX. 1993, A. Haus-
Rick., Blatterpilze (1915)
plano-convex
to
up
sensu
sensu
rusty brown with slightly paler,
to
cylindrical
concolorous. Smell weak,
Q
lato,
elementis
flesh-coloured, minutely white striate lengthwise, minutely pruinose
recorded.
pim
1-3, moderately crowded, adnexed, slightly ventricose, yellow-brown,
brown
pale
1-2.5
=
(8E8, 9E6),
luteolus
to
convex
when moist orangey brown
brown
1 .0
macilentis calcareis.
Kiihner, Genre
sensu
Galerellaplicatella
Bolbitius
—
irregularily plicate-sulcate
nous,
=
sensu
sensu auct.
Pileus6-18
and
ca.
(WU 22742).
Misapplied names. Conocybe plicatella
Fung.
/im
x
heterogenea.
pigmento incrustato. Pileocystidia
pratis
Holotypus: Germany, Bayern, Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen, 'Kmenathen',
knecht etal.
vel
gla-
7.8
brunneo-
Caulocystidia
Pileipellis hymeniformis
variabilia.
cetera
in medio
pim,
phaseoliformes, pallide
lageniformia rostro longo cylindraceo
10
amplitudine formaque admodum
adsunt sed rarissimae.
mm
6.8-8.7
Sporae
interdum
tetrasporigera,
pim,
-15
sphaeropedunculatis
5.0-12
Fibulae
/tin,
6.5-11.5
x
simile.
1.6, ellipsoideae,
=
longus,
mm
Pelargonio
potassio hydroxydico, pariete
17.5-24
Cheilocystidia
elementis
inaequalis. Stipes
concolor,
Q
/im,
25-35
1-1.2
indistincte,
clus-
shape,
also sub-
10 pim broad.
PERSOONIA
250
6. Pholiotina
Fig.
D.
A,
E.
spores
(x
Vol.
18,
1500); B,
basidiocarps (x 1). (H. caulocystidia (x 1000); A-C
type;
Fig.
D.
sulcata.
-
D-H
7.
from E. Arnolds
x
F.
2,
2003
basidia; C,
G.
from Hausknecht
cheilocystidia (x
et al.,
14
1000;
Sept. 1993, holo-
6708.)
Agaricus plicatellus ('coprinoides').
pileipellis (all
Part
1000). (A-D
A.
Spores (x 1500);
from C.H. Peck s.n.,
holotype.)
B.
basidia;
C.
cheilocystidia;
Arnolds
Habitat &
pastures
distribution
Collections
A.
14
&
F.A.N.
XLI
—
Saprotrophic, solitary
in small groups in unfertilized
or
in Central
Europe
Sonndorf
Niederosterreich, Horn,
GERMANY:
(HUN 56042).
—
(WU 22742, holotype);
THE NETHERLANDS:
27 Oct. 2001
(L); Epen, Cottessen,
The Latin
description
is based
diagnosis
is
a
compilation
same
27
loc.,
Pholiotina sulcata is
of any veil it
belongs
to
or
at
Pholiotina section
mixed 4-and
spore size in this
species
split
most
25
the
Hausknecht
Sept. 1968, M.
6 Oct.
22 Oct.
Babos
Babos et
1976, M.
1995,Arnolds
with its
English
us.
expanding
soon
in
margin
The
(also Fig. 6A-C).
pileus
that is
In view of the absence
places.
Piliferae (Ktihner) Singer.
The collections
earlier descriptions in the presence of exclusively
basidia. This variation
2-spored
1984,
(L).
the type collection
often also
from the Netherlands differ from
2-spored
01-170
of data of all collections studied by
characteristic
a
irregularily sulcate-plicate,
6 Oct.
Sept. 1995, A.
Mountains, nearParad,
Limburg, Wittem, Nijswiller,
prov.
.Arnolds
on
rare.
(MTB7460/2),
(HUN 44194,HUN 44195); Hajdu-Bihar, Hortobagy, Ujszentmargita,
6708
but
Bavaria, Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen, Kemnathen,
HUNGARY: Matra
—
251
basic, often calcareous loam. In the Netherlands very
to
Hausknecht et al.
(WU 14468).
and Pholiolina
Conocybe
-
Limburg. Sept.-Oct. Widespread
(WU 8415).
Sept. 1993, A.
etal.
al.
Notulae
examined. AUSTRIA:
Hausknecht
F. Reinwald
—
acid
dry, weakly
on
in southern
rare
& Hausknecht:
species (Fig. 6A, E).
Also Kiihner
the
explains
large
described
(1935: 139)
range
in
collection
a
(as Conocybe plicatella) with partially 2-spored basidia. The exclusively 4-spored and
2-spored
variable
collections do not deserve
proportions
Bolbitiaceaewhere
in the rank of
of the
two
of
replace
to
the
Agaricus coprinoides
coprinoides
naceous,
even
Agaricus coprinoides
Corda 1831,
expanded pileus,
often
to
(1909)
to
erect
Peck, NYS)
in other
split
ochre
...
on
a
(1873)
the
Peck
quite
as a
different
small
is
deeply
and
to
densely
tilis and allies (see also Thomas
sulcata the
pileus margin
proportion
gory (1981)
plicatella,
are
is
'doubtfully
reading:
et
pileus
"After
agaric
with "membra-
pileus
is
to
the small
suggestive
basidiocarps
of
was reason
York State,
Peck.
Cayuga County, Sterling,
surface in Galerellaplicatella,
pileus margin
is
sulcate-striate up
as
well
as
minutely
to
and
the centre,
regularily
as
in
crenulate
Coprinus plica-
al., 2001; Horak & Hausknecht, 2002). In Pholiotina
and sulcate
irregularily wavy-lobed
not
remind to
noticed that the European
also the type collection of
catum,
later homonym
Galerella, is in fact completely different from that
of the radius. It does
already
a
fungus. Agaricus
margin, plicate-sulcate
the appearance of the
holotype (New
and concluded that the
tropical species assigned
pileus
introduced by Peck in
(1873),
Galerella, typified by Agaricus coprinoides
the genus
of Pholiotinasulcata. In Galerella the
and the
distinguished
this genus in his world wide survey of Agaricales.
The second author studied the
iable
representing
described by Peck
originally
was
soon
Singer (1951) accepted
C.H.
exception
and
combine
within the
authors with the North Ameri-
name was
of the smaller Coprini". The aberrant
of the
appearance
for Earle
basidiocarps
many
notable
clearly separated
Peck in the past. That
name
disk, yellowish inclining
some
taxa are
synonymised by European
species Agaricus plicatellus
1878 in order
2-spored
a
species.
Pholiotinasulcata has been
can
taxonomic status since
of basidia. It is
types
4- and
usually
a
the same'
as
Coprinus
in
at
places
all.
Agaricus coprinoides
up
or
material attributed
to
a note
this
to
& Gre-
Galerella
species. Watling
Peck and added
to a var-
Watling
collections, named Conocybe
the North American
examining European
only
spp.
studied
the exsic-
species
I doubt
252
PERSOONIA
whether this
to
has
fungus
been
even
Vol.
-
Part
18,
2003
2,
in Europe". More extensive research is needed
seen
evaluate whether Galerella deserves the
of an
status
independent
Pholiotina sulcata and Galerella plicatella differ also in
The spores in the latter
ters.
to
in frontal view,
slightly hexagonal
the average 7.4
5.5
x
species
x
with
pm
neck 3.0-5.0
a
7.0-8.5
measuring
plicatella they
broad (Fig.
pm
genus.
microscopic
flattened and in part
4.6 pm in the type collection
rather similar. In the type of G.
7.0-10
clearly
are
some
x
4.5-5.0 pm,
(Fig. 7A). The cheilocystidia
lageniform
are
slightly
5.0-6.0
x
charac-
rhomboid
and
on
are
20-50
measure
x
7C).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This
the
has been
study
carried out for the
Dr. Kits
Rijksherbariumfonds
van
project
Flora
agaricina
neerlandica
with financial
support by
Waveren.
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spe-
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theca
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Biblio-