1 Table 1: URINARY DISEASES AND ETHNOBOTANY AMONG PASTORAL NOMADS IN THE MIDDLE EAST Scientific family Scientific name Local name Plant parts Preparation Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris L Rhus coriaria L Kuzbarat alBeir, Sha'arat alGhulih Summaq leaves and roots boil in water and drink fruit Anchusa strigosa Banks et Sol. Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. Ex F.W. Andrews Cercis siliquastrum L. Capparis spinosa L. Ihmim, lisan althur Kasiah, Sinamakky leaves and roots leaves drink extracted liquid from the fruit crush, soak in water, and drink boil in water and drink ‘Arus al-Ghaba leaves and flowers bulbs boil in water and drink soak in water and drink Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Lam. Rijil alHamamih, Rijil al-'Asfur leaves and flowers boil in water and drink Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris L. Shamandar, salq, banjar Fisa al-Kalb leaves and roots the whole herb raw Cichorium pumilum Jacq. 'Iltt, 'Ilk, hindabah green leaves eat, or soak in water and drink Cnicus benedictus L. Kassuba leaves, stalks and roots boil in water and drink Inula viscose (L.) Ait. ‘Irq al-Tayun, Tayun leaves boil in water and drink Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip. Babunaj, Rabil leaves and flowers boil in water and drink Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. Qadih,Sufan Qray’i leaves and stalks boil in water and drink Scolymus maculatus L. Taraxacum megalorrhizon (Forssk.) Hand.Mazz. Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. et Bl. Sinariya Hawliya), Salatat alRuhban stems, stalks boil in water Flowers and leaves eat as raw salad Slimaniya, Ktilih Leaves and stalks boil in water and drink Anacardiaceae Boraginaceae Caesalpiniaceae Capparaceae Chenopodium album L. Asteraceae Qubbar, Lasaf soak in water and drink Ethno-botanical uses Colds, diuretic, urinary tract infections urinary tract infections and urinary retention urinary tract infections urinary retention urinary retention and infections diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention diuretic, urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary tract infections urinary tract infections and retention diuretic, urinary tract infections and retentions urinary retention and urinary tract infections, prostate illness urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary retention, urinary tract infections, kidney pains, testicle pain urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infections 2 Anastatica hierochuntica L. Kaf al-Rahaman, Kaff Maryam dried fruit crush the fruit, soak in water and drink Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Left stems, seeds eat or soak in water and drink Capsella bursapastoris L. Medik. Kis al-Ra’y dried leaves boil in water and drink Lepidium sativum L Habb alRashad, Hurf seeds boil in water and drink Raphanus raphanistrum L. Fijil barri, Fijjilih leaves boil the leaves in water and drink Sisymbrium irio L. Kibs leaves and flowers eat as raw salad Citrulus vulgaris Schirad Cucumis melo L. Battykh fruit eat Shimmam fruit eat Cucumis sativa L. Khiar, Khyar fruit eat Ecbalium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. Qitha al-Hameir, fagus al-Hameir fruit, seeds squeeze or soak in water and drink Cupressaceae Juniperus communis, Juniperus oxycedrus L. Juniperus phoenicea L. 'Ar'ar, ‘Itran, Qitran berries soak in water and drink Globulariaceae Globularia arabica Jaub. et Spach 'Aynun leaves, flowers soak in water and drink Poaceae Elymus repens (L.) Gould Nejil, Njil leaves and roots boil in water and drink Hordeum sativum Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch. Sha’ir seeds, bran eat as pita, boil crushed seeds in water and drink Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae urinary retention and urinary tract infections, female sterility, male impotency urinary retention and urinary tract infections, stomach ache urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infection, prostate illnesses urinary tract infections and urinary retention urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infections, kidney pains, constipation urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infections, yellow fever, liver infections diuretic, urinary retention and urinary tract infections, kidney pains, prostate, impotency, female sterility, vaginal infection. urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections, kidney pains urinary tract infections, and cystitis urinary tract infections and retention 3 Poaceae Iridaceae Labiatae Liliaceae Avena sterilis L. khafour, shufan Leaves, seeds eat bread or prepare porridge Triticum aestivum L. Qamh, hintta Leaves, seeds, bran eat as pita, soak seeds or bran in water and drink Zea mays L. dhrah, dhurah, dhurah shamiya Maize fruit soak in water and drink Iris pallida Lam. Iris palaestina (Back.) Boiss. Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichb. Sauwsan Leaves, rhizome boil in water and drink Zahayfy, Za’tar Farsy leaves and flowers boil leaves and flowers in water and drink Mentha longifolia L. Na’na’ barri, Habaq leaves boil in water and drink Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss.et Hohen. Zufih leaves boil in water and drink Rosmarinus officinalis L. Iklil al-Jabal leaves boil the leaves in water and drink Allium ampeloprasum L. Thum barri fruit, leaves and stalks mix with olive oil and eat Asparagus aphyllus L. Halyun, Hiliun leaves eat as raw salad Asphodelus aestivus Brot. Swai, ‘Unsol, 'Onsol roots boil in water and drink Colchicum ritchii R. Br. Wada’, ‘Akna, ‘Ukna, Farj alArd Ass Barri, Khizana, ‘Urf alDeik corms apply corms in hot aches, peel and eat it boil in water and drink Ruscus aculeatus L. roots, leaves urinary retention and infections, diabetes, increasing breast milk and strengthening mother body after childbirth urinary retention and prostate illnesses, impotency, diabetes, high blood pressure Diuretic, urinary retention, urinary tract infections and cystitis, diabetes urinary tract infections and retention urinary tract infections and retention, prostate, testicles pains blood in the urine, urinary tract infections and retention, vomiting, nausea urinary retention and urinary tract infection. urinary tract infections and retention, vagina infection and sterility urinary tract infections and retention, kidney pain diuretic, urinary retention and urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infection kidney infections, urine pains, and prostate urinary tract infections and retention 4 Linaceae Linum pubescens Banks et Sol. Kittan seeds boil in water and drink urinary tract infections, urinary pains, and prostate illnesses Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. khitmiya, khutmiya, Khutmiy Khubbizat al-Far leaves eat as raw salad leaves, seeds eat as raw salad, or cook Malva sylvestris L. Khubiza, Khubaizih leaves eat as raw salad, or cook, or boil in water and drink Acacia raddiana Savi Sayal resin boil in water or milk and drink Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.) Yanbut leaves, fruit and roots boil in water and drink Oleaceae Olea europaea L. Zaytun, Zeit oil drink Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Hummaydh whole plant soak in water and drink urinary tract infections and the incontinence urinary tract infections, retention and prostate illnesses urinary tract infections, retention and prostate illnesses, vaginal infection and skin irritation urinary retentions and urinary tract infections, and prostate urinary tract infections and retention, diabetes, high blood pressure urinary retention and urinary tract infection, prostate, kidney pains, skin irritation, constipation urinary retention and urinary tract infection Fabaceae Alhagi maurorum Medik 'Aqul,‘uqul, Shuk al-Jimal rhizome boil in water and drink urinary retention and urinary tract infection Lupinus albus L. Turmus seeds, whole herb soak in water and drink Ononis antiquorum L. Shibriq Shaik leaves, flowers and dried roots boil in water and drink Scorpiurus muricatus L. lisan al-Kalb leaves, stems and stalks eat as raw salad diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention urinary tract infections Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Hilbih seeds boil seeds in water and drink Pinus halepensis Mill. Snubar, Qriesh leaves boil in water and drink Lavatera trimestris L. Mimosaceae Pinaceae urinary tract infections and retention, diabetes, and high blood pressure urinary retentions, cystitis and prostate illnesses 5 Plantago lagopus L. Polygonum equisetiforme Sm. Yanama, ‘Ishbit al-Baraghith Qudhdhab leaves Rheum palaestinum Feinbr. ‘Uttrafan Rumex cyprius Murb. Portulacaceae Ranunculaceae boil in water and drink boil in water and drink urinary tract infections urinary retention and urinary tract infections, blood in the urine. leaves and roots boil in water and drink urinary retention and urinary tract infections. Hummidhah, Hummidh leaves eat as raw salad Portulaca oleracea L. Farfahina, Rijlih leaves and stalks Adonis aestivalis L. ‘Ain al-Deik leaves crush, soak in water and drink, or eat as raw salad soak in water and drink urinary tract infections and retentions, blood in the urine diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention, cystitis Nigella sativa L. Habbit alBarakah, Habbih Suda, Qazhih seeds, or extracted oil boil the seeds in water and drink, or drink the oil Rhamnaceae Zizyphus spinachristi (L.) Desf. Sidr, Dowm fruit, or leaves Rosaceae Rubus sanctus Schreb. ‘Ullayq berries, or leaves eat the fruit, soak leaves in water and drink eat the berries, soak leaves in water and drink Rubiaceae Rubia tenuifolia D’Urv. Fuwwa roots boil in water and drink Rutaceae Citrus limon L. lamun fruit drink with water or tea Mjininih, Yabruh, Tuffah al-Majanin ripe fruit eat Solanaceae Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. Scrophulariaceae Linaria cymbalaria Mill. Hashishat alShuquq leaves boil in water and drink Umbelliferae Anisum vulgare L. Yansun seeds soak or boiled in water and drink Apium graveolens L. Karafs leaves, roots boil in water and drink Plantaginaceae Polygonaceae leaves urinary tract infections, prostate, impotency urinary tract infections and retention, prostate illnesses, blood in urine, diabetes, impotency, sterility urinary tract infections and prostate urinary retention and prostate illnesses diuretic, urinary retentions, skin irritation urinary tract infections and retention, stomach ach, diarrhea, upset, nausea urinary tract infections, sterility, vaginal infections, increasing breast milk, evil eye diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention, breast infection diuretic, urinary tract infections and retention urinary tract infections and pains, incontinence and retention 6 Umbelliferae Urticaceae Zygophyllaceae Conium maculatum L. Shiqran, Sikran, shoukaran dried leaves soak in water and drink Petroselinum crispum/ Petroselinum sativum Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf) Benth.ex Aschers.et Schweinf. Parietaria judaica L. Baqdunis leaves soak in water and drink Zaqquh, Zagguh stems and flowers boil in water and drink Kuzziza leaves Boil in water and drink Urtica pilulifera/ Urtica urens Qurris, Hurriq leaves Boil in water and drink Tribulus terrestris L. Draiseh, Qatab dried leaves Boil in water and drink urinary tract infections and prostate illnesses urinary tract infections and retention, and prostate illnesses blood in the urine, urinary retention urinary tract infections, urinary retention, vaginal infection urinary tract infection and retention urinary tract infections and retention
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