Name: __________________________________
Notes: Biochemistry
Date: _________________________
RB- ____________
The Basics:
All things are made up of tiny particles called _____________
There are only about 100 different types, called _________________
The most common elements in biology are:
C = _______________
H = __________________
O = _______________
N = __________________
P = _______________
Organic Molecules:
The evil Regents Exam writers use the words “organic molecules” when they mean FOOD.
Organic means the molecule contains the elements, ______ and _______.
If something does NOT contain those 2 elements, we say it is _______________.
The most abundant (common) inorganic compound in your body (& on the planet) is ____________.
The Big Three Organic Molecules:
There are 3 big groups of organic molecules that you must know – carbos, proteins, and lipids
1. Carbohydrates:
What are they?
___________________ and ____________________
What is their use in the body?
___________________
What elements do they contain? ___________________
The smallest carbos are called ______________ sugars, or ___________________________.
(mono = _____________; saccharide = ________________________)
The monosaccharide you need to know is named _________________.
Glucose’s chemical formula is __________________
Is it organic? _________ How do you know? ____________________
The image to the right is a structural diagram of glucose. It shows how the
C, H, & O are arranged in the molecule.
Draw a schematic image to show the general shape of a glucose molecule:
Carbohydrates continued:
If you hook 2 simple sugars (2 monosaccharides) together, you get a ___________________.
An example of a disaccharide is table sugar, or __________________.
If you hook MANY simple sugars together, you get a
____________________________.
An example of a polysaccharide is ________________.
Sketch diagrams of a disaccharide and a polysaccharide:
How does the body join molecules together and take them apart?
There are 2 simple processes used over and over in the body.
Dehydration synthesis: _________________________________________________
Hydrolysis: __________________________________________________________
Draw a sketch showing the dehydration synthesis of 2 simple sugars into a disaccharide.
How many water molecules got squeezed out, to form the new bond? ____
Draw a sketch showing the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide into several monosaccharides.
How many waters did we add? _____
Quick Review:
Name a simple sugar. __________________
Name a polysaccharide. ________________
What’s table sugar? ___________________
What’s 2 monosaccharides, hooked?
____________________
When the Regents says “organic” they mean:
____________________
Which process is digestion? _______________
Which process joins things?________________
Which process breaks things?_______________
Which process uses water?_________________
What’s the purpose of carbos?_______________
How do you know if something’s organic?
_______________________________
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to make a disaccharide; additional water removal would
result in a polysaccharide.
Plants use photosynthesis to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to make
_________________ (the monosaccharide you need to know). They capture the energy from the
sun and it is stored in the _______________ of the glucose.
Plants either use the glucose for ________________ (by doing cellular respiration) or they can
store it in chains (a polysaccharide) called __________________ (hint: what do we call foods that
are made from plants—like spaghetti, bread, or cereal?)
Plants also use their glucose to make their cell wall. It is composed of “sheets” of glucose chains,
called ____________________, making it a very rigid structure! You can probably imagine that with
EVERY plant having cellulose around EVERY cell—it’s the most abundant organic compound!
When animals eat plants, the starch is digested (by hydrolysis) into individual _________________
molecules (yup, that monosaccharide again!)
The animals can either use the glucose for energy (by doing cellular respiration) or they can store
it in their liver or muscle cells in long chains called ___________________ (sometimes referred to as
“animal starch”).
Of course, some animals use polysaccharides for structure, too! Arthropods (like insects and
crustaceans) have exoskeletons made out of _________________. That’s what makes the “crunch”
when you step on a beetle or break into your lobster dinner!
2. Proteins:
What types of things are made of protein? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
What is their use in the body? _______________ and __________________
What elements do they contain? ______________________
Proteins are long chains of _____________________________
Draw a diagram of an amino acid:
There are 20 different things that could go where you see that “R”, so there are only ______ different
amino acids. Are there only 20 different proteins? _____
Proteins are chains that can be _________ of amino acids long. The ___________ of the amino
acids determines what protein it is. Having amino acids in the wrong order, or substituting the wrong
one, or skipping one will usually result in a defective protein. Sometimes this is not really a big deal,
but sometimes these mistakes can result in diseases like ________________________ or
___________________.
What process would your body use to join up all those amino acids into a protein chain?
_________________________________; What would you have to remove to do it? _____________
The bond that holds 2 amino acids together is called a ________________ bond, so proteins
(chains of many amino acids) are sometimes called ______________________________
Actually, a protein is really 1 or more polypeptides bent and twisted into a 3-D shape. The shape of
the protein determines its job or _______________________.
If you chemically added water to a long protein chain, what would you end up with?
________________________; what type of reaction did you do? _______________________
Quick Review:
What element in proteins is NOT in carbos?___________________
Are proteins small molecules or large?_________ Name a polysaccharide.___________________
Another name for a protein?_________________ What process joins?___________________
Does the order of amino acids matter?_________ What process breaks?___________________
Name a monosaccharide.___________________ Why is water inorganic?___________________
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to make a dipeptide; additional water removal would result in
a polypeptide:
The image to the right shows the formation of a complex
protein molecule.
The primary protein structure is a sequence of a chain
of ______________ ______________.
The secondary protein structure occurs when the
sequence of amino acids are linked by special bonds
called hydrogen bonds, causing the chain to curl up
(alpha helices) at some locations and form pleats (beta
sheets) at other locations.
The tertiary protein structure occurs when certain
attractions are present between the segments of the
secondary structure, causing the molecule to form folds and kinks.
The quaternary protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one __________________
(chains of amino acids). It is the functional protein that is the right ________________ to do a certain
job!
The image to the right shows the quarternary
structure of hemoglobin. It is a protein found in
red blood cells. It gives red blood cells their red
color.
Hemoglobin is the right shape to bind to oxygen
molecules to transport them throughout the body!
What determines hemoglobin’s shape?
Notes – Lipids pp. 98-99 Green Biology Book
What is an important characteristic of all lipids? _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
What are they? ___________, ____________, and __________________
What are they used for, in the body? _______________________________________________
What elements do they contain? _________________________
What process do you think is used to connect the fatty acids to the glycerol? ________________
What are the products of the hydrolysis of a lipid? ___________________________________
In the image on the right, a triglyceride
(a fat molecule) is “flipped” onto its
side. See how it kind-of looks like the
letter ______ with the glycerol
molecule making up the vertical side of
the “E” and the 3 fatty acids making up
the horizontal lines of the “E”.
Notice how BIG this molecule is! Look
at all of those carbons, all hooked together in chains! Now think back (or look back in your notes) to
glucose. In glucose, the energy is stored in its bonds, but it does not have nearly as many as this
molecule. Small surprise that we use this molecule for our _________________ reserves (stored)!