CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
1
Evolution, the
Themes of Biology,
and Scientific Inquiry
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
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Figure 1.1 How is the dandelion adapted to its environment?
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Figure 1.3 Explain why life is an emergent property.
7 Tissues
1 The Biosphere
6 Organs
and Organ
Systems
2
Ecosystems
10
Molecules
3
Communities
8
Cells
5
Organisms
9 Organelles
4 Populations
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Figure 1.UN01 Explain how the phrase “form=function “applies to the flower and the hummingbird.
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Figure 1.4 Compare and contrast a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
DNA
(no nucleus)
Prokaryotic cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
(membraneenclosed)
Membraneenclosed organelles
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DNA (throughout
nucleus)
1 µm
Figure 1.5 How is the transmission of genetic information accomplished in this figure?
25 µm
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Figure 1.6 What is the purpose of the genetic material inherited by our parents?
Nuclei containing DNA
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with
traits inherited
from both parents
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Figure 1.7 What are the four types of nucleotides that comprise DNA?
A
Nucleus
C
DNA
Nucleotide
T
A
Cell
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix
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(b) Single strand of DNA
(a) Lens cells are
tightly packed
with transparent
proteins called
crystallin.
Lens
cell
DNA
A
C
T
U
C
A A
A C
C G A
G G
T
T
T
G G C
G G
U
U
U G G C
G
T
T
C
A
U
C
A
TRANSCRIPTION
Figure 1.8 Gene expression involves the
____________________ of DNA into mRNA,
________________________ of mRNA into a
chain of amino acids, and folding of the amino
acid chain into a _______________.
mRNA
TRANSLATION
Chain of amino
acids
PROTEIN FOLDING
Protein
Crystallin protein
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Figure 1.9 Describe the difference between the movement of energy and the movement of
chemicals in an ecosystem.
ENERGY FLOW
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
Light
energy
Chemical
energy
Heat
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals
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Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Figure 1.10 Describe three ways in which organisms in this figure interact with each other or with
their environment .
Sunlight
Leaves absorb light
energy from the sun.
CO2 Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air and
release oxygen.
O2
Leaves fall to the
ground and are
decomposed by
organisms that
return minerals
to the soil.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up
by the tree
through its
roots.
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Animals eat leaves
and fruit from the tree,
returning nutrients
and minerals to the
soil in their waste
products.
Figure 1.11 Define feedback regulation. Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback.
STIMULUS: High
blood glucose level
Negative feedback
Insulin-producing
cell in pancreas
Insulin
Circulation
throughout
body via
blood
Liver and
muscle cells
RESPONSE: Glucose
uptake by liver and
muscle cells
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Animation: Negative Feedback
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Animation: Positive Feedback
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Figure 1.12 Which level contains the greatest diversity of organisms? Least diversity? Explain
your reasoning.
Ursus americanus
SPECIES
GENUS FAMILY
ORDER
CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM DOMAIN
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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Figure 1.13 Why is the classification of protists so challenging?
(a) Domain Bacteria
2 µm
2 µm
(b) Domain Archaea
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
100 µm
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
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Protists
Figure 1.14 What can be inferred by the similarity in cilia structure of distantly related organism?
5 µm
Cross section
of a cilium
15 µm
Cilia of
Paramecium
Cilia of
windpipe cells
0.1 µm
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Figure 1.15 Why do scientists “dig into the past” by excavating fossils from the Earth?
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Figure 1.17 Explain how the two main points articulated in The Origin of Species applies to the
phrase “duality of life’s unity and diversity.”
European robin
American flamingo
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Gentoo penguin
Figure 1.18-4 Explain why “editing” is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a
population’s heritable variation.
1 Population
with varied
inherited
traits
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2 Elimination
of individuals
with certain
traits
3 Reproduction
of survivors
4 Increasing
frequency
of traits that
enhance
survival
Figure 1.19 Explain how the wings of the bat exemplify how adaptations aid in survival.
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Warbler
finches
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Seedeater
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Insect-eaters
Figure 1.20 What is indicated by each twig? What do the branch points represent?
Sharp-beaked ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Budeater
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Insect-eaters
Tree finches
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Seed-eaters
Ground finches
Cactus-flowereaters
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
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Figure 1.21 Provide an example of qualitative and quantitative data Jane Goodall might have
collected during her time with chimpanzees.
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Figure 1.21b Collecting and analyzing data can lead to conclusions based upon two types of
logic: inductive and deductive reasoning. Explain why the statement “If red meat has iron in it
and beef is red meat, then beef has iron in it” is considered an example of deductive reasoning
rather than inductive reasoning.
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Figure 1.22 What is a hypothesis? Use the figure to demonstrate the two important qualities of a
hypothesis.
Observation: Flashlight doesn’t work.
Question: Why doesn’t the flashlight work?
Hypothesis #1:
Batteries are dead.
Hypothesis #2:
Bulb is burnt out.
Prediction: Replacing
batteries will fix problem.
Prediction: Replacing
bulb will fix problem.
Test of prediction:
Replace batteries.
Test of prediction:
Replace bulb.
Result:
Flashlight doesn’t work.
Hypothesis is contradicted.
Result:
Flashlight works.
Hypothesis is supported.
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Figure 1.23 Use the figure to explain
why a scientific hypothesis is never
proven but can be supported by data
collected from experiments.
EXPLORATION
AND
DISCOVERY
FORMING
AND
TESTING
HYPOTHESES
SOCIETAL
BENEFITS
AND
OUTCOMES
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COMMUNITY
ANALYSIS
AND
FEEDBACK
Figure 1.23g Theory building is a continuous social scientific endeavor. Compare and contrast a
theory, hypothesis, and mere speculation.
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Figure 1.25 Do the results of the experiment support the camouflage hypothesis? Justify your
answer using data from the graph.
Results
Percentage of
attacked models
Beach habitat
Inland habitat
100
50
0
Light models
Camouflaged
(control)
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Dark models
Non-camouflaged
(experimental)
Light models
Non-camouflaged
(experimental)
Dark models
Camouflaged
(control)
Figure 1.26 Using the figure below, explain how science differs from technology.
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