Battery Energy Densities
Energy Density (Whr/kg)
1000
- Fuel Cells
- Zn-air
- Li ion
- Ni-MH
- Ni-Cd
Li Primary
Alkaline
100
10
1980
1990
2000
Year
Courtesy Brij Vyas
2010
Energy Sources--The Hard Limits
Mechanical
Chemical
Nuclear
(up to 1010)
Thermal
Electronic
Magnetic
100
101
102
103
104
Energy Density (Wh/Kg)
Li + 0.5F2 = LiF
Capacitors
SMES
H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O
Springs
Flywheel
LixC6 + CoO2 = C6 + LixCoO2
Courtesy Brij Vyas
105