CHAPTER 14 & 15
Animals in Ocean
by Dr. C. Dong
1
How to avoid sinking

Increase buoyancy

Gas containers
Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or
 Swim bladder

Fig. 14.2
2
How to avoid sinking


Floating
macroscopic
zooplankton
Examples
 Portuguese
man-of-war
gas-filled
float
 jellyfish soft
low-density
bodies
Fig. 14.7a
3
How to avoid sinking

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Active swimming
Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
Swim by trapping water and expelling it
Swim by curving body from front to back
Fig. 14.9
4
Fin designs in fish

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Paired vertical fins as stabilizers
Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for
“steering” and balance
Tail fin (caudal) for thrust
5
Fin designs
in fish
Rounded fin on a queen angel
Fig. 14-10a
6
Exe 15-01


Why can marine animals stay in any levels
of ocean?
What is the fish’s fin for?
7
Marine mammals

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Land-dwelling ancestors
Warm-blooded
Breathe air
Hair/fur
Bear live young
Mammary glands for milk
8
Marine mammals

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Carnivora
Prominent canine teeth
Sea otters
Polar bears
Pinnepeds
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Walruses
Seals
Sea lions
Fur seals
9
Marine mammals

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Sirenia
Herbivores
Manatees
 Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean
Dugongs
 Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific
Oceans
10
Marine mammals

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Cetacea
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming
Specialized skin structure for fast
swimming
11
Cetacea
Fig. 14.18
12
Intelligence in toothed whales

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Large brains relative to body size
Communicate with each other
Brains convoluted
Trainable
Are they intelligent?
13
Gray whale migration

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22,000 km (13,700
mi) annual migration
from coastal Arctic
Ocean to Baja
California and Mexico
Feeding grounds in
Arctic (summer)
Breeding and birthing
grounds in tropical
eastern Pacific
(winter)
Fig. 14-25
14
Whales as
endangered
species


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Fewer whales now
than before whaling
International Whaling
Treaty
Hunting of gray whale
banned in 1938
Gray removed from
endangered list in
1993 as population
rebounded
Fig. 14.26
15
Exe 15-02
1.
2.
List five marine mammals
From where to where do gray whales
migrate every year?
16
Intertidal
zonation
(rocky
shore)
Fig. 15.2 a
17
Intertidal zonation (sandy shore)
Fig. 15.8
18
Exe 15-03

What animals are expected to be found at
a sandy beach?
19
Coral reefs

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Most coral polyps live in large colonies
Hard calcium carbonate structures
Coral reefs limited to

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Warm (but not hot) seawater
Sunlight (for symbiotic algae)
Strong waves or currents
Clear seawater
Normal salinity
Hard substrate
20
Reef-building corals
Fig. 15-17
21
Symbiosis of coral and algae


Coral reefs made of algae, mollusks,
foraminifers as well as corals
Hermatypic coral mutualistic relationship
with algae
 Algae provide food
 Corals provide nutrients
22
Coral reef zonation

Different types of corals at different depths
Fig. 15.19
23
Importance of coral reefs

Largest structures created by living
organisms
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Great Barrier Reef, Australia, more than 2000
km (1250 m) long
Great diversity of species
Important tourist locales
Fisheries
Reefs protect shorelines
24
Humans and coral reefs

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Activities such as fishing, tourist collecting,
sediment influx due to shore development
harm coral reefs
Sewage discharge and agricultural
fertilizers increase nutrients in reef waters

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Hermatypic corals thrive at low nutrient levels
Phytoplankton overwhelm at high nutrient
levels
Bioerosion of coral reef by algae-eating
organisms
25
Exe 15-04



List the conditions in which coral Reef can
live
Describe the importance of coral reefs to
human beings
Where is the coral triangle?
26
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent
biocommunities
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First discovered 1977
Chemosynthesis
Archaea use sea floor chemicals to make organic
matter
Tube worms
Giant clams and mussels
Crabs
Microbial mats
27
Global hydrothermal vent fields
Fig. 15.24
28
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent
biocommunities

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Vents active for years or decades
Animals species similar at widely
separated vents
Larvae drift from site to site
“Dead whale hypothesis”

Large carcasses may be stepping stone for
larvae
29
Exe 15-05

Does the photosynthesis take place at the
deep ocean? If not, what similar process
take places there?
30