Updated 1/28/2011
Technical
Requirements
& Regulatory
Issues In
Interconnection
Agreements
March 9, 2011
Jay Caspary
[email protected] · 501.614.3220
Wind In The SPP Generation Queue
SPP Wind
60000
50000
MW
40000
WIND UNDER
STUDY
WIND UNDER GIA
30000
20000
10000
0
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4 Q1
Q2
Q3 Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010
3
Annual Average Wind Speed - 80 meters
4 4
Wind In Service
5
Generation Interconnection Requests
6
Interconnection Study Measures
• Cluster Studies
– Intended to study multiple requests
simultaneously and allocate costs of network
upgrades that are beneficial to the group.
– All interconnection requests in each queue
that are received in a 180 day open season
period are studied together.
– Allows for all interconnection requests in the
queue to commence study process within six
months and greatly lessens the queue backlog
burden
7
Interconnection Study Measures
• Cluster Studies (continued)
– A set of upgrades that is necessary for the
interconnection of the entire cluster of
interconnection requests is determined.
– The upgrade set’s costs are shared by the
entire cluster of interconnection request
based on a MW usage basis of each
interconnection request.
– Upgrades that are required for the
interconnection of the cluster (i.e. shared
upgrades) cannot be suspended.
8
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)
• Governed by FERC Order #661 and #661A
• Comparable requirements for wind generation
and thermal based generation.
• All wind generators are required to be able stay
on line and in service for a 3 phase fault at the
Point of Interconnection of normal duration and
normal clearing time of the fault.
• Wind generators must be able to comply either
through enhanced ride through capabilities from
the equipment manufacturers; or must install a
dynamic reactive compensation device to help
keep the wind farm on line and in service
9
Reactive Power Requirements
• Governed by FERC Order #661 and #661A
• If demonstrated in the interconnection study,
wind generation plants shall be capable of
providing 95% lagging (providing vars) and 95%
leading (absorbing vars) power factor at the
point of interconnection.
• Requires wind generation plant to account for
any losses in their distribution collector system,
substation transformers, and any transmission
line they operate.
• The requirement applies to wind generation
plant at 100% nameplate generation. Does not
apply to lower values of generation.
10
SCADA Requirements
• Governed by FERC Order #661 and #661A
• Wind generation plants required to have
SCADA systems
• Order #661A allows for mutual agreement
between the Transmission Owner/Operator
and Generation Owner/Operator to decide
the requirements
11
Interconnection Study Measures
• Wind generator developers provide collector
system for wind turbines
• Wind generator developers provide transformer
and transmission information
• Wind generator developers provide a PSS/E
dynamic model for the wind generator turbines
they are proposing to install.
• Dynamic Stability Analysis performed using
these models
• LVRT analysis also performed using these
models.
12
Concluding Remarks
•
Renewables are generally not dispatchable, but
can be and may need to be managed. Regardless,
accurate models and forecasts are critical to
optimize integration and deliveries
– Significant efforts underway to create and
validate appropriate models without sharing
proprietary and commercially sensitive details
– FERC is proposing that renewable developers
need to share real time data to improve
forecasting and better manage reliability
margins
13