Physiology, Function, Clinical
sympton, Assessment of Vitamin
2016. 4. 30
Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science
Gimcheon University
Chul –Soo Jang, Dr
Roles
•Hormonal action
•Chemical reactions
•Regulation
◦ Cell division, development,
growth, maintenance of tissues
•Antioxidants
VITAMIN A(RETINOL)
• Fat –soluble vitamin that is
found plant & animal
• Retinol & retinoic acid are
derived from dietary as retinol
ester, carotinoids( beta)
- ALL-trans-retinol
- ALL-trans-14hydroxyretinoretinol
- ALL-trans-retinal
- ALL-trans-retinoic acid
- g-cis-retioic acid
- 11-cis-retinal- 13-cis-retinal
- 13-cis-retinoicacis
Deficiency
Night blindness
- Xerophthalmia
- Keratomalacia
- Poor bone growth
-
Excess
-Hyperostosis
-Hepatomegaly
-Alopecia
-Hypercalcemia
Direct assays
• Plasma vitamin level, retinol binding protein
using radial immunodiffusion or nephelometry
• HPLC. 10~85μg/dL
• One before and 5 hours after vitamin A
administration
-Defficientin vitamin A will rapid rise, contrast
suffient patients slower in retinol level
Vitamnin D metabolism
• Ergocalciferol :D2.
plant
• 7-dehydrocholester
-UV-> Cholecalciferol
: D3 -Liver->
25(OH)D3 and –
Kidney->1,25(OH)2D3
Deficiency
-Rickets
-Osteomalacia
-Cardiovascular disease
-Multiple sclerosis
-Rhematoid arthritis
25(OH)D -. 30 ng/mL above- normal
20 ng/mL low- faci
Assays of Vitamnin D
• 25(OH)D3 assay;
LC-MA, HPLC, UV
Spectrophotometer, 22-42 ng/mL
• 1,25(OH)2D3 assay;
RIA, 30~53 pg/mL
Vitamin E
• Powerful antioxidant
and defence harmful
oxidation that cause
disease & aging
• Four alpha-tocopherol
& four tocotrienols in
nature
• alpha-tocopherol is
most common, hightest
bioavailablity
Funtion
•Antioxidant-protect the body
against the damage
•Enhancing immune
•Blocking formation of
nitrosamine(carcino)
•Delaying development of
coronary artery disease
Deficiency
•Premature birth
•Skelectal myopathy
•Opthalmoplegia
•Hemolytic anemia
•Malabsorption of dietary of
fat
Excess
•Bleeding, reduce platelet
aggregation as interfere
with vitamin k
Aassay of Vitamnin E
• Functional assay
-Protection of RBC hemolysis on
addition peroxide
• Direct assay
- HPLC, 0.5~1.8 mg/dL
Vitamin K
• Essential substances for formation
prothrombin
• At least five other coagulation protein,
factors Ⅶ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ and proteins C and S
Quinone-containing compound, Vitamin K
convert precursor forms of coagulation
proteins to funtional form, in liver
Function
•Promote clotting of blood
•Stimulate biosynthesis of bone
Gla protein osteocalcin and
matrix Gla protein :
• Maintenance of adult skelecton &
prevention of osteoporosis
• Low concentration is associate with deficits
in bone mineral density & fractures
Deficiency
- Bile duct obstruction
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Liver disese in adults
- Hepatic immature in newborn
Direct assats for Plama phylloquinnone
•Immunoassay of r-carboxy
prothrombin or undercarboxylated
prothrombin
•PIVKA-2
•Plasam undercarboxylated
osteocalcin
•HPLC : 0.13~1.19 ng/mL
•Fluorometric detector
Vitamin B1(Thiamin)
• Acts coenzyme in
decarboxlation in
carbohydrate & amino
acid
• Pyrimidine ring with an
amino group, liked by a
methylene brige tothiazo
ring
• Thiamine pyrophosphate
; TPP
Deficiency
•Poor dietary
•Beriberi
•Alcoholism illness
•Cancer
•Cardiac failure
RIBOFLAVIN( VITAMIN B2)
• Role
Metabolis of carbohydrates, fats & protein as
respiratory coenzyme
and electrone donor
-FAD, FMN:catalyze
oxidation-reduction
Function
Cofactor for oxidation,
reduction reaction
-contribute to several
biochemical reaction
Deficiency
•Mucocutaneous surface of
the mouse & skin
-Seborrhea, Magenta tongu
•Anemia
Assays riboflavin
•HPLC using fluorescence detection
: 4~25 μg/dL
•Capillary zone electropholesis with
fluorescence detection
NIACIN(VITAMINS B3)
• NIACIN is Nicotinic acid
• It’s amide is nicotinamide
NAD-nicotiamide-adenine
dinucleotide
NADP -nicotiamideadenine dinucleotide
phosphate)
Functions
•Coenzyme for oxidation,
reduction reactions
• Antihyperlipedemia can lower
triglycerides, raise HDL-C and
shift LDL-C
Deficiency
•Pellagra
: Loss of appetite,
Weakness & irritability, Dementia
Diarrhea, Vaginitis, Depress
Dermatitis, Skin rash, Esophagitis,
Abdominal pain & vomitting
Bright red tongue(glossitis)
Assays niacin
• N’-methylnicotinamide & N’methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide
in urine: 2.4~6.4 mg/day
• HPLC using fluorescence detection
• Capillary zone electropholesis with
fluorescence detection
PYRIDOXINE(VITAMIN B6)
• Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine,
pyridoxal are the three natural
forms of VITAMIN B6 ->
pyridoxal-5- phosphate or
pyridoxamine-5’-phosphate
• VITAMIN B6 found in plants
as pyridoxine
• Animal tissue as pyridoxamine,
pyridoxal
Functions
•Cofactor for enzymes of
amino acid metabolism
•Synthesis of heme &
several neurotransmitters
Deficiency
-Glossitis,
-Seborrhea,
-Neuropathy,
-Microanemia
Direct Assays PYRIDOXINE
•HPLC of plasma PLP, plasma
4-pyridoxine acid:5~30 ng/dL
• Urine 4-PA using fluorescence
detection
Structural configuration Vitamin B12
• Porphyrin-like ring
structure with 4pyrrole rings liked
central Co
• Dimethybenzimida
zol nucleotide
• R-group –
CN(cyanocobalami
n),-OH,- CH3
Deficient
-Megaloblastic
anemia,
-Dementia,
-Damage nervous system
Dirct assays vitamin B12
•CPBA using 57CO-label
-200~950 pg/ml->Schilling test
•Immunometric methods
•Chemiliuminescent
immunoassay
Folic acid
• Derived from pteroic
acid
• Various one-carbon
transfer reaction
• Body fluids with the
principal form 5methyltetrahydrofolate
Dirct assays folic acid
•CPBA
•Enzyme immunoassay
•Chemiliuminescent immunoassay
•HPLC:
3~16 ng/dL, deficint: , 140 ng/dL
VITAMIN C(Ascorbic acid)
• The vitamin C is ascorbic
acid & dehydroascorbic
acid(DHA)
• Ascorbic acid is serve
reducing agent in
important hydroxylation
reaction in body
FUNCTIONS
•Antioxidant activity
•Promotion of nonhem iron
absortion
•Biosythesis of carnitine and
conversion of dopamine to
norepinephrine
Deficiency
•Scurvy(<10mg/day)
- Bleedig into the skin, gums, joint,
peritoneal cavity, pericardium,
adrenal gland
Excess
•Abdominal pain, diarrhea &
nause
•ALT, LD, uric acid may be
elevated
•Kidney stones
25mg/dL over- urin glucose, bilirubin, sod
nitrite, occult blood-low
Assay of Vitamin C
•HPLC
•Spectrophotometric assay
•Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry
;0.4~1.5 mg/dL
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
• Component of
coenzyme A
• Nature is synthesized
by microorganism &
plant from pantoic
acid