‫ده‌روونزانى‌گهشه‬
‫قۆناغه‌کانی‌گه‌شه‌کردنی‌ئه‌خالقی‬
‫م‪ .‬فیروز‌مروئی‌میالن‬
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Moral Development
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Moral Development
• Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development: May be based roughly on the
cognitive development of Jean Piaget.
– Broken down into 3 Levels, with 2 stages in each
level.
– Tests to determine which stage the individual are
in are dependent on responses to Kohlberg’s
Dilemmas.
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Moral Development
 Level 1: Pre-Conventional: Moral choices are
based on reward and punishment.
◦ Stage 1: Might Makes Right aka PunishmentObedience
 Obedience to authority is to avoid punishment, while still
furthering self-interest.
 Very young children
◦ Stage 2: Looking Out For Number One aka Tit-for-Tat
aka Quid Pro Quo aka You Scratch My Back, I’ll
Scratch Your
 Moral decisions are based on what the individual can get out
of the situation.
 Young/elementary aged children
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Moral Development
 Level 2: Conventional: Moral decisions are based
on laws and trying to appear “good” to others.
◦ Stage 3: Good Girl/Nice Boy aka Conformity aka
Instrumental Conformity
 Moral decisions are based on what will make others like and
approve of the individual.
 Middle school aged children.
◦ Stage 4: Law and Order aka Law of the Land aka
Judgment
 Moral decisions are based on being a good, law-abiding
citizen.
 Teenagers and many adults.
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Moral Development
 Level 3: Post-Conventional: Moral decisions
are based on using one’s own conscience to
decide right and wrong.
◦ Stage 5: Social Contract aka Social Conformity aka
Social Contract and Individual Rights
 Moral decisions are based on a social contract stating
that the laws in place are for the greater good of society.
Any deviance will violate this contract and could lead to
chaos.
 Only a small portion of society.
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Moral Development
• Level 3: Post-Conventional: Moral decisions
are based on using one’s own conscience to
decide right and wrong.
– Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles aka Universal
Principles
• Moral decisions are based on a universal values and
rights that all individuals deserve.
– Life, Love, Peace, Happiness, Property, Education, etc.
• Only a handful of people have ever coded into this
category.
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Moral Development
• Gilligan continued Kohlberg’s theory, stating
that..
– Girls tend to develop morals based on compassion
and care
– Boys tend to develop morals based on justice and
judgment
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