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Pharma Science Monitor 6(4), Oct-Dec 2015
PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR
AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com
ANTIEPILEPTIC AYURVEDIC HERBAL DRUGS – A REVIEW
Hetal T. Janani1*, K. Nishteswar2, Unnikrishnan Vidhya3
1
PG Scholar, I.P.G.T & R.A, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
Professor, HOD, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T & R.A, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
3
Ph.D Scholar, I.P.G.T & R.A, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
2
ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological condition that is characterized by recurrent
unprovoked epileptic seizures. Apasmara is a similar clinical condition to epilepsy described
in all major classics of Ayurveda. Unfortunately the drugs used currently not only fail to
control seizure activity in some patients, but they frequently cause side effects. Therefore an
alternative therapy should be employed for the treatment and control of epilepsy due to the
adverse events associated with the synthetic drugs. Ayurvedic herbs which are having lesser side
effects in comparison to synthetic drugs can be a better option for the control and treatment of
epilepsy .The herbs like Vacha, Sankhapuspi, Tagar, Shatavari, Kushtha etc. have been
mentioned in the Ayuvedic classics for the management of Apasmara and also experimentally
proved as anticonvulsant.
KEYWORDS: Apasamara, Seizure, Anticonvulsant activity, Epilepsy.
INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy is the third most common neurologic disorder, following stroke and Alzheimer’s
disease, affecting more than 50 million worldwide, and nearly 80% of the people with epilepsy
are found in developing regions[1].It is a chronic non communicable disorder of the brain that
affects people irrespective of their age, sex, race and ethnic background. Epilepsy is a chronic
neurologic condition due to electrical disturbance resulting from a sudden and recurrent,
disorderly discharge of brain cells. In epilepsy a person has recurrent, unprovoked seizures due
to a chronic underlying process, not accounted for by any immediate identifiable cause.
Prevalence rate in the community is 5-10 per 1000 of the population. It is even much higher in
children i.e. 20-30 per 1000. The treatment of epilepsy is primarily medical and the mainstay is
the use of Anti Epileptic Drugs (AED). Most of the AEDs have trivial or major side effects and
many adverse drug reactions. At present there is no drug which can promise complete cure.
Apasmaara is said to be one among Ashtamahagada in Ayurvedic classics owing to its
fatality and bad prognosis and also included in Hridaymarmagata Vyadhi [2]. Various medicines
and treatment procedures are prescribed for it. But from the ancient scriptures it is clear that it is
Hetal et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(4), Oct-Dec 2015, 88-98
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a disease treatable with difficulty. The classical symptomatology of the disease Apasmaara is
comparable with that of epilepsy. Apasmara arises from the aggravation of both Sareerika and
Manasika Doshas and is localised in Hridaya, which is a Mahamarma. Bhela considers the seat
of Mana between Siras and Talu and hence the site of pathogenesis of Apasmaara is none other
than brain (located in the head)
[3].
The vitiated Doshas affect brain/Kapalamajja since the
symptoms can be correlated to symptoms of neurological diseases.
In the present review an attempt has been made to identify the Apasmarahara
(antiepileptic) herbs and formulations mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics, lexicons and
compendia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ayurvedic Samhitas, compendia and lexicons were consulted to compile the specific
information about anti epileptic herbs. The available published modern literature related to the
epilepsy, research journals and internet based information about the pharmacological activities
is compiled and analyzed.
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
Very few herbal drugs namely Vacha,Bramhi ,Kustha ,Shatavari, Rason, etc. are mentioned in
Samhitas as Apasmarahar and single herbs like Mundi, Sankhapuspi ,Tagar and Bol etc are also
included in various Nighantus. Bruhatrayi and Chikitsagranthas described several formulations
in different dosage forms which are also summarized in the table below.
Table 1. DRUGS MENTIONED IN BRUHATRAYI AND CHIKITSAGRANTHAS
Drug name
C.S S.S A.H A.S Y.R C.D G.N V.S Reasearch
1.Vaccha
+
Acorus
calamus
(areaceae)
Root
&
Rhizome
2.Bramhi
+
Bacopa
monnieri
Whole plant
+
+
+
3.Kustha
Saussurea
lappa
(Asteraceae)
Root
+
+
+
+
+
+
Aqueous extract of Acorus
calamus
has shown
significant
anticonvulsant
activity.[4]
+
+
+
+
+
+
Bacopa monnieri and its
active component, bacoside
A, were investigated and
results showed prevention of
the occurrence of seizures[5].
Petroleum ether extract
(SLP),
alcoholic extract
(SLA), and water extract
(SLW) was evaluated in mice
for anticonvulsant activity.
The
pharmacological
Screening revealed
that
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4.Rason
(Allium
sativum)
Liliaceae
+
+
90
+
+
+
the SLP, SLA, and SLW
significantl y
increased
latency
to
clonic
[6]
convulsion.
Combination
of
Allium
sativum oil, sesamum indicum,
significantly
reduced
the
duration of tonic hind limb
extension
produced
by
maximal electroshock (MES).
[7]
5.Satavari
Asparagus
racemosus
(liliaceae)
+
+
+
+
+
Whole plant
6.Musta
Cyperus
rotundus
(Cyperaceae)
Tuber
7.Bandaka
Dendrophthoe
falcate
Loranthaceace
+
+
The aqueous extract was
investigated by studying the
effects on seizures induced by
maximal electroshock (MES)
and pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)
in rats for the anticonvulsant
activity and results showed
significant
anticonvulsant
effect. [8]
Cyperus rotundus roots and
rhizomes
showed
anticonvulsant effect against
pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and
PTX [9].
+
Significantly reduced the
duration of the seizures as
compared to control group and
completely
inhibited
the
maximal electroshock (MES)
Whole plant
induced tonic seizures in all
the animals.[10]
8.Lajjalu
+
Decoction of Leaves of
Mimosa
Mimosa pudica Linn. at dose
pudica
of 1000- 4000 mg/ kg, i.p. in
Male Swiss mice in the model
(Mimoceacea)
PTZ, significantly reduced
Root
seizures[11].
C.S- Charaksamhita , S.S -Sushrutasamhita, A.H- Astangahrudaya, A.S.-Astangasamgraha,
Y.R.- yogaratnakara, C.D- Chakradatta, G.N.-Gadanigraha, V.S.- Vangasena
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Table 2. DRUGS DESCRIBED IN NIGHANTUS WITH APASAMARHARA PROPERTY.
Drug name& Part B.N
use
1.Vacha
+
Acorus calamus
(areaceae)
Root & Rhizome
2.Sankhapuspi
Convolvulus
pluricaulis
(Convolvulaceae)
DH. SH.N
N
+
R.N
K.N M.N
L.N Research
+
+
+
+
The methanolic extract of
whole p l a n t was evaluated
and experimental results
have shown that the extract
reduced the mean recovery
time from convulsion.[12]
Whole plant
3.Dwipantar
vacha
4.Smilax china
+
Rhizome
5.Tagar
(valeriana
wallichii)
Whole plant
6.Mundi
Sphaeranthus
indicus
+
+
+
+
+
+
Leaves
8.Bol
(
commiphora
myrrha)
(Bursaraceae)
9.Padmacharini
+
+
+
Ethanolic extract and ethyl
acetate fraction of the
rhizome of Smilax china
reduced
seizures
in
mice.[13]
The extract demonstrated
antidepressant effect and
significantly increased the
nor
Epinephrine
and
dopamine
levels
in
forebrain.[14]
The hydroalchoholic extract
demonstrated
anticonvulsant as well as
anxiolytic
and
central
nervous depressant in trial
rodents. [15]
The
hydroalcoholic
extract
of
Argyreia
speciosa
significantly
delayed latency to the
onset of first clonus and
significantly reduced the
duration of hind limb
extension. [16]
Whole plant
7.Vrudhadaru
Argyreia speciosa
(Convolvulaceae)
Aqueous extract of Acorus
calamus was proved as
anticonvulsant.[4]
+
The
leaf
commiphora
showed
activity. [17]
-
Hetal et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(4), Oct-Dec 2015, 88-98
extract
of
myrrha
antiepileptic
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10.Hamsapadi
Adianatum
lanulatum
92
+
-
11.Tailakanda
+
B.N.-Bhavaprakashanighantu, Dh.N. -Dhanvantarinighantu, Sh.N.- Shodhalanighantu, R.N.Rajanighantu, K.N.-Kaiydevanighantu.
Table 3.
FOLLOWING FORMULATIONS CAN BE USED FOR MANAGEMENT OF
APASMARA (EPILEPSY)
Dosage form
Ghrita
Name of the Formulation
Action
Bramhi Ghrita
Apasmaramjita
Tikataka Ghrita
Apasmarahar
Dadhika Ghrita
Apasmaragadamhar
Dhanvantar Ghrita
Panchagavya Ghrita
Kalyanaka Ghrita
Maha
panchagavya
Ghrita
Maha kalyanaka Ghrita
Kusmanada Ghrita
Sidharthaka
Ghrita
Jivaniya Ghrita
Lashunadhya Ghrita
Shatavari Ghrita
Hingvadi Ghrita
Taila
Bala Taila
Amrutandhya Taila
Shirisha Taila
Churna(powder) Sarasvata Churna [18]
Kalyanaka Churna[19]
C.S S.S A.H A.S
+
+
+
+
+
Apasmarahar
Sarvapasmarnut
Apasmarahar
+
+
Apasamara har parama
+
Apasmaramnashayeta
Apasmarahar
Sarva
apasmara
nashayeta
Apasmaramnashayet
Apasmaramhanyadashu
Apasmaramjayet
Bhutapasmarnutparam
Apasmarampranashayet
Apasmaramhanyat
Apasmarahar
Apasmaraamnashayet
Apasmarahar
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C.S- Charaksamhita , S.S -Sushrutasamhita, A.H- Astangahrudaya, A.S.-Astangasamgraha,
DISCUSSION
Apasmara is a psychosomatic disorder.
All therapeutic text books of Ayurveda, including
Brihatrayee have a very detailed description about this major clinical condition. Apasmara is the
transient appearance of unconsciousness associated with loathsome activities (like frothing and
abnormal postures of the body), due to perversion of memory, intellect and other psychic
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faculties. In this condition Sharirika Doshas (viz. Vata, Pitta & Kapha) along with Manasika
Doshas (Rajas and Tamas) are vitiated. Management of Apasmara includes Nidana Privarjana
(avoidance of causative factors), lifestyle modifications, medication, and treatment procedures.
There is close relationship between Sharirika and Manasika Doshas and hence the treatment is
aimed at restoration of Tridosha balance coupled with correction of Manasa Dosha. The
treatment methods described in Ayurvedic classics include Daiva Vyapasraya therapies and
Satvavajaya i.e., psychotherapy besides Yuktivyapasraya Chikitsa which is done through drugs,
diet and counselling.
After a thorough review, totally 16 single drugs were identified as having Apasmarahara
property. Among these all herbs except, Bola, Padmacharini and Tailakanda are experimentally
proven for their antiepileptic activity. Tikta rasa is said to possess Medhya[20] property and most
of the drugs mentioned have Tikta Rasa. Ushna Virya of these drugs is
also useful to alleviate
Vata Dosha. Furthermore, Medhya property indicates the action of a drug on brain. The main
seat of pathogenesis of Apasmara (epilepsy) can be considered as brain. Medhya rasayana drugs
like Sankhapushpi are rich sources of antioxidants which are very good for the prevention of
nerve cell damage and preservation of cell health
[21]
. Since Apasmara is produced by both
Shareera and Manasa Doshas being located in the important vital point it is difficult to be
treated. Hence it should be treated with Rasayana therapies. The drugs like Vacha, Sankhapushpi
etc. possess Rasayana properties also.
Among the formulations mentioned majority are Ghritha and Taila preparations. Substances
with high lipid solubility may cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by simple diffusion. Brahmi
Ghrita and Mahapanchagavya Ghrita are experimentally and clinically proven for their
antiepileptic activity. The prime measure recommended in epilepsy is blood-letting (Siravedha)
from the veins of the middle of jaw joint [22].
Table 4. PLANTS WHICH ARE EXPERIMENTALLY PROVED AS ANTICONVULSANT:
No
1.
2.
Sanskrit name
Amalaki[23]
Arka[24]
Botanical name
Family
Emblica officinalis
Phyllanthaceae
Calotropis gigantean Apocynaceae
3.
4.
Ashvagandha[25]
Asthishrinkhala
Withania somnifera
Cissus
quandagularis
Cannabis sativa
Aegle marmelos
Cedrus deodara
Cynodon dactylon
[26]
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bhanga[27]
Bilva[28]
Devadaru[29]
Durva[30]
Solanaceae
Vitaceae
Cannabaceae
Rutaceae
Pinaceae
Cyperaceae
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9.
10.
Haridra[31]
Jadwar[32]
11.
Jatamansi[33]
12.
13.
14.
15.
94
Zingiberaceae
Ranunculaceae
16.
17.
Kapikachu[34]
Karamarda[35]
Karanja[36]
Laghu
agnimantha[37]
Nilini[38]
Palasha[39]
Curcuma longa
Delphinium
denudatum
Nardostachys
jatamansi
Mucuna pruriens
Carissa carandus
Pongamia pinnata
Clerodendron
Infortunatum
Indigofera tinctoria
Butea monospema
18.
19.
20.
Shirisha[40]
Sinduri[41]
Tulasi[42]
Albezia lebbeck
Bixa orellana
Oscimum sanctum
Mimosoideae
Bixaceae
Lamiaceae
21.
22.
Vidarikanda[43]
Yastimadhu[44]
Pureraria tuberose
Glycerrhiza glabra
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
23.
Punarnava[45]
Boerhaavia diffusa
Nyctaginaceae
Valerianceae
Fabaceae
Apocynaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Even though these drugs are not mentioned for Apasmarahara property in Ayurvedic literature,
recent research studies produced scientific validation for their anticonvulsant activity.
CONCLUSION
Apasmara is included under Manasika Vikara which resembles the symptoms of epilepsy.
Recent research studies showed significant antiepileptic activity of herbs like Sankhapuspi,
Vacha, Rason, Shatavari, Vrudhadaru, Tagar etc. Certain formulations namely Brahmi Ghrita
and Mahapanchagavya Ghrita are also proved experimentally and clinically for their
anticonvulsant activity. It appears that these drugs are more useful in petit mal type of epilepsy.
Extensive clinical research is required for these herbs and formulations to prove their efficacy in
the management of all the types of epilepsy.
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For Correspondence
Hetal T Janani
Email: [email protected]
Hetal et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(4), Oct-Dec 2015, 88-98