Implementation guide: Commercial lighting
How to save money and
energy on lighting systems
Advice and support for
organisations in Scotland
Want to cut costs?
Scottish organisations could save £2.9 billion
every year by using energy, water and
raw materials more efficiently. We can help
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How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Contents
1
Why improving lighting is important for
Scottish organisations
1
2
How this guide will help you
2
3
How to understand your current lighting costs
3
4
Low and no cost lighting options
6
4.1
Labelling light switches
6
4.2
Engaging staff
7
4.3
Making the most of natural light
8
5
Automate lighting control
9
5.1
Presence detection
9
5.2
Daylight control
9
5.3Timers
10
5.4
External lighting control
10
6
Choose the right lamps
12
6.1Offices
12
6.2
Workshop lighting
16
6.3
Display lighting for retail
19
6.4
External lighting (car parks, walkways,
emergency lighting, decorative)
19
7
Making the case for lighting upgrades
21
8
Make the savings with free one-to-one advice and support
23
“We are amazed at the cost
savings and other benefits
that have been achieved by
updating our lighting systems
and making relatively simple,
low-cost changes in other
areas.
”
Naveed Rasool,
Welfare and Environmental
Executive,
Turnberry Resort
“The free, independent
advice we’ve received from
Resource Efficient Scotland
has given us the confidence
to go ahead and improve
our lighting systems in the
sure knowledge that we
will significantly reduce our
operating costs.
”
Joe Chaney,
Safety, Health, Environment and
Quality Manager,
Merson Group
1. Why improving lighting is important
for Scottish organisations
Lighting is a significant component of energy costs
in most small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
in Scotland.
In public and commercial buildings, lighting can
account for over 20% of the total energy bill. Of
course, the percentage will vary according to the
type of operation.
For example, if you are a retailer or operate
evening shifts, then you can expect the
percentage costs to be even higher. In gas-heated
offices, lighting costs often account for more than
50% of the electricity use.
Although energy continues to be a major cost for
Scottish organisations, lighting technology has
also improved substantially. Taking advantage of
new technology provides a great opportunity to
save energy and money.
Reviewing your lighting systems prior to carrying out
improvements provides an excellent opportunity to
ensure that existing light levels are adequate for your
purposes. As well as reducing your costs, making
lighting improvements will result in a healthier and
more productive working environment for your staff
– and in hospitality and retail businesses, a better
environment for your customers.
Case study Edinburgh Filmhouse
Annual savings of £4,770 could be achieved
through lighting upgrade
The Filmhouse is an independent cinema in
Edinburgh. With 100 staff, three screens, a café
bar and offices, it operates 7 days a week from a
former church building. The Filmhouse welcomes
some 500,000 customers each year, including
300,000 for the café bar. It is also the home of the
Edinburgh Film Festival.
Resource Efficient Scotland has helped the
Filmhouse to identify a number of resource
efficiency measures that could be made to the
building it has occupied for over 30 years. These
energy savings measure include boiler
replacement; upgrading heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning controls; changing electric storage
heaters to radiators with thermostatic radiator
valves; changing the way water is heated in the
kitchen; and insulating pipework. These measures
could reduce annual costs by over £10,500.
Lighting upgrades have also been recommended.
Indeed, if LED technology was used to replace
the current tungsten halogen lighting in the café
bar area, annual cost savings of £4,770 could be
achieved. The investment cost of £10,650 would
have a payback period of 2.2 years. Carbon
dioxide emissions would be reduced by 21
tonnes. In addition, as LEDs have a much longer
life expectancy than conventional lighting,
further savings could be achieved from reduced
replacement costs, waste generation and
maintenance requirements.
Download the full case study from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
1
2. How this guide will help you
There are likely to be many actions you can take to
improve lighting and achieve energy savings in your
organisation. Some actions will be no cost, some
low cost, and some will require a considerable
financial investment. This guide will help you
understand the actions you should take.
The improvements recommended in this guide are
applicable to all organisations in Scotland –
irrespective of size or sector. They draw on Resource
Efficient Scotland’s experience of working with SMEs
across Scotland to help them save money and
energy on their lighting.
Whether you are a business owner, facilities
manager, health and safety manager, office
manager or green champion, the guide will help
you quantify just how much your lighting is costing
you now, and improve your knowledge so you can
make informed decisions about how best to reduce
these costs whilst maintaining appropriate lighting
for your organisation’s needs.
Further support
Our procurement support guide will help
you carry out a lighting replacement
project successfully and avoid the common
pitfalls that small and medium-sized
enterprises face.
It will help you manage your project and
achieve the expected savings, while
maintaining adequate quality of lighting.
g
Lightin
t Guide:
Suppor
ement
Procur
ta
carry ou
How to ul lighting
sf
succes ent project
em
replac
Firstly, the guide sets out some of the no and
low-cost actions that can deliver substantial
savings, mainly through better provision of
information and achieving behaviour change in
energy use.
Secondly, the guide explains and evaluates the
options for upgrading lighting systems, covering
lamp selection and then lighting control.
Should you wish to pursue any of these upgrade
projects, our procurement support guide ‘How to
carry out a successful lighting replacement project’
will guide you through the process. This supporting
guide can be downloaded from the Resource
Efficient Scotland website.
Download this guide from the
Resource Efficient Scotland website
2
3. How to understand your current
lighting costs
Unless your buildings have sub-metering of lighting
or other circuits, it will not be immediately clear
how much electricity you are using for lighting and
its true cost impact. Even smart meters will not
provide a detailed breakdown of how much
electricity is used by different functions.
Two ways of assessing how much your lighting is
actually costing your organisation and, therefore,
how much effort you and your management team
should put into this area, are the top-down and
bottom-up approaches.
The top-down approach looks at total electricity
use and then estimates the percentage that is used
for lighting. Of course, this proportion will vary
greatly depending on whether electricity is also
used as the fuel for space and water heating. So, for
a gas-heated office without air-conditioning,
lighting typically accounts for 50% of electricity use.
The remainder will be accounted for by office
equipment, kettles and other small appliances.
In the bottom-up approach, the number of each
type of lamp you use is determined. This figure is
then multiplied by the wattage of each type of
lamp and the hours of operation. This will give the
total lighting energy used in kilowatt hours (kWh).
You can then work out how much your lighting
costs by multiplying the energy used by the price
you pay per kWh.
Figure 1 shows that a small single-shift factory
operating 9 hours per day, 50 weeks of the year
with 40 T8 58W fluorescent lamps and 20 50W
halogen lamps in its reception and offices would
use 7,470kWh of electricity per year on lighting,
costing nearly £1,000. Please see the table on page
4 for information on common lamp types.
If you would like to use the bottom-up approach to
assess how much your lighting is costing your
organisation, a simple lighting costs calculator
spreadsheet is available to download for free from
the Resource Efficient Scotland website.
Figure 1: Example bottom-up calculation for a small factory
Type of lamp
Wattage
Number of lamps
Hours of
operation
per year
Total energy use
(kWh)
T8 Fluorescent
58
40
2,250
5,220
£679
Halogen GU10
50
20
2,250
2,250
£293
7,470
£972
Total
Cost
(13p/kWh)
Please note: this calculation does not account for the small amount of additional energy typically used by the
lamp ballast/switchgear.
3
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Type of lamp
What it looks like
Incandescent
lamp
Description
A traditional incandescent lamp produces light when a tungsten wire filament
is heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing through it.
They consume large amounts of energy but over 95% of the energy is
emitted as heat rather than light. Therefore, lighting efficiency is low, at
around 15 lumens per watt.
Bulb lifetimes are also short at around 1,000 hours.
Halogen/eco
halogen
Halogen lamps also use a tungsten filament. The element is surrounded by
halogen gas which allows the bulb to operate at higher temperature and
therefore has increased lighting efficiency, at around 25 lumens per watt.
Lamp lifetimes are similar to incandescent bulbs but may be much lower if
operating in high temperature locations (for example, enclosed ceiling voids).
Eco-halogen is a variant with a special coating on the outside of the bulb
reflecting heat back into the central filament. This can double the lamp’s
lifetime and save 30% to 40% of energy.
Fluorescent
tube lighting
T5, T8, T12
A T5 tube is 16mm (5/8”)
in diameter
A T8 tube is 25mm (1”)
in diameter
A T12 tube is 38mm
(1.5”) in diameter
Compact
fluorescent
lamp
Fluorescent tubes are gas discharge lamps – light is produced by an ionised
gas excited by high voltages.
Older ballast circuits, which are used to produce the high voltages are called
‘mains frequency’ or ‘switch start’. This type blinks several times when
switched on. Modern ‘high frequency’ ballasts are more efficient and switch
on near instantly.
Lumen (lm)
is a measure of the
visible light emitted
by a source, and thus
how bright a
particular lamp or
light source will
appear.
Watt (W)
is a measure of the
power the light
source will consume
to produce the
lumens stated. The
wattage can give you
a direct indication of
the expected energy
consumption of an
electric lamp.
Smaller diameter (T5 and T8) tubes are 30-50% more efficient than older T12
tubes and offer efficacies of around 80 to 100 lumens per watt with good
colour rendering and lamp lifetimes upwards of 12,000 hours.
Similar to a traditional fluorescent tube, but in a small format. They provide
up to 80% energy saving compared to incandescent lamps, offer around 60
lumens per watt, and have a long life (about 8,000 hours).
They can have a slow warm up time so not ideal for applications requiring
instant light.
Metal halide
Metal halide lamps are also gas discharge lamps. They require a high voltage
which is supplied by a ‘ballast circuit’ in the luminaire.
They are efficient (around 80 lumens per watt) and offer long lifetimes of
around 12,000 hours.
Metal halide lamps have a lengthy warm up or ‘strike time’ which means
that they are usually used in applications which only need to be switched
once per day.
Sodium
vapour
Low pressure sodium lights are another gas discharge type and are familiar
as the orange street lights still common in the UK. They are highly efficient
(more than 125 lumens per watt) but have very poor colour rendering, cannot
be dimmed and take up to 10 minutes to switch on. They are gradually being
replaced by other lamps sources.
High pressure sodium (SON) lamps have a golden light and are used for
motorways, warehouses and floodlighting. Lamp lifetimes are long at around
20,000 hours.
LED
Light emitting diode (LED) is a special kind of silicon diode that glows when
electricity passes through it.
LEDS are very cool running and provide big energy savings of up to 90%
compared to incandescent lighting. LEDs have an ultra-long life (about
50,000 hours). Various designs mean that LEDs are available as a universal
replacement option for existing lamps.
LED lighting now offers efficacies of 70 -100 lumens per watt, but efficiency
is improving year on year as research continues. 200 lumens per watt fittings
are now available.
Free tool
Lighting costs calculator
spreadsheet
Download this spreadsheet from the
Resource Efficient Scotland website
4
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
“These myths can
often lead to wrong
choices being made.
”
Dispelling common lighting myths
Lighting technology has come a long way in the
past few decades. However, you can still find the
same old stories being told about lighting based
on people’s experiences with early fluorescent
tubes and light emitting diode (LED) lamps.
These myths can often lead to wrong choices
being made by people who specify and use your
lighting. Here, we explore four common lighting
myths, so that you can make your decisions
based on fact.
Myth 1 –
“It’s more efficient to leave fluorescent lights
on than turn them off for short periods”.
The energy costs associated with turning modern
fluorescent tubes off and on again is minimal. It
is more economical to turn lights off when they
are not needed.
Myth 2 –
“Don’t replace old inefficient lamps until they
have expired”.
Replacement lamps can often offer significant
energy savings and should therefore be used at
the earliest opportunity. You’ll start to enjoy
energy savings immediately.
Myth 3 –
“LEDs look cold and blinding”.
LED technology is progressing rapidly and modern
lamps include diffusers and reflectors that ‘soften’
lamp output to make it less dazzling and most
have a colour rendering index (CRI) comparable to
fluorescent lamps. Lamps with a warmer colour
temperature are available where desired.
Myth 4 –
“Replacing fittings is too expensive, so I have
to stick with my current lights”.
Most incandescent filament, 240V halogen and
compact fluorescent lamps will have an LED
equivalent. These can be installed without
alterations to the fitting and, where necessary,
there are retrofit kits to replace T12 and T8
fluorescent tubes with more efficient T5s or LED
strip lights. Always consult a suitably qualified
electrician before using retrofit kits to make sure
it is safe to do so.
5
4. Low and no cost lighting options
Before investing in changes to lighting systems,
there are several no and low cost techniques that
can achieve significant savings. These include:
4.1 Labelling light switches
Faced with a bank of unlabelled switches, it is
impossible to know which areas are controlled by
which switches. This can make it difficult for
employees to turn off lights in unoccupied areas.
It might also mean that co-workers could be
disturbed or a hazard created if lights are turned off
as people experiment with the switches.
• labelling light switches;
• engaging with staff to improve habits; and
• making the most of natural light.
These techniques are described in more detail in
this section.
Switches should be clearly labelled to enable staff
to switch off lights in unoccupied areas without fear
of leaving colleagues in darkness. A lighting map
will help staff understand the layout more easily.
Free tool
Labelling your light switches
Download these free
light labelling templates
and encourage your
staff to turn off lights
when not needed.
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Download these templates from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
6
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
“
Your Green Team can
play a valuable role
in liaising with staff
across your
organisation before
you develop a wider
engagement
campaign.
”
4.2 Engaging staff
Engaging staff to simply switch off lights when
they are not in use can save you energy for very
little cost.
Resource Efficient Scotland has developed a Staff
Engagement Toolkit which has everything you need
to get an improvement programme started. The
toolkit has three main components.
• ‘Run an effective green team’ – gives you the
tools to create a successful team to lead and
deliver your resource efficiency initiatives.
Resources such as appointment letters,
recruitment posters and meeting agendas are
all included.
Your Green Team can play a valuable role in
liaising with staff across your organisation before
you develop a wider engagement campaign and
gathering suggestions about how they think your
organisation can improve lighting. Undertaking
this activity can also flag up any issues or barriers
that may need to be addressed ahead of
developing and rolling out a campaign.
• ‘Train your staff on the importance of resource
efficiency’ – gives you the tools to train your staff
and ensure you have the building blocks in place
to maximise the benefits of your initiatives. This
includes a 20 minute training video, scripted
presentation, quiz, certificate and toolbox talks.
• ‘Run campaigns to engage staff’ – includes a
range of professionally designed materials to
encourage staff to engage in your resource
efficiency campaigns. Posters, stickers and web
banners are all available to download.
Free tool
Staff Engagement Toolkit
Everything you need to get your staff on board with your lighting impingement programme
You expect me to work hard
all day but still be turned on
Leaving all the lights on overnight in
Everyone deservesat
a break
night
a typical office wastes enough energy
Z
Z
to make over 6,000 mugs of coffee
Z
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Switch off - Save energy
Switch off - Save energy
Switch off - Save energy
By using resources more efficiently, Scottish organisations could save £2.9bn every year.
By using resources more efficiently, Scottish organisations could save £2.9bn every year.
Resource Efficient Scotland provides free advice and support to help organisations across Scotland save
money on energy, water and raw materials.
Resource Efficient Scotland provides free advice and support to help organisations across Scotland save
money on energy, water and raw materials.
Growth that doesn’t cost the earth.
www.resourceefficientscotland.com | 0808 808 2268 | @ResourceScot
Growth that doesn’t cost the earth.
By using resources more efficiently, Scottish organisations could save £2.9bn every year.
www.resourceefficientscotland.com | 0808 808 2268 | @ResourceScot
Resource Efficient Scotland provides free advice and support to help organisations across Scotland save
money on energy, water and raw materials.
Growth that doesn’t cost the earth.
www.resourceefficientscotland.com | 0808 808 2268 | @ResourceScot
Access the staff engagement toolkit on the Resource Efficient Scotland website
7
To engage your staff in a lighting ‘switch-off’
campaign, the following four-step process can
be used:
Step 1: Launch your campaign
This can be achieved through a variety of
communication channels e.g. email, intranet,
face-to-face and noticeboards in public areas
Whichever channel you use, you should share the
reasons why you are launching a ‘switch-off
campaign’, outline any proposed changes (such as
new signage), timescales, what behaviours you
would like to see staff adopt, the benefits of the
new behaviours and, finally, the campaign targets
(for example, to reduce energy consumption by
20% within 2 months).
Step 2: Label your lighting
Firstly, follow the guidance in Section 4.1 to ensure
your lights are clearly labelled so that staff
understand what lights they can and cannot
switch off.
Step 3: Display posters and stickers
Download, print and display Resource Efficient
Scotland’s switch-off posters and stickers. This will
reinforce the messaging you used in Step 1 and act
as a reminder to staff of the importance of
switching off.
Step 4: Communicate at regular intervals
Communicate the progress of the campaign to your
staff on a regular basis to maintain the momentum
of the campaign and reinforce the message. Report
on how you are progressing towards your targets,
highlight positive behaviours and mention any
improvements required.
4.3 Making the most of natural light
The need for artificial lighting can be reduced by
making the most of available natural light. It’s
worth bearing in mind that daylight is the best
source of light available – in terms of colour and
intensity.
Here are four simple low-cost steps that can be
taken to achieve this:
1.Ensure that windows and skylights are clean.
2.Remove furniture and other obstructions from
near windows.
3.Mount blinds and curtains above or to the side of
windows so that they do not obstruct light when
they are not in use.
4.Locate as many desk-based workers near to
windows as possible. While doing so, consider
the placement of your monitors. Monitors that
face windows will produce glare from reflection
and monitors that back onto windows will be
hard to see when there is light behind. For this
reason the best orientation for desks is at right
angles to windows.
As light levels vary so much during the day in
Scotland, savings will be maximised if lighting
control is linked to available daylight. Automation
will ensure that lights switch off when there is
sufficient natural light (see Section 5).
Figure 2: Ideal office layout
It is also beneficial to remind staff of the importance
of being resource efficient and why you are running
the ‘switch-off’ campaign. Again, use as many
channels as you can to communicate your message.
Include information about all the new labelled
lighting, and the new posters and signage. You
might want to include pictures of the new signage.
Share success such as reduced energy consumption
or progress against targets on noticeboards and
through other communication channels.
Demonstrate how, with a little effort, staff are
helping the organisation save energy and money.
It is extremely important that all of your
communications are fun, engaging and positive.
Most of all make sure you thank staff for their
efforts regularly.
8
5. Automate lighting control
In a building where many people use one area,
automation is often the best way to prevent lights
being left on unnecessarily. There are three main
forms of automatic control – presence detection,
daylight control and timers.
It is worth bearing in mind that it is not always
necessary to rewire lighting to take advantage of
these automated forms of lighting control. Many
switches and automatic controls can now operate
wirelessly.
5.1 Presence detection
Passive infra-red (PIR), microwave or ultrasonic
detectors can be used to detect whether or not
someone is present in an area and to switch on
lights accordingly. The most common technology
is PIR.
Presence detection is ideal for intermittently
occupied areas such as WCs, store rooms, meeting
rooms and communication areas.
When considering presence detection, things to
bear in mind include:
• Positioning of sensors – this is critical because
lights need to come on just before someone
enters a space, not just after. This is also linked to
lamp selection – lamps need to illuminate
immediately and not take a while to attain full
brightness (as with CFLs).
• Manual override – this is necessary so that lights
can be turned off (for example, when a
presentation is in progress) or switched on if there
9
is an obstruction between the sensor and the
occupants.
• Toilet cubicles are by their nature private, and
occupants aren’t ‘seen’ by sensors. Therefore,
sufficiently long switch-on times – usually 7-10
minutes should be used in these areas. An
alternative is to add more sensors to the same
lighting circuit that work on heat, not movement.
The most efficient (least running cost) approach is
to have lights that are switched on manually, but
switch off automatically if no movement is
detected – known as manual on, auto off.
5.2 Daylight control
In daylight control systems, photocells are used to
detect when there is sufficient daylight and to
switch off artificial light accordingly. Some systems
can dim lights and supplement natural lighting
where necessary.
For this technique to be successful, lighting subcircuits need to be separated so that photocells
cover just the areas by windows where there is
most natural light. Lights deeper in the building
may need to be switched on permanently.
As with presence detection systems, manual
override may be required.
Sensors should be cleaned regularly and this can
be worked into your cleaning, lighting
maintenance or facilities management contract
should you have one.
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
5.3 Timers
Timers are particularly useful in retail applications
where, for example, shop windows are illuminated
during the evening when pedestrians continue to
pass by. Foot traffic decreases during the course of
an evening so timers can be used to switch lights
off at a certain time.
daylight and motion sensors are common on
individual fittings but, if they are absent on yours,
then a daylight sensor, timer or motion sensor
should be fitted.
5.4 External lighting control
It is worth noting that some timers need
reprogramming when the seasons change. Others
can be linked to a daylight sensor which
automatically detects dawn and dusk so the timer
operates within these times.
It is essential that exterior lights are not able to
operate during daylight when they are not needed.
Therefore, as a minimum, all exterior lights,
whether installed for decorative or safety purposes,
should be controlled by a daylight sensor. Integral
In some cases, the most effective method of
control may be to split the exterior circuits. In this
way, a small number of lights operate permanently
to show, for example, the layout of a car park, while
the remainder switch on when a person is detected.
“All exterior lights,
whether installed for
decorative or safety
purposes, should be
controlled by a
daylight sensor.
”
Case study
Disclosure Scotland
Improved lighting could save Glasgow office
£9,400 a year
Disclosure Scotland is an Executive Agency of
the Scottish Government operating on behalf
of Scottish Ministers. Its core function is to
contribute to the safety of vulnerable people in
our society by providing criminal history
information to organisations and potential
employers to assist them in making safer and
more informed recruitment decisions.
Disclosure Scotland has 500 staff at its
headquarters in a three-storey office block in
Glasgow. Although the building is relatively
modern, Resource Efficient Scotland has
identified a number of ways to save energy.
This includes boiler replacement, increasing
data server room temperatures, converting to
water-cooled server chillers, installing zone
valves and installing a building management
system. Together, these actions give potential
annual savings over £16,500.
Several lighting opportunities were also
identified. This included installing movement
sensors to enable lights in areas that are
unoccupied for a predetermined length of time
to switch off automatically and replacing 66,
50-watt halogen GU10 lamps canteen and toilets
with LED equivalents. In addition, by installing a
daylight sensor and modifying the control
circuits, perimeter security lighting would no
longer be switched on for 18 hours a day – even
on sunny days. Instead lights could be switched
off automatically when there is sufficient
natural light to illuminate the surroundings of
the building.
With the total investment for all these lighting
improvements estimated to be £9,600 and
annual costs savings of £9,400, the payback
period would be approximately 1 year. In
addition, carbon dioxide emissions would be
reduced by 36 tonnes a year.
Download the full case study from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
10
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
The example shows
that switching to PIR
presence detection
reduced lighting
operating hours,
saving £76 per year.
The £240 installation
cost will repay in
3 years.
Worked example – replacement of manually
switched WCs with PIR presence detection
A manufacturer with 20 employees changed from manually
switched lighting to PIR control for their two toilets. Previously,
the first person in switched on the lights and they were
switched off at the end of the day by the security guard.
Replacement of lighting controls in
1 male WC, 1 female WC
* Previous operating
time: 10 hours/day,
5 days/week,
50 weeks/year =
2,500.
New operating time
based on 20
employees, total of
50 visits/day.
Lighting assumed to
be in operation at
only one facility for 5
minutes each visit.
**1 unit per facility to
ensure lights switch
on prior to entry, 1
unit per facility to
detect ongoing
occupation.
(All costs provided are
net of VAT)
11
Old Manually switched
Number of lamps –
8
New PIR control
Number of lamps –
No change
Type of lamp –
Halogen 50W
Type of lamp –
No change
Operating hours* –
2,500 per year
Operating hours* –
1,042 per year
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£130
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£27
Saving per year –
£103
Cost (4 PIRs plus installation**) –
£240
Payback time –
2.3 years
It should be noted that, in this case, the
cable runs were easily accessible so the
installation costs were relatively low. If
wiring is not accessible then costs rise
and the payback becomes longer.
6. Choose the right lamps
The lamp is the part of the lighting unit that
actually emits the light. Old incandescent lamps
were often known as bulbs, though this term does
not accurately describe many modern lamps such
as LEDs.
Lamp technology has evolved rapidly in recent
years. In particular, the advent of LED lamps for
common applications is transforming the lighting
market. For this reason, it is a good idea to keep
lamp selection under regular review as technology
may continue to improve.
6.1 Offices
Most businesses have offices or at least some
administrative areas. Lighting in offices tends to be
on for long periods, so this offers good
opportunities for savings, particularly if the existing
lamps are of an older, less efficient type.
Planning lamp replacement in offices
Before replacing lamps, it is necessary to establish
whether existing light levels are adequate in the
selected areas. If any areas are identified by staff as
being poorly lit, this is a good opportunity to add
more lighting or to increase the light output from
existing fittings.
It is also important to ascertain whether there are
any areas where lights need to be on permanently
or where a specified level of illumination must be
maintained. If in any doubt, contact your health and
safety adviser, office manager or facilities manager.
1
12
Some areas may be over lit at present. For example,
areas such as corridors require a lower level of
illumination than the workspaces where detailed
tasks are undertaken. Therefore, it may be that the
number of lamps can be reduced or lamps with a
lower light output (and running cost) can be used.
Lastly, when considering replacing lamps, you need
to be aware that different lamps produce different
colour temperatures. The only really effective way
to find out what colour of light suits the
environment is to test out recommended lamps
and to see what colour works best.
Figure 3 is a useful guide to the levels of illumination
required for different office areas. The lux is the
standard unit used to measure light levels.
Figure 3: levels of illumination required
for different office areas
Area
Average
illumination
(lux)1
Corridors
50-100
Meeting rooms
150
Easy office work, training rooms
250
Normal office work
500
(Full daylight – for reference)
(10,752)
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html
12
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
How to measure existing light levels
Light levels are easily measured with a simple and cheap lux meter. Applications are also available for
mobile phones and tablets.
The results can then be compared with the minimum levels set out in the table above. Any low lux levels
should be improved as part of the lamp replacement process. In some areas, this may involve installing
additional light units.
Note that if you have daylight available (perhaps through rooflights), this test should be carried out at
night to ensure that the artificial light can provide the necessary illumination at all times when required.
Carrying out lamp replacement in offices
Many offices already have efficient lamps installed,
but checking for the following will reveal whether
there are further opportunities to improve
efficiency.
• Are there a significant number of halogen
spotlights – often in display or reception areas?
• Are large diameter T12 fluorescent tubes in use
– they are 38mm in diameter, similar to a £2 coin?
• Do the fluorescent lights ’blink’ when you switch
them on – this indicates an older switch start
type of control gear?
Further support
Green Office guide
Our popular Green Office guide helps people
working in offices of all sizes to reduce their
impact on the environment and their costs by
improving the use of office resources.
ore
Office
ing a M mentally
Green
on
to Runn
A Guide ctive and Envir
ffe
Cost-e
fice
Of
e
bl
Sustaina
If the answer is ‘yes’ to any of the above, then
replacing lamps is likely to offer good savings.
The table on page 14 will help you understand your
recommended replacement options.
Download this guide from the
Resource Efficient Scotland website
13
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Existing lamp
Replacement options
Benefits of replacement
lamp
Things to consider
Incandescent lamp
CFL
75% energy saving
Take time to achieve
full brightness, so avoid
use where instant full
illumination is needed
Long life (more than double)
Cooler running
Difficult to recycle
LED lamps
90% energy saving
Long life (more than 10x)
Halogen GU10
Performance drops in long
run
Cool running
Test different LED lamps as
colour temperatures vary
Eco-halogen
25% lower consumption
than incandescent lamps
Longevity is not as good as
CFL or LED lamps
Eco-halogen
25% energy saving
Longevity is not as good as
CFL or LED lamps
Similar life
CFL
70% energy saving
Long life (double)
Take time to achieve
full brightness, so avoid
use where instant full
illumination is needed
Difficult to recycle
LED
85% energy saving
Very long life
Performance drops in long
run
Test different LED lamps as
colour temperatures vary
T12 fluorescent tubes
T8 or T5 fluorescent tubes
Improved colour rendering
T8 tubes can be installed in
T12 lamp holders
T5 lamps require an adaptor
LED
75% energy saving
Very long life
Performance drops in long
run
Test different LED lamps as
colour temperatures vary
LED lamps may require an
adapter
It should be noted that T8 lamps lie between T12 and T5 lamps in terms of efficiency and expected life.
Where T8 lamps are in use, the benefits of replacement with T5 lamps are relatively minor and would result in
a wasted asset (the functioning T8 lamp). It may be more cost-effective to replace T8 lamps with T5 lamps
only when they fail.
14
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
The example shows
that replacing 50w
Halogen lamps with
6W LED lamps saved
£278 per year and
will repay in 2 years.
Worked example – Replacement of 50W (240V)
halogen lamps with LEDs in a reception area
The public reception area of this office was previously lit
with 18 spotlights using 50W halogen lamps. Several LED
lamps were tested out before the colour was felt to be
right and the replacement lamp was selected.
Replacement of lamps in reception area
50W Halogen lamps
Number of lamps –
18
6W LED lamps
Number of lamps –
No change
Operating hours* –
2,700 per year
Operating hours* –
No change
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£316
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£38
Saving per year –
£278
Cost (£9.20 per lamp.
No allowance for fitting) –
£166
* 9 hours/day,
6 days/week,
50 weeks/year =
2,700.
(All costs provided are
net of VAT)
15
Payback time –
7 months
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
“Before planning lamp
Case study
SCVO
replacement, ensure
that you are making
best use of existing
available daylight.
Lamp replacement offers office an estimated
saving of £1,175 a year
The Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations
(SCVO) is a registered charity and is the
membership organisation for Scotland’s charities,
voluntary organisations and social enterprises.
While the SCVO had already made energy
efficiency improvements by using LED technology
to replace some conventional lighting, Resource
Efficient Scotland identified two further
opportunities to improve lighting and reduce the
organisation’s energy costs.
Firstly, replacing all 58 watt ‘T8’ (25mm diameter)
fluorescent tubes with 22 watt LED equivalents
would deliver cost savings estimated at £1,000
per year, giving a payback of 3.7 years on an
investment of £3,700.
”
Secondly, replacing all 50 watt GU10 halogen
lamps with directly interchangeable 7 watt LED
lamps would also save SCVO an additional £175 a
year, with a payback of 2.6 years on an
investment of £450.
These actions would also reduce associated
carbon dioxide emissions by 6.2 tonnes per year.
Download the full case study from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
6.2 Workshop lighting
Workshop lighting covers all kinds of industrial
applications – from warehouses to machine
processes. The level of illumination (lux) required
will vary considerably according to the task being
carried out. It is worth remembering that good
quality lighting control can reduce the time that
lights are operating, so it pays to have adequate
illumination in all places when needed.
Planning lamp replacement in workshops
Before planning lamp replacement, ensure that you
are making best use of existing available daylight.
Windows and skylights should be regularly cleaned
and a cleaning roster established.
The following table shows the minimum light levels
required (by the Health and Safety Executive) in
workshops.2 The required illumination depends
directly upon the task performed.
The value for daylight shown in Figure 4 combined
with the image below illustrates the fact that
daylighting can contribute a substantial proportion
of general lighting requirements. It is essential to
keep roof lights clean – especially in environments
where the processes generate dust, airborne grease
or other pollutants that can adhere to roof lights,
diluting light quality.
In workshops there are two main types of lighting
required, these are:
• general floodlighting (for example, to cover a
whole warehouse); and
• task lighting – to provide high levels of
illumination in specific areas where particular
(often detailed) tasks are being carried out.
Figure 4: Minimum light levels required in workshops
Activity
2
Average
illumination (lux)
Illumination at
any point (lux)
General work in the workshop, assembly of large components,
stock management
100
50
Sheet metal work, general machining, office work
200
100
Drawing office work, assembly of electronic and other fine components
500
200
(Full daylight – for reference)
(10,752)
Health and safety in engineering workshops (HSE 1999)
16
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
“By selecting LED
lamps, which have
the longest life,
lighting maintenance
cost can be reduced
significantly.
”
General illumination in workshops is normally
located at a high level – either at ceiling level or
suspended below. Access for changing lamps or for
cleaning them has an associated cost, so there is a
significant gain to the business if replacement
lamps last longer.
The amount of light that penetrates to ground level
depends on the type of obstructions – normally
racking or machinery. Where there are significant
obstructions, only light immediately above the work
area will reach ground level and workers may be
operating in their own shadow, so task lighting
becomes more important. However, as a proportion
of the total lighting bill, task lighting is unlikely to be
high in relation to general illumination.
Carrying out lamp replacement in workshops
The main types of lighting used for general lighting
in workshops are medium pressure sodium, high
pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent tubes
and LEDs.
High bay lighting normally uses sodium or metal
halide lamps. Changing these lamps requires
specialist access equipment, so the costs of
ongoing lamp replacement are considerable (that
is, not just the cost of the lamp). By selecting LED
lamps, which have the longest life, lighting
maintenance cost can be reduced significantly.
As the performance of LED lamps will decline
over the longer term (over 20,000 hours), it is
wise to build in periodic checks with a lux meter
to ensure that minimum lux levels continue to be
delivered. Performance drop varies widely
between different types of LED lamp. As they are
only now being introduced into the marketplace
in significant quantities it is not possible to predict
an accurate figure.
Existing lamp
Replacement options
Benefits of replacement
lamp
Things to consider
Metal halide
LED
Energy saving
Performance drops in long
run
Much longer life
Can be switched more often
without reducing lamp life
allowing use with lighting
controls
Sodium vapour
Test different LED lamps as
colour temperatures vary
In some cases a direct
replacement lamp may be
available, in other cases a
new fitting will be required
(Medium or high pressure)
T5 fluorescent tubes
Energy saving
Longer life
Complete new fitting
required
Can be switched more often
without reducing lamp life
allowing use with lighting
controls
T12 fluorescent tubes
T5 fluorescent tubes
Energy saving
Improved colour rendering
Complete new fitting or
fitting adapter will be
required
It should be noted that T8 lamps lie between T12 and T5 lamps in terms of efficiency and expected life.
Where T8 lamps are in use, the benefits of replacement with T5 lamps are relatively minor and would result in
a wasted asset (the functioning T8 lamp). It may be more cost-effective to replace T8 lamps with T5 lamps
only when they fail. However, in workshops where access is difficult, it may be more cost-effective to replace
all lamps at the same time.
17
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Worked example – replacing metal halide lamps
with LEDs in high bay lighting.
This warehouse had a complete lighting replacement
with all its high bay metal halide lamps being
removed and replaced with LED lamps which use 25%
of the power.
The example shows
that replacing metal
halide lamps with
LEDs in high bay
lighting will save
£11,232 per year and
will repay in 1.4
years.
Replacement of high bay lighting with LEDs
400W metal halide lamps
Number of lamps –
120
100W LED lamps
Number of lamps –
No change
Operating hours* –
2,400 per year
Operating hours* –
No change
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£14,976
Annual energy cost at 13p/kWh –
£3,744
Saving per year –
£11,232
Cost: Lamps £14,400.
Fitting £1,500 –
£15,900
Payback time –
1.4 years
As shown, the investment was substantial, but
was repaid in 1.4 years and the company will
continue to benefit from net annual savings of
over £12,000. In addition, the longer life of the
LED lamps means that the company achieves
further savings through reduced cost of lamp
replacement in future.
* 10 hours/day,
5 days/week,
48 weeks/year =
2,400
(All costs provided are
net of VAT)
18
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
“
One of the
advantages of using
LEDs for display
lighting is that they
generate less heat.
”
Case study
Merson Group
Annual saving of £12,700 by replacing highintensity discharge lamps with dimmable LEDs
Merson Group is a specialist group of companies
delivering signage projects and rainwater
management systems. At its 4,000 square metre
headquarters in East Kilbride, 150 staff design,
manufacture and install signs for a number of
applications across a variety of sectors including
motorway gantries, wayfinding schemes and
large-scale rebrands. It also produces rainscreen
cladding and rainwater management products.
Following a site audit, Resource Efficient Scotland
recommended replacing the existing highintensity discharge lamps in the East Kilbride
warehouse with dimmable LED technology. It
was estimated that this would reduce lighting
energy consumption by 51%. With an installation
cost of £52,750 and an annual saving of £12,700,
this project would have a payback of 4.2 years
and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 73
tonnes a year.
In addition to the financial savings, by lowering
the height of fittings, better illumination at
ground level would be provided to staff, so
improving their productivity. And, because of the
longer life expectancy of LEDs, the company
would also benefit from lower maintenance and
lamp replacement costs, and fewer disruptions to
production.
A number of recommendations were made to
reduce lighting costs for the office areas too. This
included installing occupancy sensors, removing
some lights in areas that were over-lit and
rewiring lighting circuits to enable groups of lights
to be controlled independently. These simple
lighting improvements could reduce annual
energy costs by £1,150 and give a payback of
under a year on an investment of £1,080.
Associated carbon dioxide emissions would be
reduced by 6.5 tonnes a year.
Download the full case study from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
6.3 Display lighting for retail
The majority of the cost of lighting in retail stores is
for display purposes, and lights need to be on
constantly. Therefore, the use of more efficient
lamps is the most effective way to achieve savings.
Planning lamp replacement in retail display
applications
As with all other forms of lighting, the most energy
efficient lamps available are now LEDs. However, in
retail applications the colour temperature of light
can significantly change the appearance of
products. In the food industry, it can be particularly
important to get the colour temperature right.
One of the advantages of using LEDs for display
lighting is that they generate less heat. This is
particular advantageous for closed cabinets and in
refrigerated appliances as reduced heat output will
result in less damage to the contained goods.
Carrying out lamp replacement in retail display
applications
As display applications vary so widely, the safest
way to proceed is to obtain a selection of
replacement LED lamps and to test out the colour
that showcases products in the best light.
19
In some cases, if there is not an equivalent LED
lamp available, it may be necessary to consider
changing the fitting. The cost of the fitting needs to
be taken into account in any payback calculation.
Retailers, wholesalers and other businesses making
use of refrigerated display cabinets should ensure
that lights in the cabinets are switched off when
not in use. This has the added benefit of reducing
the energy consumed by the refrigeration
equipment to remove the heat produced by the
lights when they are operating.
6.4 External lighting (car parks,
walkways, emergency lighting,
decorative)
External lights are often in operation for long
periods but, as with internal lighting, lamp
technology has moved forward in recent years.
Design considerations for external lighting
Firstly, check exactly what needs to be lit. It is very
common for external areas to be lit at night
unnecessarily (for example, where there is no
security consideration, where there is no foot traffic
or a staff car park without night shift). Any health
and safety considerations should be checked
carefully while carrying out this review.
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Secondly, check the levels of illumination by a
simple walk-around survey at night. It is common
for external areas to be over lit. In many cases, the
amount of light output and power consumed can
be reduced by simply replacing the lamp with an
equivalent lamp type but with a lower wattage.
External lamp selection
External halogen lamps are often rated as high as
500W (that is, they consume half the power of a
1-bar electric fire). In many cases, the lamp can be
reduced in wattage without compromising
performance or safety. Replacing a 500W lamp with
a 150W lamp is a common way to achieve a saving.
External halogen lighting is not the most efficient
available and lamps can be replaced by CFLs or
modern LEDs, which provide equivalent
performance at greatly reduced energy
consumption and with longer life. As with high level
interior lighting, exterior lights on buildings are
often hard to access, so expected life is an
important component of overall cost.
Car park lighting has traditionally used sodium
vapour or metal halide lamps. As with interior
lamps, the most efficient alternative is now LED. On
average, LED lamps use 25% of the power of
equivalent sodium lamps and give much better
colour rendering. In external lighting situations,
reliable colour rendering can be important for
security camera imaging.
“External lights are
often in operation for
long periods but, as
with internal lighting,
lamp technology has
moved forward in
recent years.
”
However, it should be noted that the LED
replacement lamp will often require replacement of
the complete lamp unit, which increases the overall
cost of the job and extends the payback period.
20
7. Making the case for lighting upgrades
This guide has outlined a number of opportunities
to save energy and money on lighting that exist in
most organisations in Scotland.
To help you start planning the projects you could
implement in your organisation, Resource Efficient
Scotland has developed two free spreadsheet tools
to help you calculate potential savings.
Lighting improvement calculator
The first is a simple lighting improvement calculator
that covers three common lighting projects:
• converting halogen GU10 spotlights to LED GU10
spotlights;
• converting T12 fluorescent lighting to T5
fluorescent lighting; and
• converting factory SON or metal halide lighting to
fluorescent lighting with control.
The spreadsheet, which is available to download
from the Resource Efficient Scotland website, allows
you estimate the costs, savings and payback period
were you to implement any of these projects in
your organisation.
Light Touch Calculator
The second calculator, the Light Touch Calculator,
allows for more complex analysis. It enables building
users to analyse data from lighting surveys and
calculate the annual savings that could be achieved
by upgrading or retrofitting existing lighting.
The Light Touch Calculator provides recommended
lighting replacement options relevant to the existing
fitting type, wattage and controls that are already
21
installed. It also calculates the capital costs, annual
energy, carbon and cost savings, and payback
periods for the replacement fittings, and generates
a series of reports that summarise the benefits.
The Light Touch Calculator is available to download
from the Resource Efficient Scotland website.
Accessing finance
Accessing finance is often a major barrier to the
successful implementation of lighting projects and,
ultimately, the business benefits that these projects
can deliver. This is particularly true for SMEs.
If you wish to improve the lighting in your
organisation by implementing some of the lamp
replacement and lighting control projects outlined in
this guide, it is likely you will need to access finance.
Whether the finance is from internal or external
sources, Resource Efficient Scotland’s guide
‘Developing a business case for your resource
efficiency projects’ will help you.
It will show you how to prepare a robust business
case to support your proposed investment decision
and how to present a strong case for investment to
your senior management or external lenders. You
can download the guide form the Resource Efficient
Scotland website.
A supporting guide ‘Sources of finance – How to
fund your resource efficiency projects’ provides a
comprehensive overview of the different sources of
finance available to Scottish organisations. It is
available to download from the Resource Efficient
Scotland website.
How to save money and energy on lighting systems – Advice and support for organisations in Scotland
Case study
Think Fitness 4 Less
LEDs and presence detectors to help fitness
club cut annual energy bill by around £3,300
Think Fitness 4 Less is a health club located in
Hawick in the Borders. It was opened in 2001 and
contains an extensive gym, yoga studio, fitness
studio, boxing gym and saunas.
Some energy efficient lighting had been installed
in parts of the premises. However, this did not
light the rooms to the required standard and
there were concerns this was having a negative
impact on clients’ experience.
As a refurbishment of the gym had already been
planned, Resource Efficient Scotland
recommended that LED lighting should be
installed. A trial was conducted using LEDs in a
small area of the gym which proved successful
and LED lighting was subsequently installed
throughout the building.
The fitness studio and changing rooms account
for about 25% of all lighting in the building.
However, these areas can go a long time without
anyone being present and, if lights are left on, a
significant amount of energy can be wasted.
Therefore, Resource Efficient Scotland also
recommended that the LED lighting should be
combined with presence detectors in these two
areas.
These lighting improvements are expected to
save Think Fitness 4 Less around £3,300 per year.
Download the full case study from the Resource Efficient Scotland website
22
8. Make the savings with free one-toone advice and support
Resource Efficient Scotland has a team of
experienced advisors that has helped hundreds of
organisations across Scotland improve their lighting
and reduce associated energy costs.
We understand that it can take time and
experience to implement the types of projects
outlined in this guide. That is why we can provide
you with specialist advice; access to funding and
suppliers; and in-person, on-site support to help you
save money on energy, water and raw materials.
If you would like help finding savings or
implementing projects that you have already
identified, please contact the team on
0808 808 2268 or email
[email protected].
The Green Network for Businesses
Learn from neighbouring organisations that have already taken action to improve lighting
The Green Network for Businesses gives you the opportunity to visit a green business in your area to help
you learn how they have cut energy, water, waste or raw material costs.
A range of businesses that have made changes to save money and resources are members of the
network. This means that whatever saving measures you’re interested in – and wherever you’re based
– we can arrange for you to connect with a network member in your local business community.
Organisations that have already taken action on lighting include:
• Bar Kohl
• Saughtonhall Church
• The Scottish Seabird Centre
• Fisher & Donaldson
• Honeywell
• Fintry Sports and Recreation Club
• Colintraive Village Hall
Find out more at: http://greennetwork.resourceefficientscotland.com
23
Save money on your
organisation’s energy, water
and raw material costs
Resource Efficient Scotland is a programme
from Zero Waste Scotland, funded by the
Scottish Government. We help business, and
public and third-sector organisations save
money by using resources efficiently.
We can provide you with free specialist
advice, training, access to funding and
suppliers, and in-person on-site support to
help you cut your energy, water and raw
material costs.
Our free advice and support is available to every organisation
in Scotland. How much could you save by . . .
• installing new, high-efficiency lighting
• upgrading your heating system
• encouraging staff to be resource efficient
• using less water
• insulating your premises
• improving processes
• using renewable energy
. . . call our team today to find out, for free.
0808 808 2268
24
Other popular guides from Resource Efficient Scotland that
will help you save money on energy, water and raw
materials. Download them for free today.
Implementation guides
How to save money and energy on space heating
Download here
Save money on waste
Download here
How to conduct an energy audit
Download here
Save money on your water bill
Download here
Procurement support guides
How to carry out a successful biomass heating project
Download here
How to carry out a successful lighting replacement project
Download here
How to get the best waste management solution
Download here
Finance guides
Download here
Accessing finance: Developing a business case for your resource efficiency
projects
Download here
Updated February 2016
Sources of finance: How to fund your resource efficiency projects
www.resourceefficientscotland.com | 0808 808 2268 | @ResourceScot
Zero Waste Scotland, Ground Floor, Moray House, Forthside Way, Stirling, FK8 1QZ
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