ENERGY-WASTE
LIFE09/ENV/GR/00307 : ENERGY EXPLOITATION OF NON-RECYCLABLE URBAN
WASTE IN A SUSTAINABLE WASTE-TO-ENERGY MARKET
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL ANALYSES
1
Scope
Scope of project LIFE09/ENV/GR/00307 : ENERGY WASTE is to:
RDF composition
Study
Develop
Implement
Except plastic and
paper, RDF
contains other
material
an advanced gasification concept for the energy exploitation of non-recyclable waste stream produced in a
recycling factory.
Consortium:
 EPANA S.A.
 Center for Research and Technology Hellas-Institute for Solid Fuels Technology & Applications
 The Prefecture Authority of Thessaloniki and
 European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF)
Two manual
sorting campaigns
for “contaminants”
identification
First step in attaining the goals is the characterization of the non-recyclable waste stream produced in the
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of EPANA. This stream is called Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).
2
MRF of EPANA S.A.
EPANA S.A. operates a modern MRF in Ano Liosia, Attica, Greece:
 Annual capacity of the plant 100.000 tons
 Handles commercial, industrial waste - packaging waste streams,
 Recovery of recyclable materials of high purity - annually 70.000 tons of recyclables
 Remaining quantities (~15% w.t.) - mainly plastic and paper - used for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) production.
The material streams produced from the process are the following:
1.Large materials from the reception area
2.Unwanted materials from the pre-sorting cabin
3.Fine fraction (<65 mm) of the trommel screen
4.Residues from the overflow (>280 mm) of the trommel screen
5.Residues from the rest of the process.
The non recyclable streams (4 and 5) are used for the production of RDF/SRF able to be utilized as fuel.
Sampling Procedure
Average Composition of RDF
For the needs of fuel characterization a sampling
methodology was defined according to CEN/TC 343.
For normal operation the samples will represent data
from a yearly operation, so as the whole variance of
seasons will be covered.
According to the standard EN 15442:2011 certain
parameters have to be specified before the beginning
of the sampling procedure. These parameters presented below, are included in a standardized document called “sampling plan”.
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Overall objectives
Lot and lot size
The sampling procedure
The minimum number of increments
The minimum sample size
The minimum increment size
The effective increment and
effective sample size
9,40%
8,67%
32,59%
4,42%
6,45%
11,98%
26,50%
Plastic
Paper
Organics
Wood-leather
Glass-metals
Fines
Textiles
….a battery from irresponsible consumers
discarded in blue bin waste (recyclables)
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RDF Analyses
3b
Implementation of
Sampling plan
Analyses
EPANA SA , Ano Liossia - MRF facility, external and internal view
RDF produced in EPANA SA
Refuse Derived Fuel
RDF production in Europe
SRF Production in 2008
Waste Crisis
in Europe
Increased
Production of
RDF
Increased
number of
recovery plants
Germany
16,00%
Denmark
47,00%
Greece
Spain
France
Heating value
higher than
lignite
Finland
6,00%
Norway
Netherlands
Proximate Analysis Variance
United Kingdom
5,00%
Good
alternative fuel
80,00
Italy
3,00% 2,00%
2,00%
2,00%
2,00%
2,00% 1,00%
90,00
Proximate Analysis
Austria
4,00%
Production of
about 12 million
tones in 2008
The following tables present the average results from
eight months of sampling and analysis of EPANA’s RDF
while the figures to the right show the variance of proximate,
heating value and chlorine analysis for the same period.
Belgium
8,00%
Average ( % w.t.) Standard Deviation
Sweden
Others (NMBS)
(Source: European Recovered Fuel Organization)
70,00
Moisture
26,72
6,99
60,00
Ash (as received)
8,39
2,47
50,00
Volatiles (as received)
60,01
5,18
% w.t
3a
Target of the sampling procedure is the analysis and classification of RDF produced in EPANAs MRF. So far the
analyses that were conducted are (The analyses took place in
CERTH/ISFTA’s laboratory):
 Proximate Analysis (Moisture, Ash, Volatiles, Char)
 Ultimate Analysis (C, H, N, S, O, Cl)
 Heating Value Analysis
 Heavy Metals Analysis (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn,
Hg, Ni, Tl, V)
40,00
30,00
Char (as received)
Ultimate Analysis
Classification,
parameter
YES
Prepared in
compliance with NO
RDF
CEN TC 343
standard
LCV, MJ/kg, (ar)
Cl, % wt (dry base)
Hg, mg/MJ, mean
,80th%
C (d.a.f)
55,26
5,72
H (d.a.f)
7,21
1,10
N (d.a.f)
1,32
0,62
S (d.a.f)
0,25
0,19
O (d.a.f)
35,53
6,97
Cl (d.a.f)
0,43
0,19
Heating Value Analysis
NO RDF
YES
Self Declaration NO
SRF
Average
Standard Deviation
HHV (MJ/kg)
20,70
2,50
LHV (MJ/kg dry)
19,31
2,35
LHV (MJ/kg raw)
13,43
1,71
2
3
4
5
Certified SRF
≥25
≤0,2
≤0,02
≤0,04
≥20
≤0,6
≤0,03
≤0,06
≥15
≤1,0
≤0,08
≤0,16
≥10
≤1,5
≤0,15
≤0,30
0,00
≥3
≤3,0
≤0,50
≤0,10
EPANA’s RDF is sampled daily for the determination of physical and chemical properties and the classification following the CEN/TC 343. These properties are also used for the design of the thermochemical process
of gasification.
Acknowledgements for the Project
LIFE09 ENERGYWASTE
RDF0 (June RDF1 (July
2011)
2011)
Ash (dry basis)
RDF2
(August
2011)
Volatiles (dry basis)
Standard Deviation
Cd (mg/kg dry)
5,63
3,11
Cr (mg/kg dry)
20,65
12,59
Co (mg/kg dry)
5,87
6,78
Cu (mg/kg dry)
76,25
67,24
Pb (mg/kg dry)
110,52
132,31
Mn (mg/kg dry)
54,64
30,56
Hg(mg/kg dry)
0,69
0,69
Ni (mg/kg dry)
23,49
15,07
Tl (mg/kg dry)
8,65
11,60
RDF 5
RDF 6
(November (December
2011)
2011)
Char (dry basis)
RDF 7
(January
2012)
Moisture variance
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
RDF0 (June RDF1 (July
2011)
2011)
Average
RDF 3
RDF 4
(September (October
2011)
2011)
Net Calorific Value Variance
25,00
Heavy Metals
YES
1
10,00
MJ/kg
Non Hazardous
Waste
External
Certification
20,00
Average ( % w.t.) Standard Deviation
YES
For the standardization process, certain steps need to be followed including a series of analyses for the RDF in order to specify certain parameters mandatory for
the classification. Specifications for the analyses, sampling campaign and classification are given in the framework of CEN/TC 343. After classification and selfdeclaration RDF is called Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF).
2,55
NCV (dry)
RDF2
(August
2011)
RDF 3
RDF 4
RDF 5
RDF 6
(September (October (November (December
2011)
2011)
2011)
2011)
NCV -Average (dry)
NCV (raw)
RDF 7
(January
2012)
NCV (raw) -Average
Chlorine Variance
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
% w.t.
RDF characterization and classification following CEN/TC 343 standards
CEN/TC 343 is an emerging standard for:
1.characterization
2.classification of RDF/SRF
Standardization is considered as a key issue for:
 acceptance and trading in the energy markets.
 monitoring of key properties
 classification
 preliminary assessment of their combustion and environmental performance
4,21
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
RDF0 (June
2011)
RDF1 (July
2011)
Cl (raw)
RDF2
(August
2011)
RDF 3
(September
2011)
Cl (raw) - Average
RDF 4
(October
2011)
Cl (dry)
RDF 5
RDF 6
(November (December
2011)
2011)
RDF 7
(January
2012)
Cl (dry) - Average
Contact us
E.C.
EP.ΑΝ.Α. S.A.
CE.R.T.H. /
I.S.F.T.A.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/index.htm
http://www.epana.com.gr/
http://www.lignite.gr/
www.energywaste.gr
tel: +30 2106565180
fax:+30 2106565171
e - mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
REGION OF
CENTRAL
MACEDONIA
http://www.pkm.gov.gr/
E.R.E.F.
http://www.eref-europe.org/