Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for
New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Information paper
March 2016
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for
New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Information paper
March 2016
ISBN: 978-1-921604-91-1
© National Transport Commission 2016
Executive summary
This information paper provides detailed data on the carbon dioxide emissions intensity performance of new
passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia during 2015. The data is broken down by vehicle
make, model and segment and by fuel and buyer type.
This report focuses on vehicle emissions performance, measured in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre
(g/km). This is a measure of vehicle efficiency or intensity rather than a measure of actual vehicle emissions,
which depends on many factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic
conditions.
Fleet-wide vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference (for example, vehicle
type, engine size and power, fuel type and transmission type). Consumer preferences can also be influenced
by government policies and regulations, industry influence and fuel prices.
Key findings
• In 2015 the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity from new passenger
and light commercial vehicles was 184 g/km. This is a 1.9 per cent reduction from 2014.
• Consumer preferences are an important factor affecting the national average of carbon
dioxide emissions intensity for new vehicles. If all Australians who purchased new
vehicles in 2015 had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions, the national
average carbon dioxide emissions intensity would have been reduced to 82 g/km, a
55 per cent reduction.
• About 90 per cent of all new vehicle sales in 2015 were from 15 makes. Of these
15 makes, Audi and BMW had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity
(149 g/km), and Jeep had the highest (223 g/km).
• The average emissions intensity for all Australian-made vehicles was 208 g/km in 2015.
This is a 1.1 per cent reduction when compared with 2014.
• Private buyers purchased vehicles with the lowest average emissions intensity
(178 g/km), followed by business buyers (190 g/km) and government buyers (204 g/km).
• ‘Green’ cars made up 4.7 per cent of total sales in 2015, compared with 2.8 per cent
in 2014. A ‘green’ car is defined as a vehicle that does not exceed 120 g/km.
• The average emission intensity for new passenger vehicles in European countries was
124 g/km in 2014. In the same year, Australia’s average emissions intensity for passenger
vehicles was 177 g/km, 43 per cent higher.
• There are many reasons why Australian light vehicle emissions intensity are higher than
in Europe. Some of the reasons include:
-Australian consumer preferences for heavier vehicles with larger and more powerful
engines, for example, SUV Medium, SUV Large and SUV Upper Large segments made
up 30% of all passenger vehicle sales in 2014.
- a lower proportion of diesel-powered engines
- fewer government incentives for lower emissions vehicles
- lower fuel prices.
Page 2 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Contents
Executive summary
2
2
Key findings
Abbreviations7
1Introduction
8
2Methodology
9
3 Australian emissions intensity
13
Vehicle manufacturers
13
Australian-made vehicles
15
Segment type
19
Buyer type
23
Fuel type
28
Green vehicles
29
4 Comparison of Australian and European data
30
Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by country
31
Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by make
32
Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by country
34
Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by make
35
References37
Appendix38
Information paper – 2016 | Page 3
List of figures
Figure 1: Average emissions intensity for top 10 selling vehicles in Australia plus other selected
models, 2015
12
Figure 2: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles,
2002–2015
13
Figure 3: Corporate average emissions intensity for the top 15 makes by volume, 2015
14
Figure 4: Change in corporate average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the top
15 makes by volume
14
Figure 5: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015
15
Figure 6: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles between
2014 and 2015
16
Figure 7: Range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015
16
Figure 8: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2015
17
Figure 9: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicle models between
2014 and 2015
18
Figure 10: Average emissions intensity by segment, 2015
19
Figure 11: Change in average emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015
20
Figure 12: Range and average emissions intensity by segment, 2015
21
Figure 13: Average emissions intensity by buyer type, 2015
23
Figure 14: Change in average emissions intensity by buyer type between 2014 and 2015
23
Figure 15: Average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type, 2015
24
Figure 16: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015
25
Figure 17: Average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type, 2015
26
Figure 18: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015
27
Figure 19: Average emissions intensity by fuel type, 2015
28
Figure 20: Change in average emissions intensity by fuel type between 2014 and 2015
28
Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2015
29
Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2015
29
Figure 23: Average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country, 2014
31
Page 4 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Figure 24: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for
Europe and Australia, 2014
32
Figure 25: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in
Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
33
Figure 26: Average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles by country, 2014
34
Figure 27: Differences in average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in
Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
35
Figure 28: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles
in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
36
Information paper – 2016 | Page 5
List of tables
Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions
10
Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity
11
Table 3: Best-in-class vehicle for carbon dioxide emissions intensity for each segment, 2015
22
Table 4: European measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles
30
Table 5: Average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2014 and 2015 31
Table 6: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles,
2002–2015
38
Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made makes,
2014 – 2015
39
Table 8: Average emissions and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015
41
Table 9: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models,
2014 and 2015
41
Table 10: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by segment, 2014 and 2015
42
Table 11: Top selling models within segments, 2015
43
Table 12: Average emissions intensity for models with sales volume greater than 1,000 vehicles, 2015
49
Table 13: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by buyer type, 2014 and 2015
54
Table 14: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2014 and 2015
54
Table 15: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed government buyer type,
2014 and 2015
55
Table 16: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by fuel type, 2014 and 2015
55
Table 17: ‘Green’ vehicle average emissions intensity and sales by segment, 2015
56
Table 18: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new passenger vehicles by
country, 2013 and 2014
59
Table 19: Equivalent manufacturer for new passenger vehicles in Europe and Australia
60
Table 20: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles for Europe and
Australia by make, 2014
60
Table 21: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations for new light commercial vehicles
by country, 2013 and 2014
61
Table 22: Average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and Europe
by make, 2014
62
Page 6 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Abbreviations
FCAI
Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries
g/km
grams per kilometre
GVM
gross vehicle mass
LPG
liquefied petroleum gas
NTC
National Transport Commission
SUV
sports utility vehicle
Information paper – 2016 | Page 7
1.Introduction
Every year since 2009, the National Transport Commission (NTC) has published an information paper about
carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new Australian light vehicles. This information paper is the latest in this
series and provides data for 2015.
The paper focuses on vehicle emissions intensity, which is a measure of vehicle efficiency. It is not a
measurement of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many ‘real world’ factors such as distance
travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions.
This paper is prepared using data provided by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI), and the
European Environment Agency.
This information paper is divided into three main sections:
• Section 2 describes the methodology used
• Section 3 presents the results of the analysis
• Section 4 compares Australian data with European data.
Page 8 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
2.Methodology
The FCAI is the peak industry organisation representing the manufacturers and importers of passenger
vehicles, light commercial vehicles and motorcycles in Australia. The FCAI collates carbon dioxide emissions
intensity data from vehicle manufacturers. We entered the FCAI data into a database and analysed it. The
data contains the full records of annual sales for 2005–2015 comprising nearly 890,000 records representing
more than 10.6 million vehicles. These records consisted of:
• vehicle attributes: make, model, vehicle generation, body style, engine capacity, number of cylinders,
engine power, transmission type, gears, number of seats, gross vehicle mass (GVM), driven wheels,
country of origin, fuel type, carbon dioxide emissions intensity and fuel economy
• vehicle category: consistent with the classifications and definitions as described in Table 1
• sales data: sales by state and region and by type of buyer (that is, government, business or private).
Carbon dioxide emissions intensity for vehicles is calculated using the method described in Vehicle Standard
(Australian Design Rule 81/02 – fuel consumption labelling for light vehicles) and expressed in grams of
carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km).
We note that the FCAI data does not include sales data for vehicles manufactured by Tesla.
The NTC calculated the sales weighted average for vehicle emissions for different vehicle attributes,
categories and buyer types. A weighted average calculation is similar to an arithmetic average (the most
common type of average), but instead of each data point contributing equally to the final average, some
data points contribute more than others. In this case, the average was weighted to vehicle sales.
Electric vehicles with emissions of 0 g/km have been excluded when calculating sales weighted averages.
Although electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions, the electricity that fuels these vehicles may produce
emissions depending on how it is generated.
The light vehicles are classified into three main classes by the FCAI: passenger motor vehicles, sports
utility vehicles (SUVs) and light trucks. These classes are then broken down into segments. For example,
the segments of SUVs are small, medium, large and upper large. Table 1 presents the classifications and
definitions. The FCAI introduced a new segment called ‘micro’ in 2014.
This information paper uses the following definitions:
• passenger vehicles: passenger motor vehicles and SUVs
• light commercial vehicles: light trucks.
Information paper – 2016 | Page 9
Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions
Passenger motor vehicles
Sports utility vehicles (SUVs)
Light trucks
Passenger vehicles are
classified dependent on size,
specification and average retail
pricing. Vehicle size is based on
wheelbase × track, but it is not an
exclusive criteria for determining
segmentation. Passenger and
SUV sub-segments based on
price banding (weighted average
recommended retail price
including factory-fitted options)
have been introduced to further
define the passenger vehicle
market into competitive sets.
Vehicles classified as SUVs meet
the FCAI criteria for classifying
SUV vehicles based on a 2/4
door wagon body style and
elevated ride height. Vehicles
typically will feature some form of
4WD or all-wheel drive; however,
where a 2WD variant of a model
is available it will be included in
the appropriate segment to that
model.
Vehicles designed principally for
commercial use but may include
designs intended for noncommercial use.
Micro
Small
Light bus (< 20 seats)
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint < 6,300
< 8,100
8+ seats, but less than 20 seats
Light
Medium
Light bus
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint range 6,301–7,500
8,101–8,800
20+ seats
Small
Large
Van/cab chassis ≤ 2.5t
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint range 7,501–8,300
8,801–9,800
Blind/window vans and cab
chassis
≤ 2.5 t GVM
Medium
Upper large
Van/cab chassis > 2.5–3.5t
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint range 8,301–9,000
> 9,801
Blind/window vans and cab
chassis 2.5–3.5 t GVM
Large
Pick-up/chassis 4×2
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint range 9,001–9,500
Two driven wheels, normal control
(bonnet), utility, cab chassis, one
and a half cab and crew cab
Upper large
Pick-up/chassis 4×4
Hatch, sedan or wagon with a
footprint range > 9,501
Four driven wheels, normal control
(bonnet), utility, cab chassis, one
and a half cab and crew cab
People movers
Wagon for passenger usage,
seating capacity > 5 people
Sports
Car, coupe, convertible or roadster
Note: These parameters are indicative only; exceptions do occur based on market focus and other subjective criteria. They are largely based on the
specifications listed and are reflective of the volume-selling variant where crossover occurs.
Source: FCAI 2016
Page 10 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Carbon dioxide emissions intensity per kilometre is directly related to vehicle fuel consumption values.
Table 2 provides fuel consumption figures and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity for
petrol and diesel.
Another way to relate carbon dioxide emissions intensity to fuel is per litre of fuel consumed. For example,
1 L of petrol will produce about 2.3 kg of carbon dioxide and 1 L of diesel will produce about 2.7 kg of
carbon dioxide.
Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity
Fuel consumption
(litres per 100 kilometres)
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Petrol
Diesel
3
68
80
4
91
107
5
114
134
6
137
160
7
160
187
8
182
214
9
205
240
10
228
267
11
251
294
12
274
321
13
297
347
14
319
374
15
342
401
16
365
427
17
388
454
18
411
481
19
433
508
20
456
534
CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre.
Source: Department of Climate Change 2009.
To help get a frame of reference for carbon dioxide emissions intensity from vehicles, Figure 1 shows carbon
dioxide emissions from the top 10 selling vehicles in Australia during 2015. Figure 1 also contains the six
lowest emitting vehicle models (two electric vehicles have zero carbon dioxide tailpipe emissions but may
contribute carbon dioxide emissions elsewhere depending on the nature of their source power) and the
highest emitting model.
During 2015 the Volkswagen Group confirmed when reporting carbon dioxide emissions intensity in Europe
data on some models was incorrectly stated (European Environment Agency 2015). Volkswagen Group
Australia has confirmed no Australian vehicles are affected by this issue (Volkswagen Group Australia 2015).
Information paper – 2016 | Page 11
Figure 1: Average emissions intensity for top 10 selling vehicles in Australia plus other
selected models, 2015
500
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Top 5 models for lowest emissions
Top 10 models
Model with highest emissions
Page 12 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Ferrari 458 Spider
Mitsubishi Triton
Toyota Camry
Volkswagen Golf
Ford Ranger
Mazda CX5
Toyota Hilux 4x4
Holden Commodore
Hyundai i30
Mazda 3
Toyota Corolla
BMW i8
Mitsubishi Outlander
Holden Volt
BMW i3 REX
0
BMW i3/Nissan Leaf
50
3. Australian emissions intensity
Across all new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in 2015, the national average carbon dioxide
emissions intensity was 184 g/km (Figure 2). This is a 1.9 per cent reduction from 2014. Since 2002 there
has been an overall reduction of 27 per cent in carbon dioxide emissions intensity. Additional data on the
annual average emissions intensity is provided in Table 6 in the appendix.
Figure 2: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial
vehicles, 2002–2015
National average emissions intensity (g/km)
300
250
252
250
247
241
200
230
226
222
219
213
207
199
192
188
184
150
100
50
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Vehicle manufacturers
In 2015 there were 50 makes of new vehicles available to Australian consumers. Ninety per cent of all new
vehicle sales were from 15 makes. The average corporate carbon dioxide emissions intensity of these
market-leading makes largely determines the national average emissions intensity. Table 7 in the appendix
contains more detail on average emissions intensity for all makes sold in Australia.
Figure 3 shows the corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the top 15 makes in 2015
(data for all vehicle makes is provided in Table 7 in the appendix). Audi and BMW had the lowest corporate
average carbon dioxide emissions intensity (149 g/km), and Jeep had the highest (223 g/km).
“Average corporate carbon dioxide emissions” refers to the average intensity of emissions determined
through testing conducted by manufacturers and reported in line with corporate reporting protocols.
Information paper – 2016 | Page 13
Figure 3: Corporate average emissions intensity for the top 15 makes by volume, 2015
154
155
157
190
191
Nissan
149
178
Kia
150
149
177
182
Subaru
200
Mitsubishi
210
Hyundai
Corporate average emissions intensity (g/km)
250
217
223
199
162
100
50
Jeep
Holden
Ford
Toyota
Honda
Mazda
Volkswagen
Mercedes-Benz
Audi
BMW
0
Figure 4 shows the change in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity between 2014 and
2015 for the highest selling 15 makes. Nissan had a 5.5 per cent reduction in average corporate emissions
intensity. Ford’s average carbon dioxide emissions intensity increased by 2.5 per cent.
1.1
1
Percentage difference (%)
Ford
2.5
2.0
2
0.5
0
-0.4
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.3
-1.1
-2.5
-3
-3.7
-4
-3.6
-3.5
-4.3
-5
-6
Kia
Hyundai
Holden
Jeep
Mitsubishi
Subaru
Toyota
BMW
Volkswagen
Mercedes-Benz
Honda
Audi
Mazda
3
Nissan
Figure 4: Change in corporate average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the
top 15 makes by volume
-5.5
Page 14 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
1.1
Australian-made vehicles
Ford Australia, GM Holden and Toyota Australia are Australia’s three car manufacturers. In 2015 the average
carbon dioxide emissions value for all Australian-made light vehicles was 208 g/km. This is a 1.1 per cent
reduction when compared with 2014.
Figure 5 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the Australian-made light vehicles by
make in 2015. Toyota had the lowest emissions intensity (176 g/km), followed by Holden (220 g/km) and
Ford (233 g/km).
The average carbon dioxide emissions for Toyota’s Australian-made vehicles is below the overall national
average of 184 g/km. Additional data on Australian car manufacturers is provided in Table 8 in the appendix.
Figure 5: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015
250
233
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
220
200
176
150
100
50
0
Toyota
Holden
Ford
Information paper – 2016 | Page 15
Figure 6 shows that in 2015 both Ford and Toyota improved their average carbon dioxide emissions intensity
for their Australian-made vehicles at 2.5 per cent and 0.6 per cent respectively. Holden’s average emissions
for its Australian-made vehicles increased by 1.5 per cent. Additional data on Australian-made light vehicle
makes and models is provided in Table 9 in the appendix.
Figure 6: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles between
2014 and 2015
2.0
Ford
Toyota
Holden
1.5
1.5
Percentage difference (%)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-0.6
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-2.5
-3.0
The range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by make are presented in
Figure 7. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines, and the ranges are represented by
the vertical lines.
Figure 7: Range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015
400
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Toyota
Holden
Page 16 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Ford
Figure 8 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity from Australian-made models in 2015.
The best performing Australian-made model was the Toyota Hybrid Camry (121 g/km), followed by the
Holden Cruze (173 g/km). The Holden Caprice (261 g/km) had the highest average emissions intensity.
Additional data on Australian car models is provided in Table 9 in the appendix.
Figure 8: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2015
300
239
235
Holden Commodore
Holden Utility
228
247
234
215
200
173
183
150
121
100
Holden Caprice
Ford Falcon Utility
Ford Falcon
Ford Territory
Toyota Aurion
Toyota Camry
0
Holden Cruze
50
Toyota Hybrid Camry
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
261
250
Information paper – 2016 | Page 17
Figure 9 shows the change in average emissions intensity for new Australian made vehicle models between
2014 and 2015. The Ford Falcon showed the greatest decrease in emissions intensity (5.3 per cent), while
the emissions intensity of the Holden Commodore increased by 1.6 per cent.
1.6
1
Percentage difference (%)
Holden Commodore
Toyota Camry
Toyota Hybrid Camry
Toyota Aurion
Holden Cruze
Ford Territory
Holden Utility
Holden Caprice
Ford Falcon Utility
2
Ford Falcon
Figure 9: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new Australian-made
vehicle models between 2014 and 2015
0.0
0
-0.7
-1
-0.5
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-2
-2.1
-3
-3.5
-4
-5
-5.3
-6
Page 18 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
0.0
Segment type
A segment analysis was conducted using the categories shown in Table 1.
Figure 10 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment during 2015. The lowest
emitting segment was ‘micro’ (121 g/km). ‘SUV upper large’ (277 g/km) was the highest. Additional segment
data, including the top 10 selling models for each segment, is provided in Tables 10 and 11 in the appendix.
SUVs as a segment grouping had a reduction of 3.5 per cent in average emissions intensity (193 g/km)
between 2014 and 2015.
Figure 10: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment, 2015
300
277
230
230
Pick-up/chassis 4x2
227
Pick-up/chassis 4x4
220
SUV large
179
218
People movers
162
174
SUV medium
153
150
168
Sports
200
216
Vans/cab chassis
250
242
138
121
100
50
SUV upper large
Light buses
Upper large
Large
SUV small
Medium
Small
Light
0
Micro
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
260
Information paper – 2016 | Page 19
Figure 11 shows the change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and
2015. In 2015 the ‘SUV small’ segment had the greatest improvement of 6.2 per cent, while the ‘light buses’
segment had the largest increase of average emissions intensity at 1.1 per cent.
Light buses
1.1
1
0.7
0.0
0
Percentage difference (%)
Sports
Large
People movers
Upper large
Medium
SUV medium
Small
SUV upper large
Vans/cab chassis
Micro
SUV large
Pick-up/chassis 4x4
Pick-up/chassis 4x2
Light
2
SUV small
Figure 11: Change in average emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015
-0.3
-1
-1.3
-2
-1.9
-2.4
-3
-1.9
-1.2
-1.7
-2.3
-3.1
-4
-4.6
-5
-6
-6.2
-7
Page 20 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
0.1
0.2
Figure 12 shows the average and the range in carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the segments during
2015. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the
vertical lines.
The ‘small’ segment had the lowest emissions intensity with the two fully electric vehicle models at 0 g/km:
the BMW i3 and the Nissan Leaf.
Figure 12: Range and average emissions intensity by segment, 2015
450
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
SUV Upper Large
Light buses
Upper Large
Pick-up/chassis 4x2
Pick-up/chassis 4x4
Large
SUV Large
People movers
Vans/Cab chassis
SUV Medium
Sports
SUV Small
Medium
Small
Light
Micro
0
If Australian consumers had purchased vehicles with best-in-class carbon dioxide emissions in 2015, the
national average carbon dioxide emissions would have been reduced to 82 g/km, a 55 per cent reduction.
This shows the potential emissions reduction that current vehicles and technology could achieve. It is
important to note that fully electric vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions were excluded from this analysis to
prevent the results being distorted.
Table 3 shows the best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity available for each segment.
Information paper – 2016 | Page 21
Table 3: Best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity for each segment, 2015
Best-in-class vehicle
emissions intensity
(g/km)
Segment
Make and model (fuel source)
Micro
Fiat 500 (petrol)
90
Light
Toyota Prius C (petrol–electric hybrid)
90
Small
BMW i3 and Nissan Leaf (electric)
0
BMX i3 REX (extended range electric)
13
Holden Volt
27
Medium
Mercedes-Benz C350E (petrol–electric hybrid)
56
Large
Audi A6 (petrol)
110
Upper large
Mercedes-Benz S300 BT (diesel–electric hybrid)
118
Sports
BMW i8 (petrol–electric hybrid)
49
BMW 220D coupe (diesel)
107
People mover
Citroën C4 Grand Picasso (diesel)
120
SUV small
Peugeot 2008 (diesel)
103
SUV medium
Mitsubishi Outlander (petrol–electric hybrid)
Land Rover Range Rover Evogue (diesel)
44
113
SUV large
BMW X5 xDrive 40e (petrol–electric hybrid)
77
SUV upper large
Land Rover Range Rover
169
Pick-up/chassis 4×2
Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel)
166
Pick-up/chassis 4×4
Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel)
172
Vans/cab chassis
Fiat Professional Doblo (diesel)
138
Light buses
Toyota Hiace
228
Additional data comparing the top 10 highest selling models in each segment against best-in-class vehicles
is provided in Table 11 in the appendix. Additional average emissions intensity data for all models that sold
more than 1,000 vehicles is provided in Table 12 in the appendix
Page 22 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Buyer type
Figure 13 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by buyer type. Vehicles bought by private
buyers had the lowest average carbon dioxide emissions intensity (178 g/km), followed by business buyers
(190 g/km) and government buyers (204 g/km). Additional data on buyer types is provided in Table 13 in
the appendix.
Figure 13: Average emissions intensity by buyer type, 2015
250
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
204
200
190
178
150
100
50
0
Private
Business
Government
Figure 14 shows the change in average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015. Private buyers
purchased vehicles representing a 2.2 per cent reduction in average emissions.
Figure 14: Change in average emissions intensity by buyer type between 2014 and 2015
0.0
Business
Private
Government
Percentage difference (%)
-0.5
-1.0
-1.3
-1.5
-1.6
-2.0
-2.2
-2.5
Information paper – 2016 | Page 23
The three buyer types can be broken down further:
• private: local delivery and overseas delivery
• government: Australian, state and local
• business: company capitalisation, dealer demonstrator, diplomatic, fleet, large fleet, not-for-profit
organisation, rental and taxi.
Figure 15 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for these buyers. The change in average
emissions intensity from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Figure 16. Additional data on the detailed buyer types is
provided in Table 14 in the appendix.
Figure 15: Average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type, 2015
209
Australian Government
Company Capitalisation
205
State Government
Dealer Demonstrator
193
202
Large Fleet
Rental
188
201
Local Government
181
201
Fleet
181
Private - Overseas Delivery
180
Not For Profit Organisation
178
Private – Local Delivery
150
176
Diplomatic
200
143
100
50
0
Taxi
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
250
Page 24 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Percentage difference (%)
6
-6
-4
-3.3
-3
-2.6
-2.3
-2
-2.2
-1
-0.9
0
-0.1
1
5
Taxi
Not For Profit Organisation
Rental
Dealer Demonstrator
Australian Government
State Government
Large Fleet
Private - Local Delivery
Company Capitalisation
Local Government
Fleet
Private - Overseas Delivery
Diplomatic
Figure 16: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014
and 2015
5.0
4
3
2
0.5
-0.9
-0.1
-2.0
-3.2
-5
-5.4
Information paper – 2016 | Page 25
The average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the detailed government buyers is shown in Figure 17.
The Australian Capital Territory government showed the lowest average emissions intensity (181 g/km) and
the Northern Territory local governments had the highest average emissions intensity (217 g/km).
The change in average emissions intensity from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Figure 18. The Australian Capital
Territory Government showed a reduction of 8.9 per cent, while the Tasmanian local governments
were the only jurisdictions to show an increase (0.6 per cent). Government buyers accounted for 3.7 per
cent of new vehicle sales in 2015. Additional data on government buyer types is provided in Table 15 in
the appendix.
Figure 17: Average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type, 2015
NSW government
NT local governments
SA government
NT government
NSW local governments
SA local governments
VIC local governments
QLD local governments
TAS local governments
QLD government
200
212
Australian government
197
211
VIC government
196
209
WA government
195
206
207
217
205
215
204
WA local governments
195
202
TAS government
200
181
150
100
50
0
ACT government
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
250
Page 26 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Percentage difference (%)
2
-9
-5
-6
-4
-3
-2
-2.1
-1.9
-1.8
-1.7
-1.6
-1.4
-1
-0.5
0
0.0
1
TAS local governments
QLD government
VIC government
WA local governments
SA local governments
WA government
NSW government
NT government
NT local governments
SA government
Australian government
NSW local governments
QLD local governments
VIC local governments
TAS government
ACT government
Figure 18: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type
between 2014 and 2015
0.6
0.0
-0.1
-1.1
-3.3
-5.1
-4.5
-7
-8
-10
-8.9
Information paper – 2016 | Page 27
Fuel type
Figure 19 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by fuel type for 2015. Electric vehicles (fully
electric and range extended electric) had the lowest average emissions intensity (41 g/km), followed by petrol
vehicles (173 g/km), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles (205 g/km) and diesel vehicles (210 g/km). There
were 942 fully electric vehicles sold in 2015, making up about 0.1 per cent of total light vehicles sold.
Figure 20 shows that electric vehicles had the largest decrease in emissions intensity between 2014 and
2015 (3.0 per cent). Petrol and diesel vehicles decreased by 2.0 and 1.5 per cent respectively. LPG vehicle
emissions intensity increased by 0.5 per cent. Additional data on fuel types is provided in Table 16 in the
appendix.
Figure 19: Average emissions intensity by fuel type, 2015
250
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
205
210
200
173
150
100
50
0
41
Electric
Petrol
LPG
Diesel
Figure 20: Change in average emissions intensity by fuel type between 2014 and 2015
1.0
Electric
Petrol
Diesel
0.5
Percentage difference (%)
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-1.5
-2.0
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
LPG
-3.0
-3.5
Page 28 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Green vehicles
As in previous reports, a ‘green’ vehicle has been defined as a vehicle with a carbon dioxide emissions
intensity not exceeding 120 g/km. In Australia, the proportion of green cars sold in 2015 was 4.7 per cent
of total sales (compared with 2.8 per cent in 2014). Figure 21 shows the growth of ‘green’ vehicle sales as a
proportion of total new light vehicle sales between 2008 and 2015.
There were 72 green car models available in Australia in 2015 (compared with 59 in 2014). Figure 22 shows
the growth in the number of green vehicle models available for sale between 2008 and 2015.
Table 17 in the appendix provides more detail on green vehicles sold in Australia in 2015
Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2015
5.0
4.7
Percentage of vehicles sold (%)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.0
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2015
80
72
Number of models available
70
59
60
50
45
37
40
30
26
20
11
10
0
14
7
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Information paper – 2016 | Page 29
4.Comparison of Australian
and European data
This section compares Australian and European data. There are different methods used worldwide to
calculate vehicle emissions. The three main methods are from Europe, Japan and the United States.
Each method can give a different emissions result when applied to the same vehicle.
Australia uses the European method. This makes the Australian data directly comparable with European
data. However, the published data from Europe separates passenger vehicles from light commercial
vehicles. The Australian information presented in section 3 is combined data covering passenger and light
commercial vehicles.
To enable comparisons between Australian and European data, we separated the Australian data into
passenger vehicle and light commercial vehicle groups as defined in section 1. The Australian groupings
are consistent with the European Commission Regulation (No 443/2009, Annex II).
We sourced the European data from the European Environment Agency.
As the data illustrates, emissions from new vehicles in the European countries analysed are lower than
Australia. There are a number of reasons for this including fewer measures in Australia to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions and emissions intensity. The European measures are shown in Table 4. A summary of
the European measures was published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2007).
Table 4: European measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions intensity from
motor vehicles
European measure
Effect of measure
High fuel prices through higher fuel taxes
Encourages consumers to purchase fuel-efficient vehicles
to lower running costs
European consumers purchase more small vehicles
compared with Australian consumers
European consumers prefer manual transmission
vehicles, whereas Australian consumers prefer automatic
transmissions
Low diesel taxes compared with petrol taxes
Encourages consumers to purchase diesel vehicles to
reduce running costs
Regulating carbon dioxide emissions from motor
vehicles (passenger vehicle standards are being
phased in from 2012, with full implementation
from 2015)
Provides manufacturers with targets for emissions
reductions
Vehicle excise duties
Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide–
emitting vehicles
Direct cash incentives for consumers to purchase
low carbon dioxide vehicles
Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide
vehicles as it lowers the purchase price of the vehicle
Consumer information on vehicles
Provides information to consumers about relative carbon
dioxide efficiency and the annual running costs of new
vehicles
Consumer information in printed advertisements
Provides information to consumers about relative carbon
dioxide efficiency and the annual running costs of new
vehicles
Page 30 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 5 gives separated emissions data for passenger and light commercial vehicles. The average carbon
dioxide emissions intensity for passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia during 2015
was 175 g/km and 229 g/km respectively.
Table 5: Average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2014
and 2015
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Groupings
2014
2015
Passenger vehicles
177
175
–1.5
Light commercial vehicles
235
229
–2.5
Annual change (%)
The rest of this section compares Australian and European carbon dioxide emissions intensity data for
passenger and light commercial vehicles separately. As the latest European Environment Agency data is from
2014, this is the year we used to do the comparisons.
Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by country
The breakdown for average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country for
2014 is shown in Figure 23. The average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in Europe was
124 g/km compared with Australia’s average of 177 g/km – 43 per cent higher than the European average.
In 2014 European emissions intensity ranged from 107 g/km in the Netherlands to 140 g/km in Estonia
(65 per cent and 26 per cent lower than Australia respectively).
European average emissions intensity reduced by 2.4 per cent between 2013 and 2014. For the same
period, Australia’s average emissions intensity fell by 2.8 per cent (see Table 18 in the appendix). The
European countries that showed the highest annual reductions were Croatia (9.5 per cent) and Cyprus
(7.3 per cent). Additional European data is provided in Table 18 in the appendix.
Figure 23: Average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country, 2014
177
200
140
140
135
135
133
132
132
131
131
131
129
129
128
128
127
124
121
121
119
118
117
115
115
114
110
109
108
120
107
140
124
160
100
80
60
40
20
0
Netherlands
Greece
Portugal
Denmark
France
Croatia
Malta
Ireland
Italy
Spain
Belgium
Slovenia
Europe
United Kingdom
Austria
Finland
Romania
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Sweden
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Germany
Poland
Hungary
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Latvia
Estonia
Australia
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
180
Information paper – 2016 | Page 31
Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by make
Figure 24 shows corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make
for Europe and Australia in 2014. Vehicles have been grouped in a way that makes comparisons possible.
The groupings are shown in Table 19 in the appendix.
Corporate average emissions intensity in European countries range from 108 g/km for Renault to 178 g/km
for Jaguar Land Rover. The range of corporate average emissions in Australia was from 153 g/km for BMW
and Škoda to 202 g/km for Jaguar Land Rover. Additional data is provided in Table 20 in the appendix.
Figure 24: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for
Europe and Australia, 2014
250
Europe
202
131
131
Audi
Daimler
172
178
131
BMW
153
130
Opel
159
198
128
Mazda
126
125
124
161
160
193
184
177
187
124
121
116
115
113
113
111
110
108
150
121
153
180
183
183
185
173
165
182
200
100
Page 32 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Jaguar Land Rover
Volvo
Kia
All makes
Volkswagen
Ford
Škoda
Fiat
Nissan
Hyundai
Toyota
Citroën
0
Peugeot
50
Renault
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Australia
Figure 25 shows the differences between the corporate average emissions intensity for passenger vehicle
makes sold in Australia compared with Europe. The smallest difference in corporate average emissions was
for Jaguar Land Rover (13 per cent higher in Australia), while the largest difference was for Renault (69 per
cent higher in Australia).
Figure 25: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in
Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
64
Toyota
56
Citroën
64
55
55
Fiat
51
Opel
53
50
43
47
50
Peugeot
60
30
31
Daimler
26
Škoda
Volkswagen
25
13
20
15
21
30
Mazda
40
10
Renault
Hyundai
Ford
Volvo
Kia
All makes
Audi
BMW
0
Jaguar/Land Rover
Percentage difference (%)
62
70
Nissan
69
80
Information paper – 2016 | Page 33
Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by country
Figure 26 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles in Europe
was 171 g/km in 2014. The average Australian emissions intensity was 235 g/km – 37 per cent higher than
Europe. Additional data is provided in Table 21 in the appendix.
Figure 26: Average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles by country, 2014
193
235
191
Slovakia
184
Czech Republic
181
Austria
190
180
United Kingdom
185
179
Finland
Germany
179
Belgium
Luxembourg
176
178
172
Lithuania
178
171
Romania
Estonia
170
Europe
Hungary
169
Poland
Sweden
169
158
Cyprus
167
157
Ireland
157
Italy
Netherlands
156
Spain
Greece
167
155
Latvia
152
France
149
Denmark
145
150
Bulgaria
200
Portugal
100
0
Page 34 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Australia
50
Slovenia
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
250
Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by make
Figure 27 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by make for Europe and Australia. Citroën
and Peugeot had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles in both
Europe and Australia. Peugeot’s average emissions intensity was 147 g/km in Europe and 176 g/km in
Australia, while Citroën’s were 148 g/km in Europe and 157g/km in Australia.
Mercedes-Benz had the highest average emissions intensity in Europe and Australia at 200 g/km and
199 g/km respectively. Ford and Nissan had the highest average emissions intensity in Australia with
241 g/km. Additional data is provided in Table 22 in the appendix
158
199
200
184
180
175
173
195
205
149
157
148
147
150
176
200
100
50
Mercedes-Benz
Nissan
Volkswagen
Ford
General Motors
Fiat
Renault
Citroën
0
Peugeot
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Australia
204
Europe
241
235
250
241
Figure 27: Differences in average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in
Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
Information paper – 2016 | Page 35
Figure 28 shows the difference in the emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles between Europe and
Australia for 2014. When comparing Australia with Europe, Mercedes-Benz had average emissions that were
1 per cent lower, and Ford’s average emissions were 38 per cent higher.
Figure 28: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new light commercial
vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014
40
36
37
38
35
31
Percentage difference (%)
30
24
25
19
20
15
13
10
6
5
0
Page 36 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Ford
Renault
General Motors
Nissan
Fiat
Peugeot
Volkswagen
Citroën
-1
Mercedes-Benz
-5
References
Department of Climate Change (2009). National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors, June, Canberra.
European Environment Agency (EEA) 2015, Monitoring CO2 emissions from new passenger cars and
vans in 2014, EEA, Copenhagen.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport 2007, Cutting transport CO2 emissions. What progress?,
Paris.
Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) 2016, FCAI segmentation criteria, viewed 28 January
2016, <www.fcai.com.au/sales/segmentation-criteria>.
Volkswagen Australia Group 2015, Media release (No: 432/2015), viewed 22 February 2015,
<http://volkswagendieselinfo.com.au/Content/Document/Volkswagen-CO2-Release.pdf>.
Information paper – 2016 | Page 37
Appendix
This appendix provides tables containing the data used in this report. Due to rounding, actual rates of annual
change may vary slightly from the values presented in tables in this section.
Table 6: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial
vehicles, 2002–2015
Year
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
Annual change (%)
2002
252.4
n/a
2003
249.5
–1.1
2004
246.5
–1.2
2005
240.5
–2.4
2006
230.3
–4.2
2007
226.4
–1.7
2008
222.4
–1.8
2009
218.6
–1.7
2010
212.6
–2.7
2011
206.6
–2.8
2012
199
–3.7
2013
192.2
–3.4
2014
187.8
–2.3
2015
184.2
–1.9
Page 38 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made
makes, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Toyota
201
199
–1.1
203,274
206,005
Mazda
164
157
–4.3
100,704
114,024
Holden
214
217
1.1
106,092
102,951
Hyundai
175
177
1.1
100,011
102,004
Mitsubishi
191
190
–0.3
68,637
71,743
Ford
205
210
2.5
79,051
69,659
Nissan
202
191
–5.5
65,852
65,926
Volkswagen
159
155
–2.5
54,480
59,806
Subaru*
178
178
–0.4
40,502
43,600
Honda
168
162
–3.6
32,998
40,100
Kia
179
182
2.0
28,005
33,736
Mercedes-Benz
160
154
–3.5
28,017
32,727
BMW
151
149
–1.5
22,713
24,975
Jeep
222
223
0.5
30,408
24,418
Audi
155
149
–3.7
19,227
23,088
Isuzu Ute
219
216
–1.3
16,674
20,984
Suzuki
156
153
–1.3
17,422
19,086
Land Rover
207
198
–4.1
10,106
11,885
Renault
174
153
–12.3
8,923
10,014
Lexus
185
181
–1.9
7,000
8,691
Volvo Car
193
172
–10.4
4,693
4,943
Škoda
144
139
–3.2
3,853
4,750
Porsche
200
195
–2.7
2,812
4,090
Peugeot
163
145
–11.1
4,394
4,000
Fiat
156
158
0.9
5,758
3,945
MINI
138
131
–5.4
2,570
3,342
Alfa Romeo
135
139
3.2
2,498
1,577
Jaguar
198
164
–16.7
1,167
1,292
Dodge
242
242
0.0
1,547
1,184
Citroën
158
144
–9.2
1,307
1,106
Make
Sales
2014
2015
Information paper – 2016 | Page 39
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Foton Light
218
218
0.0
537
1,065
Ssangyong
203
206
1.5
1,280
1,000
Chrysler
244
248
1.8
1,657
925
LDV
233
250
7.1
214
767
Infiniti
211
213
0.7
441
574
Maserati
266
256
–3.8
401
519
Proton
178
188
5.5
814
421
Fiat Professional
195
170
–13.2
303
293
Chery
190
191
0.6
592
201
Ferrari
352
288
–18.0
113
167
Bentley
280
278
–0.7
135
158
Great Wall
231
236
2.2
2,637
142
Aston Martin
331
319
–3.5
107
130
Lamborghini
331
309
–6.5
27
84
Smart
113
112
–0.3
108
76
Lotus
198
191
–3.2
61
48
McLaren*
278
278
–0.2
26
36
Rolls-Royce
329
330
0.2
39
30
Morgan
181
193
6.6
16
21
Caterham
170
144
–15.5
3
1
Opel
167
–
n/a
746
–
Total
188
184
–1.9
1,080,952
1,122,309
Make
Sales
2014
2015
* Due to rounding, average emissions intensity appear the same for 2014 and 2015. However, the percentage change considers the unrounded figure.
Page 40 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 8: Average emissions and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Holden
217
220
1.5
54,299
47,989
Toyota
177
176
–0.6
27,207
31,960
Ford
239
233
–2.5
18,962
17,494
Australian-made
210
208
–1.1
100,468
97,443
Make
Sales
2014
2015
Table 9: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models,
2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Holden Commodore
236
239
1.6
30,203
27,770
Toyota Camry
183
183
0.0
16,758
21,773
Holden Cruze
174
173
–0.5
17,282
13,959
Ford Territory
229
228
–0.5
9,828
8,902
Ford Falcon
247
234
–5.3
6,349
5,938
Toyota Hybrid Camry
121
121
0.0
5,286
5,881
Holden Utility
237
235
–0.7
5,596
4,936
Toyota Aurion
215
215
0.0
5,163
4,306
Ford Falcon Utility
256
247
–3.5
2,785
2,654
Holden Caprice
266
261
–2.1
1,218
1,324
Total
210
208
–1.1
100,468
97,443
Make and model
Sales
2014
2015
Information paper – 2016 | Page 41
Table 10: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by segment, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Small
155
153
–1.3
250,354
232,939
SUV medium
182
179
–1.2
125,222
144,937
SUV large
225
220
–2.3
127,820
139,734
Pick-up/chassis 4x4
236
230
–2.4
133,566
134,003
Light
144
138
–4.6
108,546
111,954
SUV small
179
168
–6.2
87,237
111,275
Medium*
162
162
–0.3
71,405
78,123
Large*
227
227
0.2
47,387
43,940
Pick-up/chassis 4x2
238
230
–3.1
41,807
40,657
Sports
173
174
0.7
23,805
22,905
Vans/cab chassis
220
216
1.9
19,203
20,993
SUV upper large
281
277
–1.7
12,068
12,525
People movers
217
218
0.1
10,220
11,946
Micro
124
121
–1.9
15,828
10,717
Upper large
242
242
0.0
3,869
2,976
Light buses
257
260
1.1
2,615
2,685
Total
188
184
–1.9
1,080,952
1,122,309
Segment
Sales
2014
2015
* Due to rounding, average emissions intensity appear the same for 2014 and 2015. However, the percentage change considers the unrounded figure.
NOTE: Due to segment criteria changes, 2014 data published in the Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2014 varies to
the 2014 data listed in this table.
Page 42 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 11: Top selling models within segments, 2015
Segment
Micro
Light
Small
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
MIRAGE
3,882
110
22
90
500
2,040
122
36
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
1
Mitsubishi
2
Fiat
3
Holden
BARINA SPARK
1,450
136
52
4
Suzuki
CELERIO
1,399
111
24
5
Nissan
MICRA
1,243
151
68
6
Suzuki
ALTO
275
119
32
7
Fiat
PANDA
230
100
11
8
Fiat
ABARTH
118
154
72
9
Smart
C451
71
112
24
10
Smart
A451
5
116
29
1
Mazda
200
14,511
121
34
2
Toyota
YARIS
14,457
145
62
3
Suzuki
SWIFT
10,921
145
61
4
Hyundai
ACCENT
10,912
147
64
5
Hyundai
I20
9,930
149
66
6
Honda
JAZZ
9,845
144
60
7
Volkswagen
POLO
9,694
114
27
8
Kia
RIO
7,096
146
62
9
Holden
BARINA
5,999
168
87
10
Ford
FIESTA
4,526
133
48
1
Toyota
COROLLA
42,073
153
1078
2
Mazda
300
38,644
138
963
3
Hyundai
I30
32,306
165
1171
4
Volkswagen
GOLF
22,092
133
921
5
Holden
CRUZE
15,222
173
1231
6
Kia
CERATO YD
10,157
170
1210
7
Mitsubishi
LANCER
8,527
180
1284
8
Nissan
PULSAR
8,505
164
1162
9
Hyundai
ELANTRA
8,346
168
1193
10
Ford
FOCUS
7,112
153
1075
Model
Fiat 500 (petrol)
90
Toyota Prius C
(petrol–electric
hybrid)
13
BMW i3 REX
(range extended
electric).
Fully electric
BMW i3 and
Nissan Leaf are
also available at
0 g/km
Information paper – 2016 | Page 43
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
56
Segment
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
Medium
1
Toyota
CAMRY
21,773
183
227
2
Toyota
CAMRY HYBRID
5,881
121
116
3
Mazda
600
5,276
152
171
4
Subaru
LIBERTY
4,097
182
226
5
Mercedes-Benz
C250
3,286
138
146
6
Mercedes-Benz
C200
3,100
138
146
7
Audi
A4
2,376
146
162
8
Volkswagen
PASSAT
2,292
148
164
9
Škoda
OCTAVIA
2,128
135
142
10
Ford
MONDEO
2,120
157
180
1
Holden
COMMODORE
27,770
239
112
2
Ford
FALCON
5,938
234
107
3
Toyota
AURION
4,306
215
90
4
Hyundai
GENESIS
540
261
131
5
Jaguar
XF
487
180
59
6
Audi
A6
485
139
23
7
Mercedes-Benz
E250
464
148
31
8
BMW
520D
432
115
2
9
Maserati
GHIBLI
345
225
99
10
Peugeot
508
341
150
33
1
Holden
CAPRICE
1,324
261
137
2
Chrysler
300 LX
880
248
126
3
Mercedes-Benz
S350 BLUETEC
107
159
45
4
Mercedes-Benz
S400L
75
184
67
5
Maserati
QUATTROPORTE
59
238
116
6
Porsche
970
56
195
77
7
Audi
A8
51
162
47
8
Bentley
FLYING SPUR
50
297
170
9
BMW
740I
48
175
59
10
Jaguar
XJ
47
199
81
Large
Upper
large
Model
Page 44 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Mercedes-Benz
C350E
(petrol–electric
hybrid)
113
Mercedes-Benz
E300BTH
(diesel–electric
hybrid)
110
Audi A6
(petrol)
Segment
People
movers
Sports
SUV small
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
CARNIVAL YP
3,480
242
102
120
ODYSSEY
2,836
181
51
IMAX
1,939
253
111
TARAGO
907
215
79
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
1
Kia
2
Honda
3
Hyundai
4
Toyota
5
Volkswagen
MULTIVAN
819
218
82
6
Ssangyong
STAVIC
360
209
74
7
Citroën
C4 GRAND
PICASSO
254
120
0
8
Mercedes-Benz
VALENTE
240
182
52
9
Kia
RONDO RP
204
179
49
10
Mercedes-Benz
V-CLASS
201
166
38
1
Toyota
86
3,006
173
184
2
Hyundai
VELOSTER
2,685
169
177
3
Mazda
MX5
917
150
147
4
Holden
ASTRA
763
182
198
5
Mercedes-Benz
C180 COUPE
694
160
162
6
Audi
A3
691
122
99
7
Subaru
BRZ
607
174
184
8
Audi
TT
599
148
143
9
Mercedes-Benz
E250
592
146
139
10
Audi
A5
562
150
146
1
Hyundai
IX35
15,227
206
100
2
Mitsubishi
ASX
13,557
173
68
3
Mazda
CX3
12,656
148
44
4
Honda
HR-V
10,899
156
52
5
Nissan
QASHQAI
10,556
157
53
6
Subaru
XV
7,168
163
58
7
Holden
TRAX
6,350
175
70
8
Volkswagen
TIGUAN
6,334
183
78
9
Audi
Q3
3,415
148
43
10
Nissan
JUKE
2,614
149
44
Model
Citroën C4
Grand Picasso
(diesel)
61
BMW i8
(range extended
electric)
103
Peugeot 2008
(diesel)
Information paper – 2016 | Page 45
Segment
SUV
medium
SUV large
SUV upper
large
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
44
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
1
Mazda
CX5
25,136
159
261
2
Toyota
RAV4
18,435
182
314
3
Nissan
XTRAIL
17,971
184
318
4
Subaru
FORESTER
12,029
182
314
5
Mitsubishi
OUTLANDER
10,884
154
249
6
Honda
CR-V
8,608
188
327
7
Kia
SPORTAGE SLE
7,578
198
351
8
Jeep
CHEROKEE
6,156
216
390
9
Holden
CAPTIVA 5
5,628
217
393
10
Hyundai
TUCSON
5,390
182
315
1
Toyota
PRADO
15,255
222
188
2
Toyota
KLUGER
13,955
241
213
3
Jeep
GRAND
CHEROKEE
11,964
230
198
4
Subaru
OUTBACK
10,927
177
130
5
Holden
CAPTIVA 7
10,239
229
197
6
Ford
TERRITORY
8,902
228
196
7
Hyundai
SANTA FE
6,760
193
150
8
Nissan
PATHFINDER
6,433
234
203
9
Isuzu Ute
MU-X
6,344
218
184
10
Mitsubishi
PAJERO
5,046
239
210
1
Toyota
LANDCRUISER
9,202
274
62
2
Nissan
PATROL
1,875
314
86
3
Mercedes-Benz
GL350 BT
620
199
18
4
Land Rover
RANGE ROVER
396
242
43
5
Lexus
LX570
193
346
105
6
Mercedes-Benz
GL500
54
269
59
7
Mercedes-Benz
GL63 AMG
53
288
70
8
Mercedes-Benz
G63 AMG
41
322
91
9
Infiniti
QX80
37
350
107
10
Mercedes-Benz
GL500 BE
29
269
59
Model
Page 46 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Mitsubishi
Outlander
(petrol–electric
hybrid)
77
BMW X5
xDrive 40e
(petrol–electric
hybrid)
169
Land Rover
Range Rover
Evogue (diesel)
Segment
Pick-up/
chassis
4×2
Pick-up/
chassis
4×4
Vans/cab
chassis
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
HILUX 4×2
9,222
249
50
166
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
1
Toyota
2
Ford
RANGER
5,749
219
32
3
Holden
HOLDEN
UTILITY
4,936
235
42
4
Mitsubishi
TRITON
4,543
225
36
5
Isuzu Ute
D-MAX
3,339
215
30
6
Mazda
B32
2,827
232
40
7
Ford
FALCON
2,654
247
49
8
Holden
COLORADO
2,557
238
44
9
Mazda
B22
1,993
211
27
10
Nissan
NP300 NAVARA
1,499
186
12
1
Toyota
HILUX 4×4
25,939
223
30
2
Ford
RANGER
23,436
240
39
3
Mitsubishi
TRITON
20,795
216
26
4
Holden
COLORADO
15,963
236
37
5
Isuzu Ute
D-MAX
11,301
215
25
6
Mazda
B32
8,680
242
41
7
Volkswagen
AMAROK
7,630
216
26
8
Nissan
NP300 NAVARA
6,943
181
5
9
Toyota
LANDCRUISER
6,544
308
79
10
Nissan
NAVARA
5,329
253
47
1
Toyota
HIACE
7,351
240
74
2
Hyundai
ILOAD
4,597
247
79
3
Volkswagen
CADDY VAN
1,755
150
9
4
Volkswagen
TRANSPORTER
1,346
207
50
5
Renault
KANGOO
1,177
169
22
6
Renault
TRAFIC
1,070
177
28
7
Ford
TRANSIT
CUSTOM
1,059
188
36
8
Mercedes-Benz
VITO
977
185
34
9
Suzuki
APV
527
190
38
10
LDV
V80
390
233
69
Model
Nissan Navara
NP300
(diesel)
172
Nissan Navara
NP300 (diesel)
138
Fiat
Professional
Doblo
(diesel)
Information paper – 2016 | Page 47
Segment
Light
buses
Selling
rank
within
segment
Make
1
LDV
2
Toyota
Sales
Average
emissions
intensity
(g/km)
Difference in
average emissions
intensity
compared with
best-in-class
model (%)
Best-in-class
emissions
(g/km)*
V80 BUS
51
233
2
228
HIACE
2,634
261
14
Toyota Hiace
(diesel)
Model
* Best-in-class excludes fully electric vehicles and is not average sales weighted emissions.
Note: For all segments except light buses, the top 10 selling vehicles are shown.
Page 48 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 12: Average emissions intensity for models with a sales volume greater than 1,000
vehicles, 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
COROLLA
153
42,073
Mazda
3
138
38,644
3
Hyundai
I30
165
32,306
4
Holden
COMMODORE
239
27,770
5
Toyota
HILUX 4×4
223
25,939
6
Mazda
CX5
159
25,136
7
Ford
RANGER
240
23,436
8
Volkswagen
GOLF
133
22,092
9
Toyota
CAMRY
183
21,773
10
Mitsubishi
TRITON
216
20,795
11
Toyota
RAV4
182
18,435
12
Nissan
XTRAIL
184
17,971
13
Holden
COLORADO
236
15,963
14
Toyota
PRADO
222
15,255
15
Hyundai
IX35
206
15,227
16
Holden
CRUZE
173
15,222
17
Mazda
2
121
14,511
18
Toyota
YARIS
145
14,457
19
Toyota
KLUGER
241
13,955
20
Mitsubishi
ASX
173
13,557
21
Mazda
CX3
148
12,656
22
Subaru
FORESTER
182
12,029
23
Jeep
GRAND CHEROKEE
230
11,964
24
Isuzu Ute
D-MAX
215
11,301
25
Subaru
OUTBACK
177
10,927
26
Suzuki
SWIFT
145
10,921
27
Hyundai
ACCENT
147
10,912
28
Honda
HR-V
156
10,899
29
Mitsubishi
OUTLANDER
154
10,884
30
Nissan
QASHQAI
157
10,556
31
Holden
CAPTIVA 7
229
10,239
32
Kia
CERATO YD
170
10,157
Rank
Make
Model
1
Toyota
2
Information paper – 2016 | Page 49
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
I20
149
9,930
Honda
JAZZ
144
9,845
35
Volkswagen
POLO
114
9,694
36
Toyota
HILUX 4×2
249
9,222
37
Toyota
LANDCRUISER
274
9,202
38
Ford
TERRITORY
228
8,902
39
Mazda
B32
242
8,680
40
Honda
CR-V
188
8,608
41
Mitsubishi
LANCER
180
8,527
42
Nissan
PULSAR
164
8,505
43
Hyundai
ELANTRA
168
8,346
44
Volkswagen
AMAROK
216
7,630
45
Kia
SPORTAGE SLE
198
7,578
46
Toyota
HIACE
240
7,351
47
Subaru
XV
163
7,168
48
Ford
FOCUS
153
7,112
49
Kia
RIO
146
7,096
50
Nissan
NP300 NAVARA
181
6,943
51
Hyundai
SANTA FE
193
6,760
52
Toyota
LANDCRUISER
308
6,544
53
Nissan
PATHFINDER
234
6,433
54
Holden
TRAX
175
6,350
55
Isuzu Ute
MU-X
218
6,344
56
Volkswagen
TIGUAN
183
6,334
57
Jeep
CHEROKEE
216
6,156
58
Holden
BARINA
168
5,999
59
Ford
FALCON
234
5,938
60
Toyota
CAMRY HYBRID
121
5,881
61
Ford
RANGER
219
5,749
62
Holden
CAPTIVA 5
217
5,628
63
Hyundai
TUCSON
182
5,390
64
Nissan
NAVARA
253
5,329
65
Mazda
6
152
5,276
66
Subaru
IMPREZA
158
5,221
Rank
Make
Model
33
Hyundai
34
Page 50 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
PAJERO
239
5,046
Holden
HOLDEN UTILITY
235
4,936
69
Hyundai
ILOAD
247
4,597
70
Mitsubishi
TRITON
225
4,543
71
Ford
FIESTA
133
4,526
72
Ford
KUGA
175
4,344
73
Toyota
AURION
215
4,306
74
Subaru
LIBERTY
182
4,097
75
Mitsubishi
MIRAGE
110
3,882
76
Audi
A3
117
3,823
77
Audi
Q5
173
3,724
78
Subaru
WRX
216
3,551
79
Kia
CARNIVAL YP
242
3,480
80
Audi
Q3
148
3,415
81
Mazda
CX9
258
3,384
82
Isuzu Ute
D-MAX
215
3,339
83
Mercedes-Benz
C250
138
3,286
84
Mercedes-Benz
C200
138
3,100
85
Holden
COLORADO 7
252
3,044
86
Toyota
86
173
3,006
87
Land Rover
DISCOVERY
230
2,915
88
Land Rover
RR SPORT
202
2,861
89
Honda
ODYSSEY
181
2,836
90
Mazda
B32
232
2,827
91
Renault
CLIO
125
2,767
92
Mitsubishi
CHALLENGER
253
2,741
93
Hyundai
VELOSTER
169
2,685
94
MINI
COOPER
122
2,682
95
Ford
FALCON
247
2,654
96
Toyota
HIACE
261
2,634
97
Nissan
JUKE
149
2,614
98
Volkswagen
TOUAREG
197
2,568
99
Holden
COLORADO
238
2,557
100
Volkswagen
JETTA
149
2,541
Rank
Make
Model
67
Mitsubishi
68
Information paper – 2016 | Page 51
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
COMPASS
195
2,516
Honda
CITY
133
2,471
103
Ford
ECOSPORT
150
2,453
104
BMW
X5 XDRIVE30D
162
2,411
105
Audi
A4
146
2,376
106
Honda
CIVIC 4D
163
2,333
107
Land Rover
RR EVOQUE
152
2,321
108
Volkswagen
PASSAT
148
2,292
109
Suzuki
GRAND VITARA
223
2,249
110
Škoda
OCTAVIA
135
2,128
111
Land Rover
DISCOVERY SPORT
158
2,123
112
Ford
MONDEO
157
2,120
113
Jeep
WRANGLER
267
2,106
114
Audi
Q7
177
2,045
115
Fiat
500
122
2,040
116
Porsche
95B
187
2,004
117
Mazda
B22
211
1,993
118
Honda
CIVIC 5D
153
1,989
119
Hyundai
IMAX
253
1,939
120
Nissan
PATROL
314
1,875
121
Kia
SORENTO UM
182
1,815
122
Audi
A1
122
1,805
123
Lexus
NX200T
182
1,778
124
Volkswagen
CADDY VAN
150
1,755
125
Hyundai
I40
166
1,743
126
Volvo Car
XC60
183
1,716
127
Hyundai
SONATA
204
1,629
128
Renault
CAPTUR
124
1,614
129
Audi
S3
159
1,500
130
Nissan
NP300 NAVARA
186
1,499
131
Peugeot
308
120
1,491
132
Nissan
ALTIMA
178
1,488
133
BMW
X3 XDRIVE20D
138
1,469
134
Holden
BARINA SPARK
136
1,450
Rank
Make
Model
101
Jeep
102
Page 52 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
FJ CRUISER
267
1,427
Renault
MEGANE
130
1,426
137
Renault
KOLEOS
222
1,419
138
Suzuki
CELERIO
111
1,399
139
Kia
SORENTO
203
1,387
140
Jeep
PATRIOT
196
1,385
141
Mercedes-Benz
C250 BT
116
1,358
142
Volkswagen
TRANSPORTER
207
1,346
143
Suzuki
S-CROSS
138
1,336
144
Holden
CAPRICE
261
1,324
145
Mercedes-Benz
GLA250 4M
162
1,290
146
Fiat
FREEMONT
231
1,273
147
Alfa Romeo
GIULIETTA
139
1,272
148
Mitsubishi
MIRAGE
116
1,272
149
Porsche
CAY
200
1,263
150
Ford
EVEREST
224
1,245
151
Nissan
MICRA
151
1,243
152
Toyota
PRIUS C
90
1,227
153
Dodge
JOURNEY
242
1,184
154
Renault
KANGOO
169
1,177
155
Volvo Car
V40
144
1,145
156
Lexus
NX300H
132
1,144
157
Toyota
FORTUNER
226
1,138
158
Mercedes-Benz
CLA45 AMG
164
1,119
159
Suzuki
VITARA
140
1,109
160
Suzuki
JIMNY
171
1,098
161
Renault
TRAFIC
177
1,070
162
BMW
328I
147
1,063
163
Ford
TRANSIT CUSTOM
188
1,059
164
Holden
MALIBU
191
1,027
Rank
Make
Model
135
Toyota
136
Information paper – 2016 | Page 53
Table 13: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by buyer type, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Private
182
178
–2.2
585,228
606,659
Business
193
190
–1.6
453,799
474,321
Government
207
204
–1.3
41,925
41,329
Total
188
184
–1.9
1,080,952
1,122,309
Buyer type
Sales
2014
2015
Table 14: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Private – local delivery
182
178
–2.2
584,894
606,343
Fleet
207
201
–3.2
145,842
154,406
Dealer demonstrator
181
181
0
136,663
148,433
Large fleet
206
202
–2.0
60,612
59,137
Rental
180
180
–0.1
56,068
56,930
Company capitalisation
185
181
–2.3
36,064
37,495
State government
207
205
–0.9
28,658
28,595
Not-for-profit organisation
187
188
0.5
16,731
16,065
Local government
206
201
–2.6
9,542
9,240
Australian government
211
209
–0.9
3,725
3,494
Taxi
136
143
5.0
1,429
1,522
Private – overseas delivery
200
193
–3.3
334
316
Diplomatic
186
176
–5.4
78
72
Total
188
184
–1.9
1,080,640
1,122,048
Buyer type
Sales
Page 54 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
2014
2015
Table 15: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed government buyer type,
2014 and 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
NSW government
205
202
–1.4
9,932
9,579
Vic. government
207
206
–0.0
6,499
6,217
Qld government
209
209
0
5,222
5,698
NSW local governments
201
197
–2.1
3,376
3,528
Australian government
211
207
–1.9
3,725
3,494
SA government
204
200
–1.8
2,416
2,792
WA government
207
205
–1.1
2,619
2,164
Vic. local governments
205
196
–4.5
1,957
1,973
Qld local governments
218
211
–3.3
1,598
1,431
WA local governments
205
204
–0.1
1,588
1,319
Tas. government
205
195
–5.1
894
994
NT government
218
215
–1.6
869
971
SA local governments
213
212
–0.5
719
566
Tas. local governments
194
195
0.6
179
290
ACT government
198
181
–8.9
216
189
NT local governments
220
217
–1.7
116
124
Total
207
208
0.4
41,925
41,329
Buyer type
Sales
2014
2015
Table 16: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by fuel type, 2014 and 2015
Average emissions intensity
(g/km)
2014
2015
Change
from 2014
to 2015 (%)
Petrol
177
173
–2.7
746,489
785,780
Diesel
213
210
–1.4
330,583
333,543
LPG
204
205
0.5
2,932
2,061
42
41
–2.4
948
925
188
184
–2.0
1,080,952
1,122,309
Fuel type
Electric
Total
Sales
2014
2015
Information paper – 2016 | Page 55
Table 17: ‘Green’ vehicle average emissions intensity and sales by segment, 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
500
100
463
Fiat
PANDA
102
378
Suzuki
ALTO
105
127
Mitsubishi
MIRAGE
110
799
Suzuki
CELERIO
110
611
Smart
C451
113
97
Volkswagen
UP!
114
55
Toyota
Prius (petrol–electric hybrid)
90
4,345
Alfa Romeo
MITO
99
41
Citroën
C3
104
123
Peugeot
208
104
470
Audi
A1
110
1,031
Škoda
FABIA
111
828
Volkswagen
POLO
111
1,776
Ford
FIESTA
113
525
MINI
COOPER
113
3,204
Mazda
2
114
3,658
Renault
CLIO
114
1,359
Mitsubishi
MIRAGE
116
1,951
BMW
i3 (electric)
0
312
Nissan
LEAF (electric)
0
630
BMW
i3 REX (range extended electric)
13
210
Holden
VOLT (range extended electric)
27
27
Audi
A3
85
2,514
Toyota
PRIUS (petrol–electric hybrid)
94
4,675
Lexus
CT200H (petrol–electric hybrid)
95
2,484
BMW
118D
100
330
BMW
218D AT
111
359
BMW
118i
112
178
Alfa Romeo
GIULIETTA
119
68
Citroën
C4
115
140
Honda
CIVIC (petrol–electric hybrid)
104
28
Segment
Make
Model
Micro
Fiat
Light
Small
Page 56 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
CIVIC
105
212
Hyundai
I30
119
107
Mercedes-Benz
A200 CDI
105
440
Mercedes-Benz
B200 CDI
114
856
Peugeot
308
109
1,713
Renault
MEGANE
118
533
Škoda
RAPID
116
87
Volvo Car
V40
115
378
Mercedes-Benz
C350
58
2
Mercedes-Benz
C300 BTH
105
690
Honda
ACCORD
107
155
Volvo
S60
109
66
Jaguar
XE
111
402
Lexus
IS300H
113
285
BMW
420D GRAN COUPE
114
14
Mercedes-Benz
C250 BT
116
308
BMW
320D
117
364
Mercedes-Benz
CLA200 CDI
117
123
Volvo
V60
117
112
Mercedes-Benz
C200 BT
119
130
Škoda
OCTAVIA
120
56
Audi
A6
110
224
BMW
520D
114
217
Mercedes-Benz
E300 BTH
113
662
Peugeot
508
115
179
Upper
large
Mercedes-Benz
S300 BT (diesel–electric hybrid)
118
119
Sports
BMW
i8 (diesel–electric hybrid)
49
25
BMW
220D COUPE
108
1,388
Honda
CR-Z (petrol–electric diesel)
110
251
Audi
A3
114
2,325
BMW
420D COUPE
114
473
Segment
Make
Model
Small
(con’t)
Honda
Medium
Large
Information paper – 2016 | Page 57
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Sales
C4 GRD PICASSO
120
548
Peugeot
2008
103
1,708
Renault
CAPTUR
113
292
BMW
X1 SDRIVE18D
114
497
MINI
COOPER
115
370
Mitsubishi
OUTLANDER (petrol–electric hybrid)
44
2,383
Land Rover
RR EVOQUE
113
3
BMW
X5 XDRIVE40E (petrol–electric hybrid)
77
21
Porsche
CAYENNE
79
99
Segment
Make
Model
People
mover
Citroën
SUV
small
SUV
medium
SUV
large
Page 58 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 18: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new passenger vehicles by
country, 2013 and 2014
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
2013
2014
Change
from 2013
to 2014 (%)
Netherlands
109
107
–1.9
416
384
Greece
112
108
–3.5
58
71
Portugal
112
109
–2.9
105
142
Denmark
113
110
–2.4
184
188
France
117
114
–2.9
1,827
1,838
Croatia
127
115
–9.5
28
35
Malta
119
115
–3.1
6
6
Ireland
121
117
–3.1
74
96
Italy
121
118
–2.6
1,304
1,351
Spain
122
119
–2.8
732
895
Belgium
124
121
–2.4
490
485
Slovenia
126
121
–3.7
51
54
Europe
127
124
–2.4
11,825
12,500
United Kingdom
128
124
–3.4
2,254
2,467
Austria
132
128
–2.7
319
303
Finland
132
127
–3.6
100
103
Romania
132
128
–3.1
57
70
Luxembourg
133
129
–3.3
46
49
Cyprus
139
129
–7.3
7
8
Sweden
133
131
–1.7
252
297
Czech Republic
135
131
–2.7
162
179
Slovakia
135
131
–3.0
66
74
Germany
136
132
–3.0
2,930
3,012
Poland
138
132
–4.4
288
304
Hungary
134
133
–1.0
55
68
Lithuania
140
135
–3.4
12
14
Bulgaria
142
135
–4.7
15
16
Latvia
147
140
–4.8
10
12
Estonia
147
140
–4.9
20
21
Australia
182
177
–2.8
900
884
Country
Sales (thousands)
2013
2014
* New car sales
Information paper – 2016 | Page 59
Table 19: Equivalent make for new passenger vehicles in Europe and Australia
Manufacturer in European Union
Combed makes in Australia
BMW
BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce
Daimler
Mercedes-Benz and Smart
General Motors
Holden and Opel
Hyundai
Hyundai and Kia
Volkswagen Group
Volkswagen, Audi, Škoda, Porsche, Bentley and Lamborghini
Toyota
Toyota and Lexus
Nissan
Nissan and Infiniti
Table 20: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles for Europe and
Australia by make, 2014
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Europe
Australia
Percentage
difference (%)
Renault
108
182
69
Peugeot
110
165
50
Citroën
111
173
56
Toyota
113
185
71
Hyundai
113
183
62
Nissan
115
189
64
Fiat
116
180
55
Škoda
121
153
26
Ford
121
187
55
Volkswagen
124
161
30
Kia
125
184
47
Volvo
126
193
53
Mazda
128
160
25
Opel
130
196
51
BMW
131
150
15
Audi
131
159
21
Daimler
131
172
31
Jaguar Land Rover
178
202
13
All Makes
124
177
43
Make
Page 60 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
Table 21: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new light commercial
vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014
Average emissions
intensity (g/km)
Country
2013
2014
Change
from 2013
to 2014 (%)
Portugal
151
145
–4.0
17
24
Bulgaria
156
149
–4.5
7
8
France
153
152
–0.7
300
348
Denmark
169
155
–8.3
17
25
Spain
163
156
–4.3
70
90
Greece
161
157
–2.5
3
5
Italy
164
157
–4.3
92
107
Cyprus
171
158
–7.6
1
1
Latvia
172
167
–2.9
2
2
Netherlands
173
167
–3.5
49
46
Ireland
177
169
–4.5
10
16
Poland
176
169
–4.0
34
61
Sweden
167
170
1.8
20
26
Europe
175
171
–2.3
1,216
1,423
Romania
172
172
0.0
6
8
Lithuania
180
176
–2.2
2
2
Estonia
182
178
–2.2
3
3
Hungary
182
178
–2.2
10
15
Belgium
183
179
–2.2
51
52
Luxembourg
179
179
0.0
3
3
Finland
182
180
–1.1
10
10
United Kingdom
185
181
–2.2
262
307
Austria
186
184
–1.1
27
30
Slovenia
188
185
–1.6
6
5
Germany
193
190
–1.6
199
212
Czech Republic
189
191
1.1
10
12
Slovakia
196
193
–1.5
5
5
Australia
236
235
–0.4
204
197
Sales (thousands)
2013
2014
* New car sales
Information paper – 2016 | Page 61
Table 22: Average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and
Europe by make, 2014
Average emissions intensity (g/km)
Europe
Australia
Percentage
difference (%)
Peugeot
147
176
19
Citroën
148
157
6
Renault
149
205
37
Fiat
158
195
24
General Motors
173
235
36
Ford
175
241
38
Volkswagen
180
204
13
Nissan
184
241
31
Mercedes-Benz
200
199
-1
Make
Page 62 | Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015
National Transport Commission
Level 15/628 Bourke Street
Melbourne VIC 3000
Ph: +61 3 9236 5000
Fax: +61 3 9642 8922
[email protected]
www.ntc.gov.au