Water soluble vitamins
(PM 236 Dietary supplement)
Amolnat Tunsirikongkon, phD.
Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University
Outlines
• Definition, Mechanism of action and Categories of
vitamins/water soluble vitamins
• Water soluble vitamins
- Chemical forms
- Sources
- Recommended daily intake
- Symptoms of vitamin deficiency
- Symptoms of vitamin toxicity and precaution
What are the vitamins?
Definition : The organic substances necessary to
maintain the function of human body.
-Found from natural sources or self synthesized by
human body.
-Excreted by human body at a constant excretion
rate for each of the vitamin
-Can not be used as the replacement of the daily
food intake as vitamins do not give any energy
Mechanism of action
Macronutrients : Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein
Micronutrients : Vitamins, Minerals
Energy
Categories of vitamins
13 types of vitamins are classified by the
characteristic of their “solubility” in either
water or fat which could be called :
1. Fat soluble vitamins
2. Water soluble vitamins
Categories of vitamins
1. Fat soluble vitamins : Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E,
Vitamin K
2. Water soluble vitamins : Vitamin C, Vitamin B
(Vitamin B is divided into 8 subtypes : 1,2,3 5,6,7 9,12)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin),
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid), B12 (Cobalamine)
Vitamin C : Is it really useful?
This is apparently a case in which haemorrhage occurred
from the gastro-intestinal tract and the lungs as a result of
vitamin C deficiency and possibly also a deficiency of
vitamin P.
The patient had previously been treated for a number of
years for peptic ulceration, and this, together with a fairly
typical ulcer history and an unusual presentation of vitamin
C deficiency, prevented the correct diagnosis from being
made earlier in the disease.
Case report 1947, British Medical Journal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Chemical forms :
- Ascorbic acid
- Can not be self synthesized by human
body, receive from food
Sources : Sour fruits such as orange,
lemon, indian gooseberry, guava, tomato,
acerola cherry
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Type of fruits Vitamin C/100grams
Indian gooseberry
276mg
Guava
187mg
Marian plum
100mg
Papaya
78mg
Sweet tamarin
75mg
Strawberry
60mg
Orange
50mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Recommended daily intake :
-Intake at least 75-90 mg/day.
-Intake 500 mg/day to maintain the good health condition.
-Intake1,000-2,000 mg/day as treatment dose.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
-Frequent bleeding gum, Slow wound healing process
-Weak immunological system , Easy to get infection
-Fatigue , Anorexia, Joint pain
Vitamin C to enhance the strength of blood vessel wall
,Build up collagen necessary for tissue regeneration,
Boost the immunological system, Anti-oxidant
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Vitamin C as the antioxidant
Delay cellular aging process
Normalize the cellular function and Prevent the
cellular modification from normal cell to cancer cell
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Symptoms of vitamin C toxicity and precaution
(Symptoms after taking a higher than recommended dose
of vitamin C)
-Bladder stone
-Diarrhea
-Gastric ulcer since vitamin C has the acidic property
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Precaution
Patient with Diabetes Mellitus
-Excreted vitamin C in the urine interfere the test result of
sugar level.
-Decrease the efficiency of chlorpropamide [Medicine for
Diabetes mellitus]
Patient with Thalassemia
-Enhances the adsorption of iron resulting into the iron
accumulation, especially at the joints
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Review the products of vitamin C
1 tablet daily with meal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Review the products of vitamin C : Bio C 1000
Vitamin C
(In the form of ascorbic acid 400mg, sodium ascorbate
350mg and calcium ascorbate 400mg)
1000 mg*
Dried rose hip
250 mg
Bioflavonoid
Rutein
Hesperidin
25 mg
50 mg
50 mg
Dried acerola cherry
50 mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Review the products of vitamin C
1-2 tablets daily with meal
1 tablet daily with meal
Vitamin C 300 mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin C
Review the products of vitamin C : Buffer C
Vitamin C
(In the form of ascorbic acid 280 mg and calcium
ascorbate 266 mg)
500 mg*
Dried rose hip
250 mg
Bioflavonoid
Rutein
Dried rose hip
25 mg
50 mg
25 mg
Sustain release for 8 hours
Vitamin B1 : Is it really useful?
Case report 1942, British Medical Journal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Chemical forms :
-Thiamine or Thiamin
-Can not be self synthesized by human body, received
from food only.
-Act as a catalyst for carbohydrate protein and lipid
metabolism for the energy generation
-Involve in the induction process of neural transmission
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Sources : Pork, Fish, Chicken, Liver, Egg, Bean, All
grains, Rice
Recommended daily intake : 1 to 1.2 mg/day
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Food
Rice bran
Pork
Green bean
Boiled peanut
Job’s tear
Dried pumpkin seed
Brown rice
Vitamin B1/100grams
1.26mg
0.69mg
0.66mg
0.56mg
0.41mg
0.40mg
0.34mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency
- Beriberi, Muscle weakness
- Swelling and Neural pain
(Frequently observe in alcoholism)
Vitamin B1 to boost the neural function, relieve the
symptoms of beriberi, anxiety, help carbohydrate
metabolism into the energy
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Symptoms of vitamin B1 toxicity and precaution
-None
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B1
Review the products of vitamin B1
1 tablet daily with meal, all formula contain vitamin B1 7.5mg
Vitamin B2 : Is it really useful?
Case report 1942, British Medical Journal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Chemical forms :
-Riboflavin, Vitamin G
-Can not be self synthesized by human body, received
from food only.
-Can be excreted by human body, but kept as needed.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Sources : Milk, Liver, Egg, Leafy Green vegetable
Recommended daily intake : 1.2-1.7 mg (Similar dose in
man and women) the intake dose could be as high as
100mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Food
Beef liver
Chicken liver
Egg
Beef
Straw mushroom
Milk
Vitamin B2/100grams
1.68mg
1.32mg
0.40mg
0.34mg
0.33mg
0.16mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency
- Angular cheilitis
- Dryness of skins and eyes
Vitamin B2 in the suitable dose could help
maintaining the skin condition and moisture
Symptoms of vitamin B2 toxicity
- Skin irritation
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Precaution
- Decrease the efficiency of methotrexate
- Sensitive to light and heat
- Relief the symptoms of migraine*
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B2
Review the products of vitamin B2
1 tablet daily with meal, all formula contains 8.5mg of vitamin B2
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Case report 1942, British Medical Journal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Chemical form :
-Niacin, Niacinamide, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide
-Can be self synthesized by human body from amino
acid “tryptophan” and, received from food also.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Sources : Liver, Meat, Fish, Brewer Yeast, Wheat germ
Recommended daily intake : 13-20 mg (similar in both
man and women). In breast feeding women, more amount
could be taken.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Food
Rice bran
Duck
Beef liver
Chicken
Beef
White papinac
Ivy gourd
Vitamin B3/100grams
29.8mg
12.80mg
11.70mg
8.00mg
6.70mg
5.40mg
3.80mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Symptoms of vitamin B3 deficiency
- Pellagra
- Anorexia, Dyspepsia, Weight lost
- Depression, Insomnia
Vitamin B3 is necessary in the process of lipid
synthesis and neurotransmitter generation
diarrhea
photosensitive dermatitis
Pellagra
dementia
death
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Symptoms of vitamin B3 toxicity
-Joint pain by the accumulation of uric acid since
vitamin B3 has an effect on uric acid generation.
-Increase the blood sugar level, caution to use in
diabetes patient.
-Symptoms of flushing since vitamin B3 has an effect
on hormonal synthesis.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B3
Review the products of vitamin B3
1 tablet with meal, all formula contains vitamin B3 60mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Several small, double-blind studies suggest that pantethine
may help reduce triglycerides, or fats, in the blood in people
who have high cholesterol. In some of these studies,
pantethine has also helped lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and
raise HDL (good) cholesterol. In some open studies,
pantethine seems to lower levels of cholesterol and
triglycerides in people with diabetes. But not all studies have
found that it works. Larger studies are needed to see whether
pantethine has any real benefit.
Source: Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
University of Maryland Medical Center 2013
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Chemical forms :
-Pantothenic acid, Calcium pantothenate
-Can be self synthesized by the intestinal bacteria inside
the human body, and also received from food.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Source : Meat, brewer yeast, all kind of unprocessed grain
Recommended daily intake : 10-300mg (similar dose in
both man and women)
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Symptoms of vitamin B5 deficiency
- Weakness, Tremor, Hand shaking
- Beriberi, immunological weakness
Vitamin B 5 is essential in the process of transforming the
sugar and lipid into body energy. Help maintaining the
development of neuron, Enhance the immunological response
Symptoms of vitamin B5 toxicity
- None
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Special recommendation
-Vitamin B5 together with medicine could efficiently
relieve the allergy
-Increase the metabolism of bad lipid
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B5
Review the products of vitamin B5
1 tablet with meal, all formula contains vitamin B5 20 mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Gerlach, AT. 2011, J Par Ent Nutri, 35(2): 272-275
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Chemical forms :
-Pyridoxine
-Can not be synthesized by human body, received
from food only.
-Excrete from the body within 8 hours.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Source : Meat, egg, brewer yeast, unprocessed whole grains
Recommended daily intake : 1.6-2 mg (Similar in both man
and women) 2.2 mg (in Breast feeding women)
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
- Flatulence and dyspepsia, Nausea
- Beriberi
- Immunological weakness
Vitamin B6 is essential for digestive fluid generation,
Help development of neural system and enhance the
immunological response
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
-Insomnia
Etc.
-Alcohol reduces the adsorption of vitamin B6
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B6
Review the products of vitamin B6
1 tablet with meal, all formula contains vitamin B6 10mg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Baugh, CM 1968,
American J Clin Nutri,
21(2): 173-182
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Chemical forms :
-Biotin, Coenzyme R, Vitamin H
-Can be self synthesized by the intestinal bacteria
inside the human body, and also received from food.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Sources : Liver, Egg yolk, Milk, Brewer yeast,
Unprocessed grain (Intake of the raw egg white , could
decrease the adsorption of vitamin B7)
Recommended daily intake : 25-300 µg (Similar in both
man and women)
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Symptoms of vitamin B7 deficiency
- Hair lost
- Brittle nail
- Skin allergy
Vitamin B7 (or vitamin B7 together with vitamin B2
and vitamin B6) could help maintaining the skin and
hair condition. Enhance the metabolism of lipid and
protein. Regulate the normal function of cells
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Symptoms of vitamin B7 deficiency
- None
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B7
Review the products of vitamin B7
1 tablet with meal
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Burton, R. 2006, Clin Lab Haem,28: 66-68
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Chemical forms :
- Folic acid, Folate, Vitamin M
- Can not be synthesized by human body, only received
from food.
Sources : Leafy green vegetable such as spinach, Carrot,
pumpkin, Liver, Egg yolk
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Recommended daily intake : 180-200 µg (Similar
dose in man and women), 400-800 µg (Pregnancy and
Breast feeding)
General dietary supplement : Combination of folic
acid and vitamin B
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency
- Anemia
- Neural tubular malformation in an infant
Vitamin B 9 is essential to generate the red blood cells,
nucleic acid and is important in cell division process
Symptoms of vitamin B9 toxicity
- None
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Precaution
- Vitamin C increases the elimination rate of folic acid,
especially at the amount of vitamin C of more than 2000mg,
taken daily.
-Estrogen, such as those in the birth control pill, increase the
elimination rate of folic acid.
-Some medicine such as those in sulfa group and phenytoin
increase as well the elimination rate of folic acid.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B9
Review the product of vitamin B9
1 tablet with meal, formula contains vitamin B9 500µg
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B12
Antonio, H. 2009, JCDA,75(7): 533-537
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B12
Chemical form :
-Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamine, Red vitamin
-Can not be self synthesized by the human body,
only receive from “Animal MEAT”.
-However, human body can store this vitamin for
such a long time.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B12
Sources : Liver, Meat, Egg, Milk
Recommended daily intake : 5-100µg (Similar in man
and women). Pregnant women should take more amount of
Vitamin B12 than non-pregnant women, but not more than
100µg.
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B12
Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
- Anemia
- Neural disorder
- Aphthous ulcer
Vitamin B12 is essential in the process of red blood cell
generation and enhance the good condition of neural system
Symptoms of vitamin B12 toxicity
- None
Water soluble vitamin : Vitamin B12
Precaution
-Deficient in vegetarian food as vitamin B12 can
only be found in meat.
-Estrogen, such as those in the birth control pill, also
increase the elimination rate of vitamin B12.
Vitamin and dietary supplement
to fight diseases
Stress/Brain Fatigue
-Stress, Anxiety, Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue,
Tiredness
Recommend
-Vitamin B complex 25-50 mg/day to enhance the good
condition of neural system
-DHA 25-50 mg/day to boost up the brain
-Gingko Biloba to increase the blood flow
-Camomile and Peppermint to refresh and relax the
body and brain
Insomnia
-Sleep disorder : Difficulty to falling/staying asleep
Recommend
-Vitamin B6 and vitamin B3 100mg/day to stimulate the
serotonin generation that help maintaining the deeper sleep
-Inositol to increase the metabolism of lipid and
cholesterol during sleeping
-Camomile and Peppermint to refresh and relax the body
and brain
Allergy/ Respiratory tract allergy
- Allergy, Catch a cold with running nose, cough
Recommend
-Vitamin B complex to enhance the immune response
-Vitamin B5 2000mg/day and Vitamin C 2000mg/day to
also enhance the immune response
High blood pressure/Blood vessel clot
- Headache caused by high blood pressure and blood
vessel clot
Recommend
-Garlic extract to dilate the blood vessel
-Celery to also dilate the blood vessel
-Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E as antioxidant
Diabetes mellitus
- High blood sugar level, slow wound healing process
Recommend
-Chromium Picolinate 200µg to increase the sugar
metabolism
-Alfafa Lipoic acid 50mg to reduce the sugar level,
reduce the neural pain from diabetes
Dry skin
- Dryness of the skin
Recommend
-Vitamin E 200-400IU and vitamin A 10,000IU to
increase the moisture and enhance the good condition
of skin
-Fish oil to increase the moisture and help collagen
generation
Acne
- Inflammation of acne/skin
Recommend
-Vitamin E 400IU, Vitamin A 5000IU to enhance the
good skin condition and reduce the inflammation
-Zinc 15-50 mg to improve the inflammation condition
Prostate gland
- Enlargement, Inflammation of prostate gland
Recommend
-Zinc and Selenium to reduce the inflammation
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
- Problem on erection
Recommend
-Gingko biloba to increase the blood flow, 60 mg 3
times a day
-Zinc to enhance the semen generation
-Pumpkin to enhance the neural condition
-Arginine 1500 mg 2 times a day