RNA, DNA, & Proteins
Chapter 12 Review
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Sugar used to make DNA
dexoyribose
Process of making a DNA copy
replication
Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as
cytosine and thymine
pyrimidine
Organism whose cells have a nucleus
eukaryote
Process in which the genetic code of
DNA is copied into a strand of RNA
transcription
Three sequential nucleotides in an
mRNA molecule that code for a
specific amino acid
codon
Organism without a nucleus
prokaryote
Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine
and guanine
Purine
Subunit composed of a sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
Coiled DNA and proteins that are
spread out in the nucleus of nondividing cells
chromatin
Group of three nucleotide bases on a
t-RNA molecule that are
complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
Tightly packed DNA and proteins that
are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped
bundles in dividing cells
chromosomes
Process of making proteins from an
RNA message
Translation (protein synthesis)
What is CHARGAFF’S RULE?
A = T
G = C
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Type of RNA that carries DNA code
from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
Protein molecule around which DNA is
wrapped to form a nucleosome in
chromatin
histone
Bonds between nitrogen bases that
hold the 2 DNA strands together
Hydrogen bonds
Bead-like structures that form when
DNA wraps around histones
nucleosome
Type of RNA that matches its
anticodon and attaches the correct
amino acid to the growing protein
chain during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Structures found in the cytoplasm
made of rRNA and proteins where
protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
Type of RNA that combines with
proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Sugar found in RNA molecules
ribose
Macromolecule made by joining
nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Macromolecule made by joining amino
acid subunits together
protein
Name the woman scientist whose X-ray
images of DNA helped James Watson
and Francis Crick figure out the structure
of DNA
ROSALYN FRANKLIN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
A,T,C,G
No Uracil
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A,U,C,G
No thymine
Contains genetic code
Stays in nucleus
Carries code from
nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps with protein
synthesis
Making a DNA copy = _____________
replication
Using DNA code to
transcription
make an RNA = ___________________
Using an RNA message
translation
to make a protein = _______________
Name the two scientists received the
Nobel prize for “figuring out”
the structure of DNA
JAMES WATSON &
FRANCIS CRICK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
DNA → DNA
= _____________
replication
DNA → RNA = ___________________
transcription
translation
RNA → protein = _______________
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make RNA what
sugar would be used?
ribose
Which nitrogen base
THYMINE
could NOT be used?
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make DNA what
sugar would be used?
deoxyribose
Which nitrogen base
URACIL
could NOT be used?
Tell what nitrogen base these
letters stand for
_____________=
ADENINE A
_____________
GUANINE = G
_____________
CYTOSINE = C
______________
THYMINE = T
URACIL = U
______________
Which molecules make up the
backbone (sides of ladder)
in a DNA molecule?
Sugar
and phosphates
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are
called ______________
A
G
Purines
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© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Nucleosome
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Coils
Supercoils
Histones
DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of
dividing cells so it can be transported
CHROMOSOMES
easily is called _______________
Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are
called ______________
C
Pyrimidines
T
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Hydrogen
_____________
bonds
between nitrogen bases
hold the two strands
together.
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Which protein does DNA wrap
around to form
nucleosomes?
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Coils
Histones
HISTONES
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Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Supercoils
Coils
Histones
What are the small bead-like bundles
called that form when DNA scrunches
into chromosomes?
nucleosomes
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA
MESSENGER
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
_______________
MUTATIONS
are changes
in the genetic material.
Tell something that can cause mutations.
Mistakes in copying DNA
Radiation
Chemicals in environment
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
Mutations that produce changes in a single
GENE MUTATIONS
gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole
chromosomes =
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
_____________________
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Nucleosome
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Coils
Supercoils
Histones
DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of
non-dividing cells so the code can be read
CHROMATIN
is called _______________
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
MESSENGER
_________________RNA
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
NUCLEUS
A= _________
m-RNA
B= _________
amino acid
ribosome
C= _________
t-RNA
D= ___________
codon
F= _____________
acid
G = Amino
__________________
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