COST-728 workshop on
“Model urbanization strategy”
MetO, Exeter, UK, 3-4 May 2007
• The aim of the workshop is to discuss and make
recommendations on the best practice and strategy for
urbanisation of different types of meteorological and air
quality models.
• A logical continuation of the Special Section and Round
Table on "Urban sub-layer parameterisations in
meteorological, climate and environmental models" of the
6th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC2006) in Göteborg, Sweden, June 12th - 16th 2006
A. Baklanov, DMI
International organising committee:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Maria Athanassiadou (UKMO),
Alexander Baklanov (Danish Meteorological Institute),
Bob Bornstein (Jose State University, USA),
Peter Clark, (UKMO),
Stefano Galmarini (Joint Research Center, Italy),
Sven-Erik Gryning (Risø NL, Denmark),
Alberto Martilli (CIEMAT, Spain),
Ranjeet Sokhi (University of Hertfordshire, UK),
Sergej Zilitinkevich (Helsinki University, Finland).
A. Baklanov, DMI
European COST Actions (2005-2009):
728: "Enhancing Meso-scale Meteorological Modelling
Capabilities for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications"
Coord. – Ranjeet S Sokhi , University of Hertfordshire
• WG1: Meteorological parameterization/ applications (Maria
Athanassiadou, Met Office)
• WG2: Integrated systems of MetM and CTM: strategy, interfaces
and module unification (Alexander Baklanov, DMI)
• WG3: Mesoscale models for air pollution and dispersion applications
(Mihkail Sofiev, FMI)
• WG4: Development of evaluation tools and methodologies (Heinke
Schluenzen, University of Hamburg)
Action 732: ‘Quality Assurance and Improvement of MicroScale Meteorological Models’
Coord. –Michael Schatzmann, University of Hamburg
A. Baklanov, DMI
Special Section: "Urban sublayer
parameterisations in meteorological, climate
and environmental models"
on ICUC-2006, Göteborg, Sweden, June 15th 2006, 9:00-18:00
The main focuses of Section are:
- Urban physiographic data classification and usage of satellite data
on surface,
- Parameterisations and models of urban soil/heat, roughness
sublayer and internal boundary layers,
- Urbanisation of meso-meteorological and numerical weather
prediction models,
- Urban sublayer models, parameterisations and meteo-preprocessors
for urban air quality and emergency preparedness models,
- Urban effects incorporation into regional climate models.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Round Table Discussion (D1 section, 16:45)
"Urban sublayer parameterisations in meteorological,
climate and environmental models“
• Main question to discuss:
What approaches and sublayer parameterisations are the most suitable/ applicable for different
types of the meteorological, climate and environmental models?
Depend on the scales, items (for operational forecast, assessments or research), etc.
• Joint view & recommendations for urbanization of different models:
a) Urban meteorology,
b) Numerical weather prediction (NWP),
c) Local and regional climate,
d) Environmental / air quality,
e) Emergency preparedness,
f) Urban-scale research models,
• Discussion on urban databases (morphology, verification and intercomparison)
• Possible prototype(s) for models urbanisation for modellers community.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Conclusions
• There is a need to build a common strategy(ies) for
urbanisation of different types of models (NWP, UAQ,
climate, etc. - they need different parameterisations/
approaches).
• It was decided to build a world-wide working group on
'Model urbanization strategy'.
• Further WG activities would include the following main
topics:
1. Urban morphology and databases,
2. Parameterisations of urban canopy,
3. Strategy for urbanization of different types of models,
4. Verification and city case studies / experiments.
• There are several ideas under what umbrella to organize this
group. COST728 as one of the options. It could be also WMO
(e.g. GURME), JRC, NCAR, US EPA, etc.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Conclusions (cont.)
• The initial core group was suggested:
Alexander Baklanov (DK), Bob Bornstein (USA), Martin Best (UK),
Jason Ching (USA), Sue Grimmond (UK), Chen Fei (USA), Alberto
Martilli (Spain), Valery Masson (France), Patrice Mestayer (France),
Kanda Manabu (Japan).
• To arrange a web-portal for information exchange between different
groups of the WG (e.g. on existing sites, like Fumapex or Cost728)
• The 'Model urbanization' Special section results can be very useful for
further model 'urbanization' work in many organizations and countries, so
it would be nice to give these more accessible.
• Suggestions to publish it :
(i) e.g. as a COST publication (like in COST 715), in form of proceedings
(only a few 4pp abstracts were published in ICUC6 Preprints) or as an
overview inviting some participants (to agree with MC of COST728);
(ii) as a special web-presentation of the Section e.g. on ICUC/IAUC,
FUMAPEX, COST728 web-site with all presentations (of course, who
will agree).
A. Baklanov, DMI
Overall Roundtable Article for IAUC Newsletter
The following structure and moderators in brackets:
1. General information and problem statement (Alexander and
Bob)
2. Statement of databases (Jason)
3. Parameterisations of urban canopy (Alberto, Patrice), links
with CFD, LES, DNS (Kanda)
4. Implementation to (urbanization of) different types of models
(Valery, ...)
5. Verification and city case studies (Martin, Bob, ...)
6. Conclusions and recommendations (all)
A. Baklanov, DMI
Exeter COST728 Workshop
Main emphasis on following main topics:
1. Urban morphology and databases,
2. Parameterisations of urban canopy,
3. Strategy for urbanization of different types
of models,
4. Verification and city case studies /
experiments.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Discussions on the following questions are
especially welcome:
1. Variables we want to model (and degree of precision) for different
applications (air quality, emergency response, urban climatology, weather
forecast, etc.), e.g:
- Do we want values within the canopy or only total fluxes?
- Do we want good turbulent values?
- For dispersion applications, do we want mean concentrations or also variances?
2. Best way to evaluate the capability of the paramterizations to model the
relevant variables i.e.
- wind tunnel experiments
- role of the CFD/LES models
- urban measurement champagnes
3. Ways to realise and improve the parameterizations
- For dynamics: porosity models, dispersive stress, role of CFD/LES models.
- For energy: need for building energy models
A. Baklanov, DMI
Programme of the workshop
• Welcome from UKMO
• Overview of results from the ICUC-06 'Model urbanisation'
Roundtable
• Lectures for the main topics (30-40 min each)
• Presentations by participants (20 min each)
• Discussions / Round table to build a joint strategy,
recommendations and requirements
• COST-728 publication of the Workshop materials
• Plans for Network/WG on 'Model urbanization strategy' and
web-portal for information exchange
A. Baklanov, DMI
Main discussion topics (and conveners):
1. Urban morphology and databases (Jason Ching, ..)
2. Parameterisations of urban canopy (Alberto Martilli,
…),
3. Strategy for urbanization of different types of
models (Peter Clark, …)
4. Verification and city case studies / experiments (Bob
Bornstein, ….)
A. Baklanov, DMI
Some slides for discussion
A. Baklanov, DMI
Discussions topics and questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Urban morphology and databases (Jason Ching, ..)
Parameterisations of urban canopy (Alberto Martilli, …),
Strategy for urbanization of different types of models (Peter Clark, …)
Verification and city case studies / experiments (Bob Bornstein, ….)
1. Variables we want to model (and degree of precision) for different applications (air
quality, emergency response, urban climatology, weather forecast, etc.), e.g:
- Do we want values within the canopy or only total fluxes?
- Do we want good turbulent values?
- For dispersion applications, do we want mean concentrations or also variances?
2. Best way to evaluate the capability of the paramterizations to model the relevant variables
i.e.
- wind tunnel experiments
- role of the CFD/LES models
- urban measurement champagnes
3. Ways to realise and improve the parameterizations
- For dynamics: porosity models, dispersive stress, role of CFD/LES models.
- For energy: need for building energy models
A. Baklanov, DMI
Strategy for model urbanization
Different requirements for NWP and environmental models
(e.g. in UBL structure)
• Model scales (regional, city,
local, micro, …)
• Climate models (regional,
urban, ..)
• Research mesometeorological models
• Numerical weather prediction
models
• Atmospheric pollution
models (city-scale)
• Emergency preparedness
models
• Meteo-preprocessors (or
post-processors)
WMO, GURME
A. Baklanov, DMI
Integrated Fumapex urban module for NWP models
including 4 levels of complexity of the NWP 'urbanization'
A. Baklanov, DMI
Urbanization of the FUMAPEX NWP models
Models
Partner
Resolution Urb. LUC
Research:
Sub-Meso
ECN
1 km
4(9)
1 km
1 km
3 km
1(up to 10)
1 + char.
1 uc + 4 sc
1.4 km
1.1 km
7 km
1 km
1.5 km
1 km
1 km
1.1 km
1+4
+ (+USL)
1
+
1 + char.
+
1
+
1(imp.LUC)
1?
+
1
+
1
+
FVM
TVM
MM5-SM2U
NWP:
HIRLAM
Lokalmodell
aLMo
MM5
RAMS
MM5+HIRLAM
RAMS
LAMI
EPFL
ECL
ECN, CORIA
DMI
DWD
EPFL/MetSwiss
UH
CEAM
Met.no
ARIANET
ARPA
Roug.
appr.
Urb.
fluxes
BEP SM2-U
UMH Cities
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Copenhagen,
Marseilles
Basel
Basel, Marseilles
Paris
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Copenhagen, Malmø
Helsinki, Bologna, etc.
Basel
London
Valencia/Castellon
Oslo, Bergen, etc.
Torino
Bologna
A. Baklanov, DMI
Approaches applicability
• The first module is the cheapest way of “urbanising” the model and
can be easily implemented into operational NWP models as well as
in Regional Climate Models.
• The second module is a relatively more expensive (≈ 5-10 %
computational time increase), but it gives a possibility to consider
the energy budget components and fluxes inside the urban canopy.
However, this approach is sensitive to the vertical resolution of
NWP models and is not very effective if the first model level is
higher than 30 meters. Therefore, the increasing of the vertical
resolution of current NWP models is required.
• The third module is considerably more expensive computationally
than the first two modules (up to 10 times!). However, it provides
the possibility to accurately study the urban soil and canopy energy
exchange including the water budget. Therefore, the second and
third modules are recommended for use in advanced urban-scale
NWP and meso-meteorological research models.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Further improvements
• The current versions of the considered urban modules have several shortcomings
and have to be improved and further developed.
• For the first approach (module 1), the complemented analytical model for wind
velocity and diffusivity profiles inside the urban canopy (Zilitinkevich and
Baklanov, 2005) has to be tested with different NWP models and meteorological
preprocessors, and carefully verified vs. experimental data for different regimes.
Besides, it is advisable to extend this model for temperature and humidity profiles.
• The current version of the second module (BEP) does not consider the moisture
and latent heat fluxes and does not completely incorporate the anthropogenic heat
flux. Therefore, these should be included into a new version of the BEP module.
Besides, recalculation of accessible meteorological fields in the lowest sub-layers
is necessary.
• The third module (SM2-U) needs further development considering the building
drag effect (it is realised in module 4), whereas snow and ice have to be included
for NWP during winter periods, especially for northern areas. The existing version
of this module, when run for every grid-cell, is too expensive for operational
NWP models, therefore the module has to be optimised by making calculations
only for the urban cells.
• The combined module (#4), including all non-overlapping mechanisms from the
SM2-U and BEP models, have to be further tested.
A. Baklanov, DMI
Urban Meteo-Preprocessor
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High-resolution urban-scale NWP data
Calculation of effective roughnesses (for momentum
and scalars) and displacement height
Parameterization of wind and eddy profiles in urban
canopy layer
Calculation of anthropogenic and storage urban heat
fluxes
Prognostic parameterizations for Mixing Height
Improved sigma parameterization for SBL
Urban module as post-processor for NWP data
A. Baklanov, DMI
Ways to resolve the UBL structure
1. Obstacles-resolved numerical models
- CFD => turbulent closure, bc, geometry, etc.
- LES, …, DNS
- simple box models
2. Parameterization of sub-grid processes
- theoretical
- experimental
- numerical
3. Downscaling of models / Nesting techniques
- NWP-local-scale meteorological models
- Mesoscale models – CFD tools
- Mesoscale models – Parameterized models
A. Baklanov, DMI
Extended
FUMAPEX
scheme of the
UAQIFS
including
feedbacks
Improvements of
meteorological forecasts
(NWP) in urban areas,
interfaces and integration with
UAP and population exposure
models following the off-line
or on-line integration
FUMAPEX UAQIFS:
WP4:
Meteorological models for urban areas
Urban heat flux
parametrisation
Module of
feedback
mechamisms:
- Direct gas &
aerosol forcing
- Cloud condensation nuclei model
- Other semidirect
& indirect effects
Soil and
sublayer models
for urban areas
Urban roughness
classification &
parameterisation
Usage of satellite
information on
surface
Meso- / City - scale NWP models
WP5:
Interface to Urban Air Pollution models
Mixing height
and eddy
diffusivity
estimation
Down-scaled
models or ABL
parameterisations
Estimation of
additional advanced
meteorological
parameters for UAP
Grid adaptation
and interpolation,
assimilation of
NWP data
Urban Air Pollution models
WP7:
Populations/
Groups
Population Exposure models
Microenvironments
Outdoor
concentrations
Indoor concentrations
Exposure
Time activity
A. Baklanov, DMI