UNIT
T WO:MOLECULES
OF LIFE
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS
OF THE ATOM, THEIR CHARGES AND LOCATION?
Please place cell-phones in caddy:
Warm-Up:
1. Unit Two Pre-Post Test
2. Read section 2-1 and define the new vocabulary!
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
An atom is the smallest particle into which a
substance can be divided
2. It is neutral (has no charge) because the number of
positive protons equals the number of negative
electrons
1.
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF AN ATOM?
The nucleus is the small dense core that contains
protons and neutrons
1.
2. Protons
a. are found inside the nucleus
b. are equal to the atomic number
c. have a positive charge
3.
Electrons
a. are found inside the electron cloud in energy levels
b. are equal to the number of protons, or the atomic number
c. have a negative charge
Remember A.P.E (Atomic Number=Protons=Electrons)
4. Neutrons
a. are found inside the nucleus
b. can be found by subtracting the atomic number from
the atomic mass number
c. have no charge
Remember M.A.N (Mass number - Atomic Number = Neutrons)
5. Electron
Cloud
a. First energy level can hold up to two electrons
b. Second energy level can hold up to eight electrons
c. Third energy level can hold up to eighteen electrons
CHECK-OUT:
• What are the three parts of the atom, their charges and location?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT IS AN ISOTOPE?
WHAT ARE THE TWO KINDS OF BONDS ATOMS
CAN FORM?
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Warm-Up:
Coming Next…..
Use the information provided to answer the questions.
2
He
Helium
4.003
5
B
Boron
10.81
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
1. What is the atomic number for Chlorine?
2. What is the atomic mass for Boron?
3. How many protons are in an atom of Na?
4. How many neutrons are in an atom of He?
5. How many electrons are in an atom of Cl?
6. How many protons and neutrons would be in an atom of Chlorine?
7. How many neutrons are in an atom of Na?
8. How many protons and neutrons are in an atom of Helium?
The answers are …
2
He
Helium
4.003
5
B
Boron
10.81
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
1. What is the atomic number for Chlorine?
2. What is the atomic mass for Boron?
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
17
10.81 or 11
3. How many protons are in an atom of Na?
11
4. How many neutrons are in an atom of He?
2
5. How many electrons are in an atom of Cl?
17
6. How many protons and neutrons would be in an atom of Chlorine?
7. How many neutrons are in an atom of Na?
12
8. How many protons and neutrons are in an atom of Helium?
4.003
or 4
35.453
or 35
WHAT IS AN ISOTOPE?
1. Isotopes are atoms that contain the same number of protons and
electrons as normal but the number of neutrons they have are
different.
WHAT IS A MOLECULE?
. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by
energy
1
WHAT KINDS OF BONDS CAN FROM
BETWEEN ATOMS?
1. Covalent
2. Ionic
WHAT IS AN IONIC BOND?
Bond formed when ions are electrically attracted to each
other, electrons are transferred
1.
2. Metals and non-metals (periodic table)
3. Crystals are formed
4. Strong
WHAT IS A COVALENT BOND?
1. Electrons are shared between atoms
2. Non-metals and non-metals
3. Most “Biological Molecules”
1. What is an isotope?
2. What are the two kinds of bonds atoms can form?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO IONIC
AND COVALENT BONDS FORM?
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Warm-Up: Coming soon…..
Use the information provided to answer the questions.
1
H
Hydrogen
1.01
3
Li
Lithium
6.94
14
Si
Silicon
28.09
18
Ar
Argon
39.95
1. What is the atomic number for lithium?
2. How many protons does an atom of Si have?
3. What is the atomic mass for Argon?
4. How many electrons does an atom of H have?
5. How many neutrons are in an atom of Li?
6. How many electrons are in an atom of Si?
7. How many electrons would be in the second energy level of an atom of Si?
8. How many protons and neutrons are in an atom of Argon?
The answers are …
1
H
Hydrogen
1.01
3
Li
Lithium
6.94
14
Si
Silicon
28.09
1. What is the atomic number for lithium?
18
Ar
Argon
39.95
3
2. How many protons does an atom of Si have? 14
3. What is the atomic mass for Argon?
39.95
4. How many electrons does an atom of H have?
5. How many neutrons are in an atom of Li?
1
4
6. How many electrons are in an atom of Si? 14
7. How many electrons would be in the second energy level of an atom of Si?
8. How many protons and neutrons are in an atom of Argon?
39.95
8
CHECK-OUT:
•How do ionic and covalent
bonds form?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE
PROPERTIES OF WATER? WHAT CAUSES THE
PROPERTIES OF WATER?
Warm-Up: Define new vocab words
WHAT IS A POLAR COVALENT BOND?
1. A bond formed when one of the atoms attracts the electrons
more strongly than the other
2. Formed when the oppositely charged parts attract each other
3. The oxygen becomes somewhat negative
4. The hydrogen becomes somewhat positive
5. Weak
6. The water molecule
HOW DOES A HYDROGEN BOND
FORM?
1. Occurs when a positive hydrogen atom of one
water molecule is attracted to a negative oxygen
atom of a different water molecule.
2.
Weak
HOW DOES THE WATER MOLECULE
APPEAR?
HOW DO HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN
WATER MOLECULES APPEAR?
WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF
WATER?
1. Heat
Storage
a. It heats up slowly and stays hot longer
b. It takes a lot of energy to change liquid water into
steam
c. Sweat absorbs the heat from your skin
2. Ice Formation
a. ice is less dense that water; it floats
3. Cohesion
a. water molecules are attracted to each other
b. Creates surface tension
4.
Adhesion
a. Water is attracted to other polar molecules
b. things get wet!
5
. Universal Solvent
a. Water can dissolve a lot of things
6. Water forms ions
a. H+ ion
b. OH – ion
c. When the H+ ions = the OH- ions the ph is 7 or neutral
d. When there are more H+ ions than OH- ions, the pH is 1-6 or acidic
e. When there are less H+ ions than OH- ions, the pH of 8-14 or basic
CHECK-OUT:
What are the properties of water?
What causes the properties of water?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE ACIDS?
WHAT ARE BASES? WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES
OF EACH?
Warm-Up: Draw and label three water
molecules.
• What are acids?
• What are Bases?
• What are two examples of each?
WARM-UP:
Give one example of each:
a.
An atom
b.
A compound
c.
A molecule
d.
A water molecule
e.
A property of water
f.
An acid
g.
A Base
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT AT THE
FOUR MACROMOLECULES?
Warm-Up:
What do you know about carbohydrates pre-test?
WHY IS CARBON A SPECIAL ATOM?
1. Carbon
can form bonds with one or more other carbon
atoms
2. Can form bonds with atoms of other elements of different
shapes, sizes and complexity
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC
AND INORGANIC MOLECULES?
1. Organic molecules contain a chain of at least two carbon atoms
a. Sugars like glucose and sucrose
b. Proteins; meat
c. Fats
d. DNA
2. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon chains
a. Water
b. Salt
WHAT ARE THE FOUR
MACROMOLECULES?
Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
1.
• Macromolecule Video
WHAT IS A MACROMOLECULE?
Macromolecules are polymers, or long chains of
similar subunits
1.
2. They are all built around a carbon backbone
WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?
1.
Backbone of carbon atoms
2. Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms hang off the backbone
3. Ratio is 1 carbon, 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES?
1.
Monosaccharides
2. Dissacharides
3. Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDATE VIDEO
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARIDES?
1. Monosaccharides, one chain of carbons
2. Glucose (C6H12O6)
a. Formed by photosynthesis
b. Most common energy rich molecule
c. Subunit for most disaccharides and polysaccharides
3
. Fructose
4. Galactose
5. Ribose, found in RNA
6. Deoxyribose,
found in DNA
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES?
1.
Dissaccharides, two chains
a. Are produced by dehydration synthesis when
sugars are not used immediately and must be
stored
b. Are broken down by digestion through hydrolysis
into monosaccharides
2. Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
a. table sugar
b. provides energy
c. soluble in liquids
3. Lactose (glucose and galactose)
a. sugar found in milk
b. soluble in liquids
4. Maltose (two glucose molecules)
a. formed by digestion of starch
b. soluble in liquids
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO YOU TEST FOR
SIMPLE SUGARS (MONOSACCHARIDES AND SOME
DISACCHARIDES)?
Warm-Up:
1. What is a polymer?
2. What are the building blocks of polymers?
3. What do all ORGANIC polymers have in
common?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DO YOU
TEST FOR STARCH?
Warm-Up: What are the three sizes of
carbohydrates?
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDES?
1
. Polysaccharides, many chains
a. Formed for really long term storage
2. Starch (many glucose)
a. energy storage in plants
b. easily digestible by animals
3. Glycogen (many glucose, fewer than starch)
a. energy storage in animals
b. easily digestible by animals
c. stored as granules in the liver
4.
Cellulose (many glucose)
a. component of cell walls in plants, half the bulk of a
tree
b. most plentiful organic substance on earth
c. tough and indigestible
5. Chitin (glucose)
a. cell walls in fungi
b. outer skeleton of insects, crabs and spiders
CHECK-OUT:
• How do you test for starch?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIPIDS?
Warm-Up: Who Am I? (Mono, di or poly) Some may have more than one answer!
1.
I am the #1 monomer of carbohydrates.
2.
Plants make me.
3.
I get stored in plants when there is too much sugar.
4.
I get stored in animals when there is too much sugar.
5.
I can be broken down into monomers
6.
I contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
7.
I am used for energy
WHAT IS A LIPID?
1.
Macromolecule used for long term storage
2. Monomer is usually a fatty acid and a glycerol
3. Formed when there are too many carbohydrates
4. They do not dissolve in water
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
LIPIDS?
1. Fats and Oils (Glycerol and three fatty acids)
a. derived from sugar
b. formed by dehydration synthesis for energy storage
c. animal fats
-saturated
-solids
d. plant oils
-unsaturated
-liquids
2. Phospholipids (Glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate)
a. found in cell membranes
b. one side mixes with water (hydrophilic) the other doesn’t
hydrophobic)
c. form lipid bilayers
3. Steroids (four carbon rings)
a. message transmission
b. male and female sex hormones
4. Waxes (fatty acids and alcohols)
a. water proofing
b. beehives
• Lipids Movie
CHECK-OUT:
•What are the building blocks of lipids?
HOW DO YOU TEST FOR LIPIDS?
• Warm-Up: Quiz Review
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS?
HOW DO YOU TEST FOR PROTEINS?
Warm-Up: What do you already know
about lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
pre-test.
WHAT ARE PROTEINS?
1. Composed of amino acids, molecules with a
a. central carbon,
b. an amino group,
c. a carboxyl group,
d. a hydrogen atom
e. a “functional” group
2. There are twenty kinds of functional groups
3. Amino acids are joined together by a covalent bond called a peptide
bond
4. Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids
1. Primary
Structure-sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary Structure-initial folding as non-polar
regions are forced together
a. double helix
b. pleated sheet
3. Tertiary Structure-Three dimensional shape
determined by the physical environment
4. Quaternary Structure-several polypeptide chains
joined to form a “complex”
5. When proteins unfold they are said to be
denatured
1. Enzymes (amino acids)
a. lowers the energy required to start chemical reactions
b. the most important protein
2.
Collagen (amino acids)
a. found in tennis rackets, cartilage, bones
and tendons
3. Keratin (amino acids)
a. bird feathers, horns
4. Hemoglobin (amino acids)
a. carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. found in red blood cells
5. Elastin (amino acids)
a. spring in skin
b. silk in spider webs and cocoons
6. Albumin (amino acids)
a. energy storage
b. found in eggs
7. Casein (amino acids)
a. found in milk
8. Hormones (amino acids)
a. chemical messages
9. Poisons (amino acids)
a. venom
b. bacterial toxins that cause botulism
10. Actin and Myosin (amino acids)
• a. found in muscles
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
• How do you test for proteins?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS?
WHAT IS A NUCLEIC ACID?
1. Last macromolecule
2. Consist of a nucleotide which has three parts
a. 5 carbon sugar
b. a phosphate group
c. a nucleotide base
WHAT ARE THE FOUR KINDS OF
NUCLEOTIDE BASES?
1. Two large ones
a. Adenine
b. Guanine
2. Two little one
a. Cytosine
b. Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
- Adenine only pairs with Thymine
- Guanine only pairs with Cytosine
1.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
a. encodes hereditary information
2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
a. blueprint of hereditary information