RERC 2014 – 16.06.2014 - Oslo
HYDROGEN FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
STORAGE:
DEVELOPMENT OF PEM WATER
ELECTROLYSERS
Magnus Thomassen, Tommy Mokkelbost
SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
Technology for a better society
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Background
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Political (and public) pull for increased use of renewable energy sources
>27% renewables in EU by 2030
40% renewables in Germany by 2020, 80% by 2050.
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RES intermittency needs countermeasures
5000
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Consum
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Win
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1. jan.
1. feb.
1. mars
1. apr.
Date [2014]
1. mai
1. juni
Energy consumption and wind power
production in Denmark 2014
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What is the need for energy storage?
– 100% Renewables in Europe
M. G. Rasmussen et al
(Energy Policy, (51), 2012)
D. Heide et al.
(Renewable Energy, (36), 2011)
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Hydrogen as energy storage - large scale!
ITM Power
Hyunder deliverable 2.1 www.hyunder.eu
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Hydrogen as energy storage – linking energy sectors
Source: Hydrogennet.dk
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Water electrolysis – technological status
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The Dutch merchant van Trostwijk and
medical doctor Deinman observed the
decomposition of water into
”combustible air” and ”life giving air” in
1789.
In 1800 Alessandro Volta published the
invention of the voltaic pile (see original
sketch)
J. W. Ritter, W. Nicholson and A. Carlise
demonstrated "water electrolysis" only
months after
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Water electrolysis – technological status
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Production of hydrogen by water electrolysis
• 1-2 % of total hydrogen production in the world
• Onsite production, from very small to large scale
• Very pure hydrogen
Applications
• Food industry
• Metallurgical industry and metal works
• Semiconductor production
• Chemical and petrochemical industry
• Meteorological balloons
• Research labs
Industrial application
Typical size
electrolyser
Jewellery, laboratory
and medical
engineering
5 - 500 Nl/h
Generator cooling in
power plants
5 - 20 Nm³/h
Feed Water
Inertisation
(BWR water chemistry)
10 - 50 Nm³/h
Float glas production
(protective
atmosphere)
50 - 150 Nm³/h
Electronics industry
100 - 400 Nm³/h
Metallurgy
200 - 750 Nm³/h
Food industry (fat
hardening)
100 - 900 Nm³/h
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Approaches for water electrolysis
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Efficiency of water electrolysis
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Thermodynamics
• Reversible losses
• HHV: 3.54 kWh/Nm3 H2
• Endothermal reaction
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Reaction kinetics
• Irreversible losses
• Overpotentials and internal
resistance
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Performance and efficiencies of water electrolysis
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No significant reduction of
energy consumption can be
expected
Higher operating pressure
Higher power density
Dynamic operation
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Pressurized electrolysers
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Pressurized hydrogen is needed
for almost all applications
Electrochemical compression
more efficient than mechanical
Mechanical compressors needed
for high pressure applications
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Dynamic operation
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PEM electrolysers capable of sub
second regulation
Alkaline electrolysers somewhat
more sluggish
High Temperature electrolysers
need more stable operation
Significant capacity for dynamic
load management
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Hydrogen from renewables - economy
http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/study%20electrolyser_0.pdf
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
Cost reduction and efficiency improvement
NEXPEL Projected stack cost
FCH-JU 2025
target
350 €/kW
DOE 2015 target
225 €/kW
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
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FCH-JU projectforunder
Coordinator of two FP7 (FCH-JU)projects on materials development
PEM negotiations
MW scale up
electrolysers
MW
kW
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
Advanced oxygen evolution catalysts
• Increase catalytic activity and stability of O2 evolution catalysts by utilization
of a support
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Increase active surface area
Increase catalyst utilization
Reduce catalyst particle sintering by support stabilization
Increase specific catalytic activity by catalyst support interaction?
Challenges
• High surface area support
• Stable at elevated voltages and acidic
environment for several 1000s hours.
Supported
catalyst
Core-shell
structure
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
Advanced oxygen evolution catalysts
• Iridium nanoparticles (d ~ 2-4 nm)
• Antimony doped Tin Oxide as support
• Noble metal loading of 20 wt%
2,0
• 300% higher catalytic activity than
state of the art OER catalysts
Cell voltage / V
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
Ir/ATO - 0.5 mg Ir cm-2
Ir black - 2 mg Ir cm-2
1,5
1,4
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
Current density / Acm-2
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SINTEF activities on PEM electrolysers
Other ongoing activities
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1.48
Development of new conductive oxides
E @ 10mA/mC Alloys
E @ 10mA/mC Mixtures
1.46
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Advanced catalysts
– Trimetallic alloys for supported catalysts
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Coatings for replacement of Ti as bipolar
plates
Studies of lifetime and degradation
E / VRHE
– Catalyst supports and coatings
1.44
1.42
1.40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Ru content
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SINTEF activities on High Temperature electrolysers
• NFR ENERGIX METALLICA project (coordinator: SINTEF, Partner: UiO) (2013-2017)
The primary objective is to develop a robust steam electrolysis technology for H2
production based on novel planar alloy supported proton conducting electrolysers
(PCEC) operating at 600°C for efficient use of heat and steam supplied by geothermal and
solar plants. Proof-of-concept of CO2 and steam co-electrolysis will also be demonstrated
for potential integration of PCEC in industrial processes.
FCH ELECTRA project (coordinator: UiO, Partners: PROTIA, CSIC; SINTEF, Carbon
Recycling International, Abengoa Hidrogeno , Marion Technolgies) (2014-2018)
The main goal of ELECTRA is to design, build, and test a kW size multi-tubular proton
ceramic high temperature electrolyser for production of hydrogen from steam and
renewable energy.
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Thank you for your attention
Technology
for a better society
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(no excess RES
power)
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Energy storage
Demand side load
management (Smart Grids)
(50% excess RES power )
320 TWh
Flexible energy generation
50 TWh
Increased capacity of
transmission networks
Expanding renewable
energy generation
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