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NIR In Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration Estimation
MANJUSHREE MASHAL1, NIRMALA SAJJAN2
1
2
M Tech Student, Gogte Institute of Technology Belagavi, India
M Tech Student, Gogte Institute of Technology Belagavi, India
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Abstract - Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a
which is very close to the visible region (from about 750 to
2500 nm), where shows good reflectance or transmission
properties for the most of organic and some inorganic
compounds. That means they are exhibiting good
absorption of light at the NIR region [1]. Figure 1
expresses the range of electromagnetic radiation.
robust analytical and versatile methodology. It is a less
time consuming and use of NIR is Ease has led to the
development of many applications in a broad array of
agricultural fields. The evolution, widespread
application and analytical technology development of
NIR spectroscopy in the past several decades is one of
the great success stories. An accurate quantitative
estimation of crop chlorophyll content is of great
importance for monitoring crop grow health condition
and estimating biomass, The demand of accurate
estimation of chlorophyll content traditional inversion
techniques can not satisfied. Alternatively, random
forests are able to provide with the strong nonlinearity
of the functional dependence between the observed
reflected radiance and parameter of biophysical; The
aim of this Report is to explore the feasibility of using
field imaging spectroscopy and random forests for
taking example of soybean for the estimating leaf
chlorophyll concentration.
Figure 1 Range of electromagnetic radiation.
1.1 Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Near-IR (NIR) is a spectroscopic method is based on
molecular over tones and combination vibrations of O-H,
N-H and CH and the three techniques (MIR, NIR &
RAMAN) are very different in several aspects, their basic
physical origin is same. NIR is comprised of combinations
and overtones that is anharmonic oscillation. Covalent
bonds between most of molecules which share electrons
between atoms. They are Frank principle and Hooke’s law
are basic laws of vibrational spectroscopy.
Key Words: NIR, Random Forest, Field image
Spectroscopy.
1. INTRODUCTION
Image processing is one form of signal processing for
which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video
frame; image processing output may be image or a set of
characteristics or parameters related to the image.
Sufficient information about the structure of a compound
can be found out by Infra red spectrum. In recent years,
NIR spectroscopy used in analysis of process and raw
material testing, product quality control and process
monitoring in pharmaceutical industry and wide range of
application in biotechnology, genomics analysis,
proteomic analysis, inline textile monitoring, food
analysis, plastics, textiles, detection of insect, forensic lab
application, various military applications, crime detection,
and is a major branch of astronomical spectroscopy and so
on. Typically broad range NIR absorption bands are
observed.NIR spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic
method which is belongs to the infrared light spectrum
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1.2 Chlorophyll Estimation using NIR
In Earth most important resource is Plants which cover
more than 70% of the global land surface; their
distributions are also extremely related to human
activities. The chlorophyll content in leaf is an indicator of
grow health condition and the soybean yield. Therefore, it
is very important to estimate accurate chlorophyll content
in soybean. The traditional methods for retrieval of
chlorophyll content in plants are complex, timeconsuming, and expensive. Chlorophyll content can be
estimated through regression function or model based on
the response relation between the hyperspectral
reflectance and chlorophyll content of plant. In recent
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016
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years, a random forest has been widely applied in the
classification of remote sensing image. The objective of
this report is to combine random forests and field imaging
spectroscopy for estimating chlorophyll content in
soybean at leaf scale.
chlorophyll
content[9].S.R.
Krishnayya:
Imaging
spectroscopy is an appropriate technique to address some
of these vital issues. Data acquisition of imaging
spectroscopy can be done across different spatial and
spectral ranges according to the needs of the user [11].
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Study Site
In 2009 Study of Field spectroscopy was carried out using
Soybean as research target area. Three fields of farmland
were selected to measure soybean spectral data and the
chlorophyll content of soybean. Leaf chlorophyll
concentration in soybean was measured by SPAD502.
Figure 3.1 shows SPAD 502 plus chlorophyll Meter. Each
sample sites was recorded with a Global Position System
(GPS).
D.Sathis Kumar et al /Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011:
Spectroscopy is the experimental technique of physics
which includes atomic and molecular part of physics and
determining
their
energy
states.;[1]Michael
E.
Schaepman: Three centuries ago Sir Isaac Newton
mention the concept of dispersion of light in his ‘Treatise
of Light’. The term spectroscopy was first used in the late
19th century and provided the foundations for atomic and
molecular physics. Different Reviews of spectral indices
developed for estimating chlorophyll content are offered
by He et al. (2006), Bannari et al. in the year of 2007 and
Haboudane et al. (2008). The science of spectroscopy has
existed for more than three centuries, and imaging
spectroscopy for the Earth system for three decades. We
demonstrate these efforts using four examples that
represent progress due to imaging spectroscopy, namely
(i) radiative transfer models are used in bridging scaling
gaps from molecules to ecosystems (ii)surface
heterogeneity(iii) physical based (inversion) modeling,
and iv) with the Earth surface assessing interaction of light
[2].Jesu´s Delegido: The Normalized Area Over
reflectance Curve (NAOC) is proposed for remote sensing
estimation of the leaf chlorophyll content of
heterogeneous areas with different canopies ,different
crops and different types of bare soil[3].Xiaowei Yua,,
Juha Hyyppa: This paper depicts an approach for
mentioning individual tree attributes, like tree height,
diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem volume, based
on both statistical features and physical are derived from
airborne laser scanning data utilizing a new detection
method for finding individual trees together with random
forests as an estimation method[5].Pall Oskar Gislaso:
Random Forests are considered for classification of
multisource remote sensing and geographic data. The
most widely used ensemble methods are boosting and
bagging. The Random Forest classifier uses bootstrap
aggregating or bagging, to form an ensemble of regression
tree (CART)and classification like classifiers. In the paper,
the use of the Random Forest classifier for land cover
classification is explored.[8].Bo Liu , Yue-Min Yue : A field
imaging spectrometer system was designed for agriculture
applications. In this study, To gather spectral information
from soybean leaves used FISS method. The chlorophyll
content was retrieved using a partial least squares (PLS)
regression multiple linear regressions (MLR) and support
vector machine (SVM). The objective was to verify the
performance of FISS to determine a proper quantitative
spectral analysis method for processing FISS data and also
quantitative spectral analysis through the estimation of
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Fig 3.1 SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter
Measuring Principle:
The values measured by the chlorophyll meter SPAD 502
Plus corresponds to the amount of chlorophyll present in
the plant leaf. Based on the amount of light transmitted by
the leaf the values are calculated in two wavelength
regions in which absorption of chlorophyll is different.
B. Field campaign data
Field campaigns in the soybean field were carried out
under clear sky conditions. Reflectance of soybean was
collected by ASD3 spectrometer, with a 350-2500nm
spectral range.
C. PROSPECT model
PROSEPCT is a radiative transfer model to simulate the
leaf reflectance spectra. PROSPECT model can simulate
reflectance spectra with the range of 400 to 2500 nm. The
input parameters of PROSEPCT are chlorophyll content,
moisture, dry matter content and structure parameter.
The PROSPECT model has been applied in a lot of plant
type, and compared with other plant leaf models, it only
needs a small amount of input parameters.
D.RANDOM FOREST
A random forest is a classification and regression
algorithm. This algorithm is increasingly being applied to
satellite and aerial image classification and the creation of
continuous fields data sets. A random forest has several
advantages when compared with other image
classification methods. It is capable of using continuous
and categorical data sets, easy to parameterize; good at
dealing with outliers in training data, and it calculates
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ancillary information such as classification error and
variable importance.
Random forests is a statistical machine learning method,
which is created by Breiman. Random forests can achieve
comparable results with boosting algorithms and support
vector machines. Random forests has been applied in a
large number of remote sensing researches for image
classification of hyperspectral data [6], SAR data, LiDAR[7]
and multi-source data.
Advantages and limitation
There are a number of advantages to using random
forests. It has been found to be comparable to other
machine learning algorithms such as support vector
machines and boosting, but with the advantage that
random forests is not very sensitive to the parameters
used to run it and it is easy to determine which
parameters to use (L. Breiman 2001). Random forests
makes easier to use effectively for the ability of
automatically producing variable importance, accuracy
and information. Especially when Random forest using it
for regression facing some Limitation. Due to the way
regression trees are constructed it is not possible to
predict beyond the range of the response values in the
training data.
Fig 4.1 Photograph Of The Field Imaging Spectroscopy
System (FISS)Components.
4. FIELD IMAGE SPECTROSCOPY
A field imaging spectrometer system (FISS) which
contains 380–870 nm and 344 bands and was designed for
agriculture applications. In this study, FISS was used to
gather spectral information from soybean leaves. The
application of small field imaging spectroscopy systems
are the strong interest Topic for the Chinese Scientific
Community.
FISS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
FISS consist of a multi-purpose platform, electronic
system, computer system, opto-mechanical system, and
auxiliary equipment (Figure 4.1).The opto-mechanical
system, which is the key component of the FISS, consists of
a optical lenses, spectroscopic devices (ImSpector V9,
Spectral Imaging, Ltd., Qulu, Finland) scanning mirror, and
a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.The motor control
circuit is a part of electronic system and the rotation of
the scanning mirror can be controlled, synchronize the
beam splitter and receiver and collect and store the data.
Figure 4.2 shows the basic principle of FISS. The computer
system includes hardware and software: the hardware
part mainly as a portable laptop computer, and the
software includes the FISS operating software, acquisition
software for data and data processing software. The
instrument operating software and data acquisition
software are used for setting the instrument parameters
(integration time, aperture, field of view, cooling
temperature, etc.) and can display images and spectra in
real time.
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Fig 4.2 Basic Principle Of FISS
The FISS acquires data by rotating the scanning mirror,
and the spatial resolution varies with the platform height.
The optimal resolution is greater than 2 mm. Figure 4.3
shows the whole system, and the main technical
specifications are listed in Table 4.1 [9].
Fig 4.3 Actual photograph of FISS field measurements
5. SUMMARY
Firstly, PROSPECT was used to training data set for
established to link soybean spectrum and the
corresponding chlorophyll content. Secondly, random
forests were accommodated to train the training data set,
in order to establish leaf chlorophyll content estimation
model. Thirdly, based on proximal hyperspectral data a
validation data set was established, and the leaf
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chlorophyll estimation model concentration was applied
to the validation data set to estimate leaf chlorophyll
content of soybean in the research area.
[3] J. Delegido,L. Alonso, and L.G. Gonzalez, “Estimating
chlorophyll content of crops from hyperspectral data
using a normalized area over reflectance curve (NAOC)”.
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and
Geoinformation, vol. 13, pp. 165-174, 2010.
[4] Roshanak Darvishzadeh , Clement Atzberger , Andrew
Skidmore , Martin Schlerf “Mapping grassland leaf area
index with airborne hyperspectral imagery: A comparison
study of statistical approaches and inversion of radiative
transfer models” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing 66 (2011) 894–906.
[5] X.W. Yu, J. Hyyppä, and M. Vastaranta, “Predicting
individual tree attributes from airborne laser point clouds
based on the random forests technique”. ISPRS Journal
[6] J. Ham, Y. Chen, and M. Crawford, “Investigation of the
random forest framework for classification of
hyperspectral data”. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing, vol. 43, pp. 492-501, 2005.
Fig 5.1Basic block diagram of estimation of leaf
chlorophyll concentration
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
[7] L. Guo,N. Chehata, and C. Mallet, “Relevance of airborne
lidar and multispectral image data for urban scene
classification using Random Forests”. ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 66, pp. 56-66,
2011.
This research established the soybean chlorophyll
content estimating model based on random forests and
PROSPECT, the estimation model was applied to retrieved
chlorophyll content of soybean. The estimation model can
be used as an effective tool for rapid retrieval tool for
estimation of soybean chlorophyll content, and can be
adopted to precision agriculture management.
Future study will concentrated on progression of steps of
the field estimation model to satellite remote sensing level,
which can be used to monitor the soybean’s health
condition in a large scale.
Globally, imaging spectroscopy has come of age in the past
15 years. NASA is coming up with HyspIRI
(http://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/). By 2018 ISRO is planning to
launch a hyperspectral sensor. Additionally, making The
use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as platforms for
better technical features and superior cost benefit ratios
are carrying miniaturized sensors (optical and
hyperspectral cameras) more user friendly.
[8] P.O. Gislason, J.A. Benediktsson, and J.R. Sveinsson,
“Random Forests for land cover classification”.Pattern
Recognition Letters, vol. 27, pp. 294-300, 2006.
[9] Bo Liu, Yue-Min Yue 2,3,Ru Li, Wen-Jing Shen , and KeLin Wang, Plant Leaf Chlorophyll Content Retrieval Based
on a Field Imaging Spectroscopy System Sensors 2014, 14,
19910-19925;
[10]. S. R. Krishnayya, Binal Christian, Dhaval Vyas, Manjit
Saini, Nikita Joshi Monitoring of forest cover in India:
imaging spectroscopy perspective, Hyperspectral Remote
Sensing.
[11]M. Schlemmer, A. Gitelson, J. Schepers, erguson, R.
Peng, and Y. Shanahan, “Remote estimation of nitrogen
and chlorophyll contents in maize at leaf and canopy
level”. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation
and Geoinformation, vol. 25, pp. 47-54, 2013.
REFERENCES
[1] D.Sathis Kumar et al “Near Infra Red Spectroscopy- An
Overview” International Journal of ChemTech Research
CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol. 3, No.2, pp
825-836, April-June 2011.
[2] M.E. Schaepman, S. L. Ustin, and A. J. Plaza, “Earth
system science related imaging spectroscopy—An
assessment”. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 113, pp.
123-S137, 2009.
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