Chapter 7 and 12 Study Guide
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
1. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ____________________.
2. In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the
____________________.
Figure 7–2
3. The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ____________________.
4. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form _________________________, which are threadlike
structures containing genetic material.
Figure 7–3
5. The structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein.
6. RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ____________________ in
Figure 7–3.
7. Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are
called ____________________.
8. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________
attached to it.
9. Enzymes in the _________________________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.
Figure 7–1
10. The structure indicated in Figure 7–1 by the letter F is usually larger in ____________________ cells.
11. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the _________________________.
12. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less
concentrated. This process is called ____________________.
13. Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane
with a concentration gradient by _________________________.
14. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell
_________________________.
15. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ____________________, tissues,
____________________, and organ systems.
Figure 12–1
16. The structure labeled X in Figure 12–1 is a(an) ____________________.
17. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) _________________________, in which two strands are
wound around each other.
18. Chromatin contains proteins called ____________________.
19. In RNA, ____________________ and ____________________ are pyrimidines.
Figure 12–3
20. In Figure 12–3, A, B, and C are three types of ____________________.
21. During transcription, the _________________________ between base pairs are broken.
22. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.
23. There is no ____________________ that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule.
24. The ____________________ of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with the
tRNA.
25. Suppose that part of an amino acid sequence of a protein changed from tyrosine-proline-glycine-alanine
to tyrosine-histidine-glycine-alanine. This change was most likely caused by a point mutation called a(an)
____________________.
26. A point mutation will cause the cell to make an incomplete polypeptide if the mutation results in a(an)
____________________.
27. A typical gene consists of regulatory sites, a(an) ____________________, and the nucleotide sequence
that is transcribed.
28. The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ____________________.
29. In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________ sequences in DNA.
30. A mutation in a series of genes called ____________________ can change the organs that develop in
specific parts of an embryo.
Short Answer
31. What does the cell theory say?
Figure 7–2
32. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion,
ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi
apparatus, cytoplasm.
33. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?
34. Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?
35. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.
36. What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt
solution with a concentration of 20%? Why?
37. List the four levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.
38. If the percentage of guanine in the DNA of a certain species decreased by 5 percent over time, what
would you expect to have happened to the percentage of adenine in that DNA?
39. During DNA replication, what two processes must occur before the two strands of a DNA molecule can
separate?
40. What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide?
41. What would happen if codons consisted of fewer than 3 bases?
42. What causes translation to stop?
43. Which genes do not code for proteins?
44. What might be the effect of a mutation in the promoter sequence of a gene?
45. Why are hox genes that are found in different animals very similar to each other?
Other
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A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is
permeable to both types of solute molecules shown.
Figure 7–4
46. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the
distribution of the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?
47. Predicting What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?
48. Predicting Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the molecules
continue to move? Explain your answer.
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Figure 7–5
49. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to structure
M in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?
50. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this
organelle?
51. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How do you
know?
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The experimental setup below shows an osmometer. An osmometer is a device used to measure the
amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a liquid passing through a semipermeable membrane. The graph
shows one lab group’s results compared with the results of the rest of the class combined. Line A
represents the results of the single lab group. Line B represents the data of the rest of the class.
Figure 7–6
52. Predicting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. How would the results differ if a sucrose solution with twice
the concentration of the one used to collect the results represented by line A were used?
53. Calculating How might you use the graph in Figure 7–6 to calculate the rate of osmosis observed? What
units would you use to report the rate?
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Figure 12–4
54. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. What does it specify?
55. Interpreting Graphics What is structure E in Figure 12–4? What does it specify?
56. Predicting In Figure 12–4, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs
during step Y?
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Figure 12–5
57. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12–5?
58. Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in Figure 12–5? How is this
relationship important?
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Figure 12–6
59. Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure 12–6.
60. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12–6, which process is a translocation?