Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 6(1), 2007, pp.55-61
Green page: Research Article
Ecological status of medicinal and other economically
important plants in the Shola understories of Nilgiris,
the Western Ghats
S Paulsamy1*, K K Vijayakumar1, M Murugesan1, S Padmavathy2 and P Senthilkumar1
1
Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore-641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Botany, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore-641 018
* Correspondent author, E-mail: [email protected]
Received 11 November 2005; Accepted 22 May 2006
Abstract
Sholas being a high species rich forests of Nilgiris, harbour many plant species of
economic importance also. Documentation of flora with their economic uses and the identification
of ecological status are the most essential part in the conservation programmes. For this purpose
in the present study, the understories of 11 sholas namely, Ebbenadu, Governor shola, Honnathalai,
Kammand, Kolacombi, Kodappamand, Korakunndah, Kothagiri terrace, Longwood shola, Thiashola
and Wenlockdown were selected in Nilgiris, the Western Ghats. The results of the study revealed
that out of 131 species enumerated, 88 have been recognized as economically important. Among
them the species such as Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Acmella calva (DC.) R.K.
Janesan, Arisaema leschenaultii Blume, A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott, Asparagus
fysoni Macbr., Centella asiatica Urban and Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. are
suggested for cultivation and conservation so as to reduce the pressure upon wild population.
plants in some sholas understories of
Nilgiris for conservation.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The vegetation of eleven sholas
namely, Ebbenadu, Governor shola,
Honnathalai, Kammand, Kolacombi,
Kodappamand, Korakunndah, Kothagiri
terrace, Longwood shola, Thiashola
and Wenlockdown were analyzed for
Keywords: Sholas, Nilgiris, Economically important plants, Medicinal plants, Conservation.
8
the present study. They are the
IPC code; Int. cl. — A01G 7/00, A61K 36/00, A23L 1/00
subtropical/ temperate montane
plants of this region have not been evergreen forests located in the glens or
Introduction
Among different vegetations, completely done so far. Hence the present depressions at an altitude between
generally those in semi-arid and arid study was carried out to explore the 1800 and 2200m above sea level with
climatic zones, hold more number of ecological status and cultivation limited geographical area. The soil is
economically important plants due to the possibilities of economically important slightly acidic with sandy loam
texture2. The ever-available
presence of diverse secondary
moisture in surface soil is
metabolites. Contrary to this,
one of the characteristic
sholas, the subtropical
features of sholas 3 and
evergreen montane forests
vegetation of sholas holds
located in southern Western
high species diversity with
Ghats, harbour a high
complex stratification 4.
number of medicinal and
The floristic list in the
other
economically
understories of sholas
important plants in their
including their families,
understories despite the
ecological
status,
existence of adequate soil
economic
uses,
plant
parts
moisture at all times during
1
and
mode
of
the year . However, works on
administration
is
documentation of ecological
An
aerial
view
of
shola
showing
associated
grassland
summarized in Table 1.
features of such important
Vol 6(1) January-February 2007
55
Green page: Research Article
Table 1 : The herbaceous species present in the sholas of Nilgiris
with their ecological status and economic importance
S.
No.
Species/Specimen number
Family
Ecological
status6-8
Parts used
Medicinal/other
economic
importance 9-16
Mode of
administration
1.
Achyranthes bidentata Blume (SP-23)
Amaranthaceae
C
Roots, spike,
leaves
Antidote, contraceptive,
asthma, night blindness
Paste, juice
2.
3.
Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen (MM-6)
Ageratina adenophora R.M. King
& H. Rob. (SP-247)
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
C
C
Inflorescence
Leaves
Toothache
Wound healing
Oil
Leaf juice
4.
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (VB-19)
Asteraceae
C
Leaves
Psoriasis
Leaf paste
5.
A. houstonianum Mill. (MM-1516)
Asteraceae
C
Leaves
Wound healing
Leaf paste
6.
Agrostis peninsularis Hook. f. (MM-15)
Poaceae
E
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
7.
A. pilosula Trin. (NR-716)
Poaceae
E
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
8.
Anaphalis beddomei Hook. f. (MM-51)
Asteraceae
R, T
-
-
-
9.
A. elliptica DC. (MM-1830)
Asteraceae
E
Whole plant
Fever
Powder
10.
Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex
DC. (KV-136)
Ranunculaceae
C
Leaves and
stem
Rheumatism, head ache
and fever
Powder
11.
Arisaema leschenaultii Blume (PS-32)
Araceae
C
Tubers,
spadix
Antidote, veterinary imp.,
Contraceptive
Paste
12.
A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (SP-18)
Araceae
C
Tubers,
spadix
Antidote, veterinary
imp., Contraceptive
Paste
E
Tubers
Tonic
Powder
Powder
13.
Asparagus fysoni Macbr. (MM-1715)
Asparagaceae
14.
A. racemosus Willd. (MM-81)
Asparagaceae
C
Tubers
Stimulant
15.
Atylosia trinervia (DC.) Gamble (SP-8)
Fabaceae
C
-
-
-
16.
Bidens pilosa Linn. (MM-303)
Asteraceae
C
Leaves
Antiseptic
Paste
17.
Biophytum polyphyllum Munro (PS-69)
Oxalidaceae
R, E
-
-
-
18.
B. sensitivum (Linn.) DC. (MM-1819)
Oxalidaceae
C
Whole plant
Stimulant
Powder
19.
Bothriochloa compressa Henrard (PS-4)
Poaceae
C
-
-
-
20.
21.
Brachypodium sylvaticum P. Beauv. (VB-67) Poaceae
Briza maxima Linn. (VB-116)
Poaceae
C
C
-
-
-
22.
Bromus catharticus Vahl (VB-561)
Poaceae
C
-
-
-
23.
Calanthe triplicata Ames (MM-1318)
Orchidaceae
C
-
-
-
24.
Calceolaria mexicana Benth. (MM-5)
Scrophulariaceae
C
-
-
-
25.
Cardamine africana Linn. (SP-762)
Brassicaceae
C
Leaves
Psoriosis
Paste
26.
Carex baccans Nees (KV-28)
Cyperaceae
C
-
-
-
27.
C. brunnea Thunb. (PS-1120)
Cyperaceae
C
-
-
-
28.
C. foliosa D. Don (VB-1800)
Cyperaceae
C
-
-
-
29.
C. longipes D. Don ex Tilloch &
Taylor (SP-316)
Cyperaceae
C
-
-
-
30.
Cayratia pedata Juss. ex Gagnep. (NR-4)
Vitaceae
C
Whole plant
Antiseptic
Paste
31.
Centella asiatica Urban (PS-13)
Apiaceae
C
Whole plant
Skin diseases
Paste
32.
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. (MM-7)
Caryophyllaceae
C
-
-
-
33.
Ceropegia pusilla Wight & Arn.
(MM-2188)
Asclepiadaceae
R, T
Tubers
Antidote
Paste
56
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S.
No.
Species/Specimen number
Family
Ecological
status6-8
Parts used
Medicinal/other
economic
importance 9-16
Mode of
administration
34.
Clematis roylei Rehder (PS-15)
Ranunculaceae
C
-
-
-
35.
Clinopodium umbrosum K. Koch. (KV-9)
Lamiaceae
C
Leaves
Antiseptic
Powder
36.
Cyanotis arachnoidea Clarke (SP-300)
Commelinaceae
C
-
-
-
37.
Cynoglossum furcatum Thunb. (DS-10)
Boraginaceae
C
Root
Jaundice
Powder
38.
C. zeylanicum Thunb. (PM-5)
Boraginaceae
C
Root
Jaundice
Powder
39.
Cyrtococcum deccanense Bor (VB-117)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
40.
Desmodium scalpe DC. (VB-416)
Fabaceae
C
-
-
-
41.
Dichrocephala integrifolia Kuntze (SP-57)
Asteraceae
C
Leaves
Wounds and cuts
Paste
42.
Digitaria violascens Link (MM-12)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
Disporum leschenaultianum D. Don
Convallariaceae
C
Tubers
Antidote
Paste
-
43.
(MM-1012)
44.
Dorstenia indica Wall. ex Wight (DS-1)
Moraceae
C
-
-
45.
Droguetia iners Schweinf. (PS-29)
Urticaceae
C
-
-
-
46.
Drymaria cordata Roem. & Schult. (NR-2)
Caryophyllaceae
C
Leaves
Headache
Paste
47.
Dumasia villosa DC. (MM-616)
Fabaceae
E
-
-
-
48.
Elatostema lineolatum Wight (VB-73)
Urticaceae
C
-
-
-
49.
E. sessile Forst. & Forst. (SP-549)
Urticaceae
C
Leaves
Abdominal
disorders
Powder
50.
Eragrostis cilianensis Vignolo (KV-12)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
51.
E. nigra Nees ex Steud. (MM-7)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
52.
Erigeron karvinskianus DC. (PM-23)
Asteraceae
C
Whole plant
Ornamental
-
53.
Eriocaulon longicuspis Hook. f. (PS-64)
Eriocaulaceae
C
-
-
-
54.
Euphorbia rothiana Spreng. (VB-500)
Euphorbiaceae
C
Latex
Boils and acne
As latex
55.
Fragaria vesca Linn. (SP-131)
Rosaceae
C
Whole plant
Demulcent
Paste
56.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (MM-332)
Asteraceae
C
-
-
-
57.
Galium asperifolium Wall. (MM-30)
Rubiaceae
C
-
-
-
Gamochaeta coarctata M. Kerguelen
Asteraceae
C
Whole plant
Fever
Fumigation
E
Leaves
Arthritis
Oil
58.
(KV-1109)
59.
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. (VB-7)
Ericaceae
60.
Girardinia diversifolia Friis (VB-169)
Urticaceae
C
Root
Stimulant
Root powder
61.
Gnaphalium indicum DC. (VB-55)
Asteraceae
C
Whole plant
Fever
Fumigation
62.
Helichrysum hookerianum Hook. f. (MM-1424)
Asteraceae
E
Flowers
Ornamental
-
63.
H. bracteatum Andrews (MM-47)
Asteraceae
C
Whole plant
Bleeding
Paste
64.
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. (SP-61)
Apiaceae
C
Leaves
Blood purifier
Powder
65.
Hypochaeris glabra Linn. (NR-17)
Asteraceae
C
Root
Tonic
Powder
66.
Isachne kunthiana Miq. (PS-14)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
67.
Juncus effusus Linn. (DS-21)
Juncaceae
C
-
-
-
68.
J. leschenaultii J. Gay (PM-33)
Juncaceae
C
-
-
-
69.
Justicia simplex D. Don (SP-67)
Acanthaceae
C
Leaves
Bone fracture
Paste
70.
Laportea terminalis Wight (NR-19)
Urticaceae
C
Root and leaves Blind abscesses
Powder
71.
Laurembergia coccinea Kanitz. (PS-66)
Haloragaceae
C
-
-
Vol 6(1) January-February 2007
-
57
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S.
No.
Species/Specimen number
Family
Ecological
status6-8
Parts used
Medicinal/other
economic
importance 9-16
Mode of
administration
72.
Lycianthes bigeminata Bitter (DS-34)
Solanaceae
C
Ulcer
Cooked
73.
Myriactis wightii DC. (PM-23)
Asteraceae
C
Fruits and
leaves
Leaves
Wound healing
Paste
74.
Neanotis indica (DC.) Lewis (VB-669)
Rubiaceae
E
-
-
-
75.
N. leschenaultii (DC.) Lewis (VB-255)
Rubiaceae
C
-
-
-
76.
Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don (VB-44)
Liliaceae
C
Tubers
Liver and kidney
complaints
Powder
77.
Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn. (PM-11)
Rubiaceae
C
Root and
leaves
Cancer and ulcer
Powder,
paste
78.
Oplismenus burmanni P. Beauv. (KV-1)
Poaceae
C
Whole plant
Pregnancy
Decoction
79.
O. compositus (Linn.) P. Beauv. (MM-161)
Poaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
80.
Oxalis corniculata Linn. (MM-1327)
Oxalidaceae
C
Whole plant
Astringent,
antiseptic and
anemia
Cooked
81.
O. latifolia Kunth (PS-54)
Oxalidaceae
C
Whole plant
Antiseptic
Paste
82.
O. spiralis G. Don (PS-73)
Oxalidaceae
C
-
-
-
83.
Passiflora calcarata Linn. (SP-81)
Passifloraceae
C
Stem and root
Cyanogenetic
Powder
84.
P. edulis Sims (SP-88)
Passifloraceae
C
Fruits
Edible
-
85.
P. leschenaultii DC. (MM-91)
Passifloraceae
C
-
-
-
86.
P. mollissima Bailey (MM-99)
Passifloraceae
C
Fruits
Edible
-
87.
Persicaria chinensis (Linn.) H. Gross.
Polygonaceae
C
Roots
Diarrhoea
Powder
(MM-1011)
88.
P. molle H. Hara (NR-315)
Polygonaceae
C
-
-
-
89.
P. nepalensis (Linn.) H. Gross. (KV-13)
Polygonaceae
C
Leaves
Swelling
Extract
90.
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. (SP-57)
Euphorbiaceae
C
Whole plant
Bleeding
Powder
91.
Physalis peruviana Linn. (SP-1557)
Solanaceae
C
Leaves
Jaundice
Paste
92.
Phytolocca octandra Linn. (VB-1434)
Phytalocaceae
C
Tender leaves
Edible
Cooked
93.
Picris hierocioides Linn. (VB-1201)
Asteraceae
C
Tender leaves
Edible
Cooked
94.
Pilea angulata Blume (NR-139)
Urticaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
95.
P. trinervia Miq. (PS-87)
Urticaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
96.
P. wightii Wedd. (VB-1339)
Urticaceae
C
Aerial parts
Fodder
-
97.
Piper brachystachyum Wall. ex
Hook. f. (VB-229)
Piperaceae
C
Stem
Toothache
Brushing
98.
P. nigrum Linn. (MM-111)
Piperaceae
C
Fruit
Dyspepsia
Dried fruit
99.
Plantago erosa Wall. (PS-94)
Plantaginaceae
C
Leaves
Antiseptic,
gastric troubles
Powder
100.
Plectranthus malabaricus R.H.
Willemse (SP-96)
Lamiaceae
C
-
-
-
101.
Pogostemon wightii Benth. (MM-49)
Lamiaceae
E
-
-
-
102.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Linn.)
Linn. (VB-3)
Caryophyllaceae
C
-
-
-
103.
Potentilla sundaica Kuntze (MM-19)
Rosaceae
C
-
-
-
104.
Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight (MM-77)
Urticaceae
C
Whole plant
Cuts and fracture
Paste
58
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S.
No.
Species/Specimen number
Family
Ecological
status6-8
Parts used
Medicinal/other
economic
importance 9-16
Mode of
administration
105.
Pouzolzia bennettiana var. tomentosa Wight
(MM-1361)
Urticaceae
C
Leaves
Antiseptic
Leaf extract
106.
Ranunculus diffusus DC. (SP-1415)
Ranunculaceae
C
Leaves and
stem
Rheumatism
Powder
107.
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (PS-143)
Rubiaceae
C
Leaves
Diabetics
Powder
108.
Rubus ellipticus Sm. (SP-64)
Rosaceae
C
Fruits
Edible
-
109.
R. fairholmianus Gard. (MM-68)
Rosaceae
C
Fruits
Edible
-
Fruits
Edible
-
-
Leaf
110.
R. racemosus Roxb. (MM-47)
Rosaceae
E
111.
Scirpus mucronatus Linn. (VB-313)
Cyperaceae
C
112.
Scutellaria violacea Heyne ex Benth.
Lamiaceae
C
Leaves
Rheumatism
(VB-1457)
powder
113.
Senecio candicans Wall. (MM-2840)
Asteraceae
C
-
-
-
114.
S. corymbosus Wall. ex DC. (MM-971)
Asteraceae
C
Leaves
Wound healing
Paste
115.
Setaria pumila Roem. & Schult. (SP-31)
Poaceae
C
-
-
-
116.
Sida caprinifolia Linn. (DS-46)
Malvaceae
C
Leaves
Arthritis
Oil boiled
leaves
117.
Smilax aspera Linn. (PM-68)
Smilacaceae
C
Whole plant
Intestinal diseases
Powder
118.
S. zeylanica Linn. (MM-2003)
Smilacaceae
C
Root
Antidote
Paste
119.
S. wightii A. DC. (MM-47)
Smilacaceae
R, E
-
-
-
120.
Solanum nigrum Linn. (VB-1905)
Solanaceae
C
Leaves and
fruits
Edible
Cooked
121.
Sporobolus indicus (Linn.) R. Br. (PS-24)
Poaceae
C
-
-
-
122.
Stephania japonica Miers. (NR-95)
Menispermaceae
C
Leaves
Antiseptic
Leaf paste
123.
Strobilanthes kunthiana T. Anderson ex
Acanthaceae
C
Whole plant
Ornamental
-
Benth. (KV-2013)
124.
S. foliosa T. Anderson (MM-1621)
Acanthaceae
E
Leaves
Antiseptic
Paste
125.
Tetrastigma nilagiricum B.V. Shetty
Vitaceae
E
Fruits
Edible
-
(MM-2147)
126.
Thalictrum javanicum Blume (MM-52)
Ranunculaceae
C
Root
Diuretic
Root powder
127.
Toddalia asiatica var. floribunda
Gamble (PS-84)
Rutaceae
C
Root
Fever
Powder
128.
Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging. (DS-9)
Violaceae
C
Whole plant
Antipyretic
Powder
129.
Wahlenbergia marginata A. DC. (PM-12)
Campanulaceae
C
-
-
-
130.
Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC. (SP-990)
Asteraceae
C
-
-
131.
Zehneria mysorensis Wight & Arn. (PS-3)
Cucurbitaceae
C
Fruits
Blood purifier
Fruits
The numbers given in parentheses are the specimen numbers as per the record of Herbarium, Department of Botany,
Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore;
C = Common, R = Rare, E = Endemic, T= Threatened
Vol 6(1) January-February 2007
59
Green page: Research Article
uses. In these species, 9 are reported to
be endemics and the 2 species namely,
Ceropegia pusilla Wight. & Arn. and
Disporum leschenaultianum D.
Don are included in Red Data Book as
rare and threatened ones7. It is already
reported that some species, viz. Acmella
calva (DC.) R.K. Janesan, Asparagus
fysoni Macbr., Cayratia pedata Juss.
ex
Gagnep.,
Disporum
leschenaultianum, Lycianthes
bigeminata Bitter, Ophiorrhiza
mungos Linn., Phyllanthus virgatus
G. Forst., Rubia cordifolia Linn. and
Thalictrum javanicum Blume are
available with weaker ecological position
by having lower importance value index
(< 1) in this region1.
Though the sholas are under
intensive habitat protection by the
inclusion in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
region, some of the species are facing
threats from local public and herb
gatherers. The species like Achyranthes
bidentata Blume, Arisaema
leschenaultii Blume, A. tortuosum
Results and Discussion
Schott, Asparagus
On analysis of species it was (Wall.)
found that, out of 131 plants, 20 belong racemosus Willd. and A. fysoni are
to family Asteraceae and 15 and 10 uprooted for their medicinal roots, tubers,
were present, respectively in the families,
Poaceae and Urticaceae. Many families
contributed one or two species only to
the communities. Since, the studied sholas
are coming under hot spot regions of
world, high degree of endemism is
available. A considerable number of 16
(12%) are found to be endemic to Nilgiri
sholas.
A fairly good number of 88
species (67%) in the floristic list are
recognized as economically important and
majority of them are having medicinal
Sampling
The study was carried out over a
period of one year from July, 2004 to June,
2005 in all the eleven sholas. Intensive
frequent field trips were made at 20 days
interval covering all seasons so as to
include the ephemerals and other
seasonal plants. The identification of
plants was done with the help of Gamble’s
Flora of the Presidency of Madras5 and it
was confirmed through subsequent
matching of specimens deposited in
Madras Herbarium, Botanical Survey of
India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore.
The ecological status of all the
constituent species collected from the
shola understories was mentioned on
basis of Endemic Plants of Indian Origin6,
Red Data Book of Indian plants7 and Flora
of Tamil Nadu by Nair and Henry8. Their
economic importance was given on the
basis of local information and earlier
ethnobotanical studies conducted by
various workers9-16.
Achyranthes bidentata
60
spike and spadix to sell in local markets.
Similarly, the species like Acmella
calva and Centella asiatica Urban
are exploited illegally by the local people.
The
leaves
of
Gaultheria
fragrantissima Wall. are gathered
extensively for the production of winter
green oil from all sholas of its occurrence
in general and Ebbenadu shola in
particular in Nilgiris.
Conclusion
Cultivation is one of the strategies
not only followed to meet the domestic
and commercial demand but also to
protect the wild species and the genetic
stock as well17. Since, Tamil Nadu is a
potential supplier of herbal raw material,
phytochemicals, herbal medicines,
essential oils, floral concrete, plant based
natural insecticides, etc.18, cultivation is
suggested for the species, Achyranthes
bidentata, Acmella calva, Arisaema
leschenaultii, A. tortuosum,
Asparagus fysoni, Centella asiatica
and Gaultheria fragrantissima in
degraded sholas and other suitable habitats
in Nilgiris to meet the demand and also
to conserve these species.
Arisaema leschenaulti
Natural Product Radiance
Green page: Research Article
Asparagus fysonii
Gaultheria fragrantissima
Arisaema tortuosum
12. Singh SK, Ethanomedicinal plants of Kullu
valley, Himachal Pradesh, J Non-Timber
Forest Prod, 2004, 11(1), 74 -79.
Acmella calva
Centella asiatica
Puri (Ed), 1989, Vol. 2, pp. 49-155.
Acknowledgement
Funding support from Ministry of 5. Gamble JS and Fischer CEC, Flora of the
Environment and Forests, Govt. of India,
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