Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
1980
$43,000
$36,000
AK
Personal
Income
Per Capita
CT
$29,000
CA
NJ
HI
MD
NY
IL
WA
DE
MA
MN
VA
OR
PA WI
MI
OH
KSNH
FL US
RITX
IAOK
AZ
IN
MO
NEMT
LA
VT UT
MEGA ID NM
TNNC SD
ND
ALSC
NV
$22,000
WVKY
AR
WY
CO
Correlation = 0.64
MS
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent of Adults 25 to 64 with Bachelors Degrees
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
40
45
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
1990
$43,000
CT
NJ
$36,000
NY
Personal
Income
Per Capita
AK
DE
IL
NV
$29,000
OH
IN
$22,000
FLPA
MI
WI
WY
GA
IA MO
ME
NC
US
MA
MD
CA
NH
VA
MN
RI
WA
NE
OR KS
CO
VT
AZTX
TN
OK
SD ND
SC
AL ID
MT
LA
KY
WV AR
HI
NM
UT
MS
Correlation = 0.76
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent of Adults 25 to 64 with Bachelors Degrees
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
40
45
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
2000
CT
NJ
$43,000
NY
NH
CAIL
$36,000
DE
NV
Personal
Income
Per Capita
MN
WA
AK
PA US
RI
MI
WI
HI
FL
GAOR KS
OH
NE
TX
MO
NC
IA
SDME
AZND
MD
MA
CO
VA
WY
IN
TN
$29,000
KY
WV
SC
OK
ID
AL
LA
UT
NM
AR
MS
VT
MT
$22,000
Correlation = 0.80
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent of Adults 25 to 64 with Bachelors Degrees
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
40
45
Educational Attainment and Income
$50,000
CT
2005
NJ
$43,000
MA
MD
NY
WY
$36,000
DE
NV
Personal
Income
Per Capita
AK
PA
FLWI
$29,000
KY
WV
AR
MS
IN
TN
OK
AL
SC
ID
CAIL
USHI
NE
SDMI OR KS
OH IA
TX ND
MO
NC
GA
ME
AZ
NM
MNNH VA
CO
WA
RI
VT
MT
UT
LA
$22,000
Correlation = 0.83
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent of Adults 25 to 64 with Bachelors Degrees
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census’ and American Community Survey
40
45
Projected Change in U.S. Population by Age and Race/Ethnicity From 2000
to 2020 (In Millions)
White
African-American
Hispanic /Latino
Asian /Pacific Islander
15
12.40
10
7.32
7.12
6.50
5.49
5
3.69
2.79
2.03
1.87
1.11
0.42
1.57
1.41
1.20
2.97
2.29
0.33
0
0 to 17
-0.88
18 to 24
25 to 44
-1.83
-5
-6.59
-10
Note: Projections based on the 2000 Census are not available for Native Americans
Source: US Census Bureau, Population Projections based on the 2000 Decennial Census
45 to 64
65 and Older
Transition and Completion Measures from High School to College
Completion for the U.S. – 2004
100%
White
Roughly half of Hispanics and African-Americans don’t
complete high school within four years.
African-American
Hispanic /Latino
78.4%
80%
Native American
69.3%
68.8%
Asian /Pacific Islander
62.5% 61.8%
58.2%
57.4%
60%
64.6%
54.5%
47.8%
45.8%
39.7%
40%
36.5%
32.7%
31.1%
30.3%
28.6%
24.3%
20%
Not Available
0%
Graduating from High
School Within Four Years
Attending College Directly
Out of High School
Three-Year Graduation Rate
at Two-Year Colleges
Six-Year Graduation Rate at
Four-Year Colleges
Source: National Center for Education Statistics; Common Core Data, Digest of Education Statistics, and IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey
Change in the Percentage of Adults with a College Degree (Associates and Higher) –
From 1990 to 2000
White
Asian/Pacific Islander
Males
Males
Males
Males
Males
Females
Females
Females
Females
Females
11.0%
12%
LEGEND
Hispanic/Latino
Native American/AK Native
African-American
25 to 34 Year Olds
25 to 64 Year Olds
10%
7.7%
7.4%
8.0%
8.5%
8%
6%
4.4%
3.3%
4.1%
3.3%
2.2%
2.1%
1.2%
1.5%
0.9%
1.7%
2%
4.2%
3.8%
4.5%
4%
0%
-4%
Source: US Census Bureau, Public Use Microdata Samples (Based on the 1990 and 2000 Census’)
-0.9%
-1.8%
-2%
Number Changes in Educational Attainment from 2000 to 2020 as a Result of the
Projected Changes in Race/Ethnicity (25 to 64 Year Olds)
8,000,000
7,378,402
Less than High School
High School
Some College
Associates
6,000,000
Bachelor’s
Graduate/Professional
4,834,077
4,000,000
3,656,845
2,368,743
2,000,000
1,382,160
1,096,163
0
Source: NCHEMS, As America Becomes More Diverse: The Impact of State Higher Education Inequality
Difference Between Whites and the Next Largest Racial/Ethnic Groups in the
Percentage of Adults 25 to 64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher (2000)
26.4
7.0
7.9
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.1
9.2
10.2
10.9
11.0
11.2
11.4
12.0
12.2
12.3
12.5
13.2
13.4
13.5
4.0
4.7
Source: U.S. Census Bureau’s Public Use Microdata Samples, Based on 2000 Census
13.7
10
14.2
14.6
14.8
15.5
15.6
16.9
17.1
17.4
17.5
17.9
18.5
18.6
18.6
19.4
19.7
20.3
20.5
21.6
21.9
23.1
23.4
23.7
23.7
24.2
24.2
24.7
Maine
West Virginia
New Hampshire
Kentucky
Arkansas
Tennessee
Florida
Oklahoma
Indiana
Hawaii
Mississippi
Alabama
Ohio
Michigan
Missouri
Iowa
Louisiana
Minnesota
North Carolina
Wyoming
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Delaware
United States
Wisconsin
Nevada
South Carolina
Maryland
Illinois
South Dakota
Idaho
Vermont
Oregon
North Dakota
Montana
Virginia
Utah
Washington
Nebraska
Kansas
Arizona
Rhode Island
Texas
Alaska
New York
Massachusetts
New Jersey
New Mexico
Connecticut
California
Colorado
0
28.6
20
28.8
30
Counties in which 90% of the Total Hispanic/Latino Population Reside
and Institutions which Serve 90% of Hispanic/Latino Undergraduates
Hispanic/Latino undergraduate
enrollment by sector:
36.8% 4-Year
63.2% 2-Year
90% of Hispanic/Latino Population
Institutions serving 90% of Hispanic/Latino undergraduates, Fall 2002.
Note: One dot may represent multiple institutions within a county.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census.
NCES, IPEDS Fall 2002 Enrollments.
Counties in which 90% of the Total African-American Population Reside
and Institutions which Serve 90% of African-American Undergraduates
African-American undergraduate
enrollment by sector:
50.8% 4-Year
49.2% 2-Year
90% of African-American Population
Institutions serving 90% of African-American undergraduates, Fall 2002.
Note: One dot may represent multiple institutions within a county.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census.
NCES, IPEDS Fall 2002 Enrollments.
Emerging Policy Triangle—Education,
the Workforce, and Economic Development
Education
Changing
Demographics
Workforce
Demand
Economic
Development
Examples of Measures
• Economic Strength – 2007 State New Economy
Index
• Degree Production – Undergraduate Degrees
Awarded per 1,000 Residents Ages 25 to 44 with a
High School Diploma but No College
• Workforce Demand – Projected Percent Change in
Occupations Requiring at Least Some
Postsecondary Education
• Changing Demographics – Change in Ratio of
Minorities (Hispanic, African-American, Native American)
to Whites from 2000 to 2020
Standardizing for Illustrative
Purposes
Z Scores
• > 0 – Challenge/Weakness Compared to Other
States
• < 0 – Strength/Less of a Challenge Compared to
Other States
Need for Policy Attention Relative to Other States
Texas
2
1.5
1
0.5
Creating a New
Economy
0
Degree Production
-0.5
-1
Workforce
Demand
Changing
Demographics
Need for Policy Attention Relative to Other States
Iowa
1
0.5
Degree Production
0
Creating a New
Economy
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
Workforce
Demand
Changing
Demographics
Need for Policy Attention Relative to Other States
Kentucky
1.5
1
0.5
Changing
Demographics
0
Creating a New
Economy
-0.5
-1
Degree Production
Workforce
Demand
Need for Policy Attention Relative to Other States
Rhode Island
0.5
Creating a New
Economy
Degree Production
Workforce
Demand
0
Changing
Demographics
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Need for Policy Attention Relative to Other States
New Mexico
5
4
3
2
1
0
Creating a New
Economy
Degree Production
Workforce
Demand
Changing
Demographics
Texas Student Pipeline by Race/Ethnicity– Transition Rates
from 7th Grade to College Completion
Of 100 7th Graders, How Many…
100
84.5
79.8
80
White
79.5
Hispanic/Latino
African-American
64.9
60
53.3
50.4
50.2
40
35.4
34.7
19.0
20
7.4
6.8
0
Enrolled in 9th Grade (1994)
Graduated High School
(1997-98)
Source: Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
Enrolled in College Anytime
After Graduation
Completed a Higher
Education Degree or
Certificate by 2003
Challenges for Closing Race/Ethnic Gap
• Equity Argument Doesn’t Stand Well On Its Own –
Must Link to Workforce and Economic
Development
• Most States (policymakers and researchers within
them) Still Don’t Do a Very Good Job Making the
Case with Sound Data and Information
• Rising Costs – Well-Targeted Financial Aid
• Accountability
Development Report Card for the States, 2007—Arizona
C Performance
WEAKNESSES (Bottom 10 Rank)
Rank
41
41
41
42
43
43
44
44
46
47
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
49
50
50
Measure
Basic Educational Skills Proficiency - Math
Affordable Urban Housing
Change in High School Attainment
Income Distribution
Voting Rate
Basic Educational Skills Proficiency - Reading
Employer-Provided Health Insurance
Working Poor
Loans to Small Businesses
Teen Pregnancy
Strength of Traded Sector
Uninsured Low-Income Children
Toxic Release Inventory
Business Closings
K-12 Education Expenditures
Change in Private Research and Development
Manufacturing Investment
Change in Business Closings
Crime Rate
High School Completion
C
Business
Vitality
D Development
Source: Development Report Card for the States, CFED
Capacity
Employment
Earnings and Job Quality
Equity
Quality of Life
Resource Efficiency
A
D
D
D
B
Competitiveness/Existing Businesses
Entrepreneurial Energy
F
A
Human Resources
Financial Resources
Infrastructure Resources
Amenity Resources and Natural Capital
Innovation Assets
D
D
B
D
C
STRENGTHS (Top 10 Rank)
Rank
1
2
2
2
3
3
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
Measure
Bridge Deficiency
Employment Growth: Long Term
Change in New Companies
Net Migration
Royalties and Licenses
Change in Toxic Release Inventory
Job Creation by Start-Up Businesses
Employment Growth: Short Term
Initial Public Offerings
Per Capita Energy Consumption
Five Year Change in New Companies
Change in Energy Costs
Change in Homeownership Rate
Development Report Card for the States, 2007—Iowa
STRENGTHS (Top 10 Rank)
Rank
B
D
C
Performance
Business
Vitality
Development
Capacity
Employment
D
Earnings and Job Quality
A
Equity
A
Quality of Life
A
Resource Efficiency
C
Competitiveness/Existing Businesses
C
Entrepreneurial Energy
F
Human Resources
C
Financial Resources
F
Infrastructure Resources
D
Amenity Resources and Natural Capital
A
Innovation Assets
C
Source: Development Report Card for the States,
Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)
1
2
4
5
5
5
6
8
9
9
9
10
10
Measure
Air Pollution
Income Distribution
Involuntary Part-Time Employment
High School Completion
Affordable Urban Housing
Business Closings
Rate of Recycled Waste
Voting Rate
Employer-Provided Health Insurance
Income Distribution Change
Working Poor
Royalties and Licenses
Academic Research and Development
WEAKNESSES (Bottom 10 Rank)
Rank
Measure
41 SBIC Financing
43 Change in Unemployment Rate
43 Change in Uninsured Low-Income
Children
44 Manufacturing Investment
45 Change in Poverty Rate
45 Venture Capital Investments
47 SBIR Grants
48 Change in Homeownership Rate
49 Employment Growth: Long Term
50 New Companies